IJFANS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD AND NUTRITIONAL SCIENCES

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Research Paper © 2012 IJFANS. All Rights Reserved, UGC CARE Listed ( Group -I) Journal Volume 11, Iss 13, 2022

VARIATIONAL ITERATION METHOD FOR PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS
[Link] , Sujata Mookanagoudar2*, Sujata Tallur3
1
1
Department of Mathematics, K.S.S. Arts, Commerce and Science College, Gadag-
582101, Karnataka, India
2
Department of Mathematics, Government First Grade College, Dharwad-580008,
Karnataka, India,
3
Department of Mathematics, Government. First Grade College, Channamma
Kittur-591115, Karnataka, India,
1
vhkolli140366@[Link], 2*sujagoudar@[Link], 3sujatallur@[Link]

Abstract
In this paper, we focus on the Variational Iteration Method (VIM) for linear and nonlinear
partial differential equations (PDEs). Initially, teach some fundamental concepts of the
Variational iteration method and its algorithm for solving PDEs. The Variational iteration
approach is also used to solve several linear and nonlinear differential equations of first and
second order. The benefit of VIM is that it does not require a tiny parameter in an equation,
as would a perturbation approach. The VIM is used to solve a wide range of nonlinear
problems in an effective, simple, and precise manner, using approximations that converge
quickly to accurate answers. Because the Lagrange multiplier can be precisely recognized,
the exact solution to linear problems may be achieved in a single iteration.

KEYWORDS: Variational iteration method, Partial differential equations, Lagrange

multiplier.

1. Introduction

Ji-Huan He[1] provided a very straightforward and basic explanation of the variational
iteration approach. The variational iteration approach [1-5] is unusually simple, yet the
results are surprise accurate (occasionally precise solutions may be achieved). Non-
mathematical students can readily understand the method and apply it to a variety of
nonlinear situations. Furthermore, many authors worked hard to provide sophisticated
theoretical verification of the variational iteration method. For example, Hesameddini and
Latifizadeh [6] reconstructed the variational iteration algorithms using the well-known
Laplace transform; Odibat [7], Salkuyeh [8], and Tatari & Dehghan [9] demonstrated that the
variational iteration algorithm leads to convergent results. The approach has been frequently
used to nonlinear models.

The variational iteration method is a dependable analytical tool for solving nonlinear wave
equations, according to Wazwaz, who applied the method to a variety of nonlinear systems,
such as nonlinear diffusion equations and nonlinear wave equations[10–13]; Goh, et al[14].
The method's flexibility and capacity to solve nonlinear equations accurately and
conveniently are its main characteristics. showed that the variational iteration method is a
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Research Paper © 2012 IJFANS. All Rights Reserved, UGC CARE Listed ( Group -I) Journal Volume 11, Iss 13, 2022

highly promising approach for integro-differential equations; Uremen and Yildirim obtained
exact solutions of the Poisson equation [16]; Sadighi and Ganji also obtained exact solutions
of nonlinear diffusion equations [17]. All of these studies came to a similar conclusion: the
variational iteration method is a reliable treatment for hyperchaotic systems. Numerous
variations of the variational iteration method exist [18–21]. Herianu and Marinca's
modification (an optimal variational iteration algorithm) [20] is one of the most appealing; it
combines the variational iteration method with least-squares technology and produces
optimal results after just one iteration. He et al. [6] recently provided a summary of several
variational iteration techniques for diverse types of nonlinear equations, such as differential-
difference equations, fractal-differential equations, and fractional-differential equations. Even
though a lot has been accomplished, Cauchy problems have not yet been solved using the
variational iteration technique.

The first-order partial differential equation of the following form is discussed in this work
using the following method:
ut ( x, t )  a( x, t )u x ( x, t )   ( x), x  R, t  0 (2.1)
ut ( x , 0 )   ( x ), x  R (2.2)

2. He’s Variational method for the first-order partial differential equation

To illustrate the basic concept of the VIM, we consider the following general nonlinear
system

Lu  Nu   (x) (2.3)

where L is a linear operator part while N is the nonlinear operator part and  (x) is a known
analytic function.

According to the VIM, a correction function can be constructed as follows

x

u n 1 ( x)  u n ( x)   {Lu n ( )  Nu n ( )   ( )}d (2.4)
0

where λ is a general Lagrange multiplier which can be identified optimally via the
u ( ) is considered as
variational theory, the subscript n denotes the nth approximation and n
a restricted variation

i. e.,  un  0

The initial guess u0 ( x) be freely chosen with a possible unknown constant; it can also be
solved from its corresponding linear homogeneous equation
Lu  0 (2.5)

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Research Paper © 2012 IJFANS. All Rights Reserved, UGC CARE Listed ( Group -I) Journal Volume 11, Iss 13, 2022

Numerous variations of the variational iteration method exist [18–21]. Herianu and Marinca's
modification (an optimal variational iteration algorithm) [20] is one of the most appealing; it
combines the variational iteration method with least-squares technology and produces
optimal results after just one iteration. He et al. [6] recently provided a summary of several
variational iteration techniques for diverse types of nonlinear equations, such as differential-
difference equations, fractal-differential equations, and fractional-differential equations.
Recently, Gouder et al. [22] talked about using the Homotopy perturbation approach to solve
the wave equation. Even though a lot has been accomplished, Cauchy problems have not yet
been solved using the variational iteration technique.

The first-order partial differential equation of the following form is discussed in this work
using the following method:

t un ( x,  ) u ( x,  )
un1 ( x)  un ( x, t )   {  a ( x,  ) n   ( x)}d  (2.6)
0  x

The stationary conditions are given by

1   0  ' | t  0 (2.7)

So that λ=-1. As a result, we obtain the following iteration formula

t  u ( x,  ) u ( x,  ) 
un1 ( x)  un ( x, t )    n  a( x,  ) n   ( x)  d  (2.8)
0  x 

3. Applications of Variational iteration method

Example-1: Consider the transport equation

ut ( x, t )  au x ( x, t )  0, x  R, t  0
u ( x,0)  x 2 , xR (2.9)

According to this iteration formula (2.8), we have

t  u ( x,  ) u ( x,  ) 
un1 ( x)  un ( x, t )    n  a( x,  ) n  d (2.10)
0  x 
We can select u0 ( x, t )  x 2 from the given initial condition .putting this selection into
Eq.(2.10), we obtain the following successive approximations

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u0 ( x , t )  x 2
tun ( x 2 ) un ( x 2 )
u1 ( x, t )  u0 ( x, t )   { a }d 
0  x
u1 ( x, t )  x 2  2atx
u2 ( x, t )  x 2  2atx  a 2 t 2 (2.11)
.........................................
un ( x, t )  x 2  2atx  a 2 t 2

Hence we obtain the exact solution : u( x, t )  x 2  2atx  a 2t 2 .

Example-2: Consider the nonlinear Cauchy-problem

ut ( x, t )  xu x ( x, t )  0, x  R, t  0
u ( x,0)  x 2 , xR (2.12)
According to the formula of iteration (2.8), we have
t  u ( x,  ) u ( x,  ) 
un1 ( x)  un ( x, t )    n x n  d (2.13)
0  x 

As stated before, we can select u0 ( x, t )  x 2 from the given initial condition, using this
selection, we obtain the following successive approximations

u0 ( x , t )  x 2
u1 ( x, t )  x 2  2 x 2 t  x 2 (1  2t )
(2t ) 2
u2 ( x, t )  x  2 x t  2 x t  x (1  2t 
2 2 2 2 2 2
) (2.14)
2
4
ut ( x, t )  x 2  2tx 2  2t 2 x 2  t 3 x 2
3
(2t ) 2 (2t ) 2 (2t ) 2 (2t ) 2
ut ( x, t )  x 2 (1  2t 2      .......
2! 3! 4! 5!

The VIM admits the use of u ( x, t )  lim un ( x, t ) .

n

which gives the exact solution u ( x, t )  x 2 e 2t :

Example-3: Consider the following non-homogeneous Cauchy problem

ut ( x, t )  u x ( x, t )  x , x  R, t  0
u ( x,0)  e x , xR (2.15)

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According to the iteration formula (2.8)

 t u ( x,  ) un ( x,  ) 
un1 ( x, t )  un ( x, t )    n   x  d (2.16)
0  x 

The zeroth approximation is chosen as u0 ( x, t )  e x . Accordingly, we obtain the following

successive approximations:

u0 ( x , t )  e x
u1 ( x, t )  e x  e x t  tx
t 2 ext 2
u 2 ( x, t )  e x  e x t    tx
2 2
t t2
u x ( x, t )  t ( x  )  e (1  t  )
x
2 2!

t 2 ext 2 ext 2 The

u2 ( x, t )  e x  e x t     tx (2.17) VIM
2 2 6
admits
t t2 t3
u x ( x, t )  t ( x  )  e (1  t   )
x the use
2 2! 3! of
................................................................ u  lim un
n
.................................................................
and
t t 2 t3 t 4 t5 which
un ( x, t )  t ( x  )  e (1  t      .......)
x
2 2! 3! 4! 5! gives
the
exact solution

t
u x ( x, t )  t ( x  )  e x  t
2
Example-4: Consider the inhomogeneous nonlinear system
ut  vu x  u  1
vt  uvx  v  1 (2.19)
u ( x,0)  e x , v( x,0)  e x , x  R

The correction functional for (2.19) real

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t un ( x,  ) u ( x,  )
un1 ( x, t )  un ( x, t )   1 (  vn ( x, t ) n  un ( x,  )  1)d 
0  x
t un ( x,  ) u ( x,  )
vn1 ( x, t )  vn ( x, t )   2 (  u n ( x, t ) n  vn ( x,  )  1)d  (2.20)
0  x
The zeroth approximations u 0 ( x, t )  e x and v0 ( x, t )  e  x are selected by using the given
initial conditions. The following successive approximations
u0 ( x, t )  e x
v0 ( x, t )  e x
u1 ( x, t )  e x  te x
v1 ( x, t )  e  x  te  x
t2 x
u2 ( x, t )  e x  te x  e
2!
t2 x
v2 ( x, t )  e  x  te  x  e
2!
t 2 x t3 x
u3 ( x, t )  e x  te x  e  e
2! 3!
(2.20)
t 2 x t3 x
v3 ( x, t )  e  x  te  x  e  e
2! 3!
.................................................................
..................................................................
t 2 t3
un ( x, t )  e x (1  t    ........)
2! 3!
t 2 t3
vn ( x, t )  e  x (1  t    ........)
2! 3!
Follow immediately, this gives the exact solutions

u ( x, t )  e x e  t  e x  t
x x t
v ( x, t )  e  e t  e 

4. Conclusion

This study uses the most prevalent mathematical physics issues to illustrate how VIM may be
applied to solve a class of IVPs. Solutions with readily calculable terms in the form of
convergent series are produced by this approach. Numerical examples demonstrate how using
the VIM can, after a few iterations, lead to accurate answers. In comparison to Adomian's
technique, it can be argued that VIM is a very strong and user-friendly instrument for solving
nonlinear IVPs. The findings clearly show that the variation iteration approach gives us an
effective instrument for finding precise solutions to differential equations. Unlike the
perturbation approach, this method does not need tiny parameters in the equation. The main
part of the methods is the construction of correction functional which can easily be
constructed by the Lagrange multiplier and the multiplier can optimally be identified by
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variational theory. The application of restricted variations in correction functional makes it

much easier to determine.

Acknowledgement

The author(VHK) wishes to thank the Principal and Management of K.S.S. Arts, Science and
Commerce College, Gadag for their encouragement and support.
References

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