APPENDIX
SECTION B answering research question
Research question 1
Do you agree that the following are the perceived causes of anemia in pregnancy?
Table 2
S/N Statement SA A D SD NO TOTAL MEAN Criteria SD Remark
OF mean
RESP.
1. Poor 18 30 35 44 127 276 2.2 2.5 1.1 reject
absorption of 72 90 70 44
iron diet 14.1 23.6 27.5 34. 100%
6
2. Poor eating 20 56 26 25 127 325 2.6 2.5 1.2 accept
habit 80 168 52 25
15.7 44.0 20.4 19. 100%
6
3. Reduced 74 22 16 15 127 409 3.2 2.5 1.3 accept
intake of 296 66 32 15
fresh food, 58.2 17.3 12.5 11. 100%
meat, 8
vegetable
4. Stomach 54 18 22 33 127 347 2.7 2.5 1.2 Accept
ulcer 216 54 44 33
42.5 14.1 17.3 25. 100%
9
5. Iron 36 17 48 26 127 317 2.4 2.5 1.2 reject
deficiency 144 51 96 26
anemia 28.3 13.3 37.7 20. 100%
4
6. Bleeding 53 34 18 20 127 370 2.9 2.5 1.8 Accept
example 212 102 36 20
menstruation 41.7 26.7 14.1 15. 100%
7
7. Overused 27 26 34 40 127 294 2.3 2.5 1.2 Reject
production of 108 78 68 40
red blood cell 21.1 20.4
26.4 31. 100%
4
8. Multiple 54 36 13 24 127 374 2.9 2.5 1.1
pregnancy 216 108 26 24
42.5 28.3 10.2 18. 100%
8
Cumulative mean =2.6 SD =1.2
Research question 2
Do you agree that the following are the preventive measure of anemia in
pregnancy?
Table 3
S/N statement SA A D SD NO TOTAL MEA CRITER SD REMA
OF N IA
RESP MEAN
1. Frequent 25 60 18 24 127 340 2.6 2.5 1.1 Accept
intake of 100 180 36 24
meal 19.6 47.2 14.1 18.8 100%
2. Use of 66 27 20 14 127 399 3.1 2.5 1.2 Accept
insecticide 264 81 40 14
treated net 51.9 21.1 15.7 11.0 100%
3. Frequent 82 15 10 20 127 413 3.2 2.5 1.3 Accept
intake of 328 45 20 20
food rich in 64.5 11.8 7.8 15.7 100%
dietary iron
4. Boiling of 25 48 30 24 127 328 2.6 2.5 1.1 Accept
water before 100 144 60 24
you drink 19.6 37.7 23.6 18.8 100%
5. Visiting the 44 35 18 30 127 347 2.7 2.5 1.1 Accept
antenatal
clinic 100%
6. Putting what 49 30 22 26 127 356 2.8 2.5 1.2 Accept
you have 196 90 44 26
learnt in 38.5 23.6 17.3 20.4 100%
clinic in
practice
7. Culture and 55 28 26 18 127 374 2.9 2.5 1.3 Accept
belief affect 220 84 52 18
the 43.3 22.0 20.4 14.1 100%
prevention
of anemia
8. Prescribed 42 26 30 26 127 352 2.7 2.5 1.1 Accept
iron 180 78 60 26
supplement 35.4 20.4 23.6 20.4 100%
can help
prevent
anemia
Cumulative mean =2.8 SD =1.2
Research hypothesis
Using correlation
Perceived Preventive xy X2 Y2
causes (x) measures (y)
276 340 93840 76,176 115,600
325 399 129,675 105,625 159,201
409 413 168,917 167,281 170,569
347 328 113,816 120,409 107.584
317 347 109,999 100,489 120,409
370 356 131,720 136,900 126,736
294 374 109,956 86,436 139,876
374 352 131,648 139,876
£=2,712 2,909 989,571 933.192 1,063,879
n £ × y−£ ×(£ y)
r=
√¿ ¿ ¿
989,571−( 2712 ) (2909)
r = 8(
√ [ ( 933,192 ) −( 2712 ) ] ¿
2
7916568−7889208
r=
√( 7,465,536−7,354,944 ) (8511032−8462281)
27360 27360 27360
r= = = 73,426.63 = 0.373
√110592 × 48751 √5391470592
Stating the hypothesis
Step 1: HO: there is no significant relationship between the perceived causes and
preventive measures of anaemia among pregnant women in joint hospital, mbano.
HA: there is significant relationship between the perceived cause and preventive
measures of anaemia among pregnant woman in joint hospital mbano.
Step 2: using 5% significant level
5% =5/100 = 0.05
Step 3: degree of freedom
DF = N-2
DF0.05 =N-20.05
=8-20.05
= 60.05 = 0.707
Step 4: decision criteria
Accept HO: ɤcal ≥ɤ tab
Reject HA: ɤcal≤ ɤ tab
Here, calculated = 0.373, tabulated = 0.707
Based on the above conditions stated above, we accept HA: ɤ cal ≤ ɤ tab and reject
HO: ɤcal ≥ ɤ tab.
The result shows that there is significant relationship between the perceived causes
and preventive measures of anaemia among pregnant women in joint hospital,
mbano.
CHAPTER FOUR
Data presentation and analysis
The chapter is based on the presentation and analysis of data collected from the
respondents and it is used on the responses of the items in the questionnaire.
Section A
S/N ITEM POTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
AGE
1. Mean age 15-20 12 9.4%
=27.0 21-25 35 27.5%
26-30 44 34.6%
31-35 36 28.3%
total 127 100%
2. Religion Christianity 116 91.3%
Islamic 3 2.5%
Traditionalist 8 6.2%
3. Education Primary school 20 15.7%
level Junior secondary 43 33.8%
tertiary education 30 23.6%
No formal education 34 26.%
4. Marital status Married 97 76.3%
Single 10 7.8%
Divorced 20 15.7%
5. Occupation Farmer 62 48.8%
Trader 45 35.4%
Civil servant 20 15.7%
6. Duration of 1st trimester 40 3.6.2%
pregnancy 2nd trimester 57 44.8%
3rd trimester 24 18.8%
Table 1 shows the analysis of demographic data
Respondent within the age bracket of 26-30 had the highest frequency of (44) 34-
6%. Respondents within the bracket of 31-35 were second in hierarchy with the
frequency of (36) 28.3% while respondents between 12-25 is (33) 27.5% and 15-
20 ranked lowest (36) 9.4% Christians has (116) 91.3% while Islamic (3) 2.3 and
those who practiced traditional were ranked highest with (97) 76.3%, single (10)
7.8% and divorced (20) 15.7%. Respondents who were farmers ranked highest
with frequency of (62) 48.8%, traders (45) 35.4% and civil servant (20) 15.7%.
respondents who attained primary, secondary and tertiary were classified as literate
and were ranked highest with frequencies (43) 33.8%, (34) 26.7%, (30) 23.6%, and
(20) 15.7%. About (57) 44.8% were in there 2 nd trimester, (40) 3.6% in their 1 st
t
rimester and (24) 18.8%.
Research question
Do you agree that the following are the perceived state of anemia in the
pregnancy?
Decision rule: accept above 2.5 and reject below 2.5
Table 2
S/N STATEMENT MEAN STANDARD
DIVIATION
1. Poor absorption of iron diet 2.2 1.1
2. Poor eating habit 2.6 1.2
3. Reduce intake of fresh food, meat, 3.2 1.3
vegetable.
4. Stomach ulcer 2.7 1.2
5. Iron deficiency anemia 2.4 1.2
6. Bleeding example menstruation 2.9 1.8
7. Decrease production of red blood 2.3 1.2
cell
8. Multiple pregnancy 2.9 1.1
Cumulative mean =2.6 SD =1.2
Source: 2021 filled data for research question 1
Table 2 represent mean and standard deviation scores distribution of respondents in
which some are below 2.5 and above 2.5. Indicating that some of the respondents
agree to the options as causes of anemia while some disagree. The table showed
that 2.2 (1.1) of the respondent disagreed that poor absorption of iron diet causes
anaemia in pregnancy. 2.4 (1.2) of the respondent reed iron deficiency anaemia
causes anaemia in pregnancy and also 2.3 (1.2) of the respondent disagreed that
decreased production of red blood cell causes anaemia in pregnancy. While 2.6
(1.2) of the respondents agreed that poor eating habit is a cause of aneamia in
pregnancy, 3.2 (1.3) of the respondent reduce intake of fresh food. 2.7 (1.2) agreed
to stomach ulcer. 2.9 (1.8) of the respondents agreed that bleeding causes anaemia
in pregnancy and 2.9 (1.1) of the respondents agrred that multiple pregnancy cause
anaemia in pregnancy indicating that some of the respondents agreed in
moderatory to the causes of anaemia while some of the respondents disagreed.
Research question 2
Do you agree that the following are the preventive measure of anaemia in
pregnancy?
Table 3
S/N STATEMENT MEAN STANDARD DEVIATION
1. Frequent intake of balanced 2.6 1.1
meal
2. Use of insecticide treated net 3.1 1.2
3. Frequent intake of food rich 3.2 1.3
dietary iron
4. Boiling of water before you 2.6 1.1
drink
5. Visiting the antenatal clinic 2.7 1.1
6. Putting water what you have 2.8 1.2
learnt in antenatal clinic in
practices
7. Culture and belief can affect 2.9 1.3
your prevention of anaemia
8. Prescribe iron supplement can 2.7 1.1
help prevent anemia
Cumulative mean = 2.8 SD = 1.2
APPENDIX I
LETTER TO RESPONDENTS
College of nursing science
Mbano joint hospital, mbano
P O Box
Isiala mbano
Imo state
………………… date
Dear respondents
I am a 3rd year student of the above named institution. With you is a questionnaire
for the study “perceived causes and preventive measures of anaemia in pregnancy
among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at mbano joint hospital, Imo
state”
The aim of the questionnaire is to help the researcher derived necessary
information and act on the above mentioned problem for academic purpose and
also serve as reference material for future researchers to the questions on the
questionnaire, I promise that any information given out by you will be kept
confidential and will be used for the purpose of the study.
Thanks for your maximum cooperation.
Yours faithfully,
Agim Catherine uchechi
(Student nurse)
APPENDIX II
SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINANT
The sample size of the study was determined using taro Yamane formula as
follows
n
N = 1+ n(E)²
Where N = sample size
N = target population
E = margin of error (0.05)
I = theoretical constant
188
Therefore = 1+ n(0.05)²
188
N = 1+ 188(0.0025)
188 188
N = 1+ 0.47 = 1.48 = 127
N = 127
Therefore 127 is the sample size.
APPENDIX III
PERSON PRODUCT-CORRELATION COFFICIENT
S/N X Y XY X2 Y2
1. 50 42 2500 1764 2100
2. 40 38 1600 1444 1520
3. 48 44 2304 1936 2112
4. 30 35 900 1225 1050
5. 47 40 2209 1600 1880
6. 45 39 2025 1521 1755
7. 30 41 900 1681 1435
8. 60 50 3600 2500 3000
9. 54 46 2916 2116 2484
10. 57 40 3249 1600 2280
11. 28 25 784 625 700
12. 65 30 4225 900 1950
13. 70 47 4900 2209 3290
Formula;
N (E ×Y −E × EY )
R=
√ NE X ²−( E X ) 2
× NEY ²−(EY )²
Where: N [= No. of respondents
EX = sum of score for variable x
EY = sum of score for variable y
EXY = sum of score for variable xy
13 ×25556−(629 × 517)
R=
√ N 13 ×32112−( 629 ) 2
×13 ×21121−(517)²
7035
R=
√21815 × 7284
7035
R = 12605.57
R = 0.558
R = 0.6
APPENDIX IV
MEAN AGE CALCULATION
CLASS INTERVAL CLASS OPINT (X) F FX
15-20 17.5 12 210
21-25 23 35 805
26-30 28 44 1.237
31-35 33 36 1188
EF =127 EFX=3440
EFX
X == EX
3440
== 127
= 27.0
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ABSTRACT
This study was designed to assess the perceived causes and preventive measures of
anaemia in pregnancy among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at mbano
joint hospital imo state. The objectives were to assess the perceived causes of
anaemia in pregnancy, ascertain the preventive measures of anaemia in pregnancy
and to determine the significant relationship between the perceived causes and
preventive measures of anaemia in pregnancy. A descriptive cross sectional survey
was used. A sample size of 127 was used; self structured four (4) likert scale
questionnaire was the instrument for data collection. Data was analyzed using
mean and standard deviation table, According to the results, 2.6(1.1) agreed
moderately to the causes of anaemia in pregnancy and 2.8(1.2) had high
acceptance of the preventive measures of anaemia in pregnancy. The researcher
hypothesis tested reveled that there is a significant relationship before on the
perceived causes and preventive measures of anaemia in pregnancy.
Key words: perceived, pregnancy, preventive.