Chapter

Reproduction in Organisms
Life cycle and life span : In all Monkeys 26 ye
metazoan animals, the life cycle
includes two developmental 8. Dog 20-30
period; embryonic period 9. Bulfrog and Lion 30 ye
(prenatal developmental period) 10. Toads 36 ye
which extends from zygote to 11, Cat 28 ye
offspring till hatching or birth, 12. Chimpanzee 45 ye
and post embryonic period 13. Horses 60 ye
(postnatal developmental Man 60 ye
period)- which includes growth, perio
adulthood, reproduction, ageing, 15. Elephant 70 ye
Thus, the life cycle comprises five 16. Turkey 118 y
main events : birth, growth, Parrots 140 y
maturity, old age and death, that
follow in the sequence named. 18, Tortoise and banyan tree 200 y
Maximum life span is the 19. Sequoia
maximum number of years
survived by any member of a Habit that influence life span
species, while average life span is Life-style habits can influence life
the number of years survived by span considerably, Although a
members of a population, Life healthful diet does not
expectancy is the age at which guarantee immortality, regular
half the population still survives. exercise and avoiding of alcohol,
smoking and drugs, contentment
Table : 6.1-1 Life span in
and freedom from stress can
different organisms
make a person's last years more
[Link]. Animals name
pleasant.
1. Mayfly
2 Silk moth Reproduction and its type
3. Mouse
Rats
Reproduction :
5. Humming bird Reproduction is the ability of
Rabbits
living organism to produce a new
generation of living individuals
similar to themselves.
 Basic features of (i) Binary fission : Binary
reproduction : All organisms fission is the division of the
reproduce. Modes of parent into two small, nearly
reproduction vary in different equalized daughter individuals.
organisms. However, all modes During binary fission nuclear
have certain common basic divisions or karyokinesis is
features. These are always followed by division of
(1) Replication of cytoplasm or cytokinesis.
DNA. This is the molecular basis Examples — Protozoans
of reproduction. (Amoeba, Euglena etc.) Bacteria
and Planarians.
(2) Cell division, only
mitotic, or both mitotic and Modes of binary fission : In
meiotic. This is cytological basis Binary fission, the nucleus
of reproduction. divides first and the cytoplasm
(3) Formation of next. Subsequently, the mother
reproductive bodies or units. cell splits into two equal sized
(4) Development of daughter halves or cells. There
reproductive bodies into are three modes of binary
offspring. fission.
Types of reproduction : (a) Simple binary
These are of two main fission : If the plane of
types (l) Asexual (Non- cytoplasmic division passes
gametic) (2) Sexual through any direction, the fission
(garnetic) is called simple fission. Example
(1) Asexual reproduction — Amoeba.
Definition : Production of
offspring by a single parent
without the formation and fusion
of gametes is called asexual
reproduction. The young one
receives all its genes from one
parent. Fig : 6, 1-1 Simple
binary fission In
Asexual reproduction is also
amoeba
known as agamogenesis or
(b) Transverse
agamogeny. It involves only
binary fission : If the plane of
mitotic cell divisions, and also
cytoplasmic division coincides
termed somatogenic
with the transverse axis of the
reproduction, Asexual
individual, the fission is teimed
reproduction produces identical
transverse binary division.
offspring commonly referred to
Example — Paramecium and
as a clone. Today, the scientists
Planaria.
have been able to produce
clones of multicellular animals New contractile
(e.g., boar calf names as Frosty,
and Finn Dorset lamb named as
the famous Dolly) artificially in
the laboratory.
Occurrence : Asexual
reproduction occurs in protozoans
and some lower animals such as
sponges, Coelentrates, certain
worms and tunicates. It is absent
among the higher non-vertebrates
and all vertebrates, vacuole
Types : Asexual
reproduction takes place in five
principal ways • M
a
c
 r binary fission in
o paramecium

WOX
1052 Reproduction in Organisms
n
u (c) Longitudinal
c binary fission : If the plane of
l cytoplasmic division coincides
e
with the longitudinal axis of the
u
s individual. This kind of fission is
designated as longitudinal binary
d fission. Example Euglena and
i
vorticella.
v
i
d
i
n
g

a
m
i Nuclei
t
o Fig : 6.1-3 Longitudinal
t binary fission in euglena
i Binary fission involves
c
a mitosis only and consequently,
l the resultant offspring's are
l genetically identical to the parent
y and each other.
M (ii) Multiple fission : Multiple
i fission is the division of the
c parent into many small daughter
r
o
individuals simultaneously.
n Examples — Multiple fission
u occurs in many protozoans such
c as Plasmodium, Amoeba and
l
e Monocystis, Foraminifera.
u
s

d
i
v Crypto Sch izont Nuclei
i Merozoites merozoite
d
Fig : 6.1-4 Multiple fission of
i
n malarial parasite in RBC of man
g Mode of multiple fission :
Sometimes, the nucleus divides
m
i several times by amitosis to
t produce many nuclei,which is not
o followed immediately by
t cytokinesis. Later, each nucleus
i
c gathers a small amount of
a cytoplasm around it and the
l mother individual splits into
l many tiny daughter cells,
y
In course of time, each of
these daughter cells starts a free
N
ew oral groove forming life and transforms into an adult
Fig : 6.1-2 Transverse
individual. This kind of fission is exogenous budding. Example —
called multiple fission. Hydra.
(a) Encystation : In
response to unfavourable living
condition, an Amoeba withdraws
its pseudopodia and secretes a
three-layered hard covering or
cyst around itself. This
phenomenon is termed as
encystation.
develops mature
(b) Sporulation : During bud bud
favourable condition, the Fig : 6.1-5 External
encysted Amoeba divides by budding in hydra
multiple fission and produces (b) Endogenous or Internal
many minute amoebae or budding : In fresh water sponges
pseudopodiospores; the cyst wall (e.g., Spongilla) and marine
burst out, and the spores are sponge (e.g., Sycon), the parent
liberated in the surrounding individual releases a specialised
medium to grow up into many mass of cells enclosed in a
amoebae. This phenomenon is common opaque envelope, called
known as sporulation. the gemmule, on germination,
(c) Schizogony It is a type Each gemmule gives rise to an
of multiple fission present in offspring gemmules are thought
plasmodium. Schizogonies are of to be internal buds. This type of
two type. Liver schizogony and budding is recognised as
RBC schizogony. endogenous budding. Example —
(iii) Plasmotomy : Plasmotomy Sycon and Spongilla.
is the division of a multinudeate (v) Fragmentation : It is the
protozoan into segeral small, breaking up of an animal's body
multinudeate daughters without into two or more pieces, each of
nuclear division. The daughters grow
which grows into a new
and regain the normal number of
individual. Examples — It occurs
nudei by nudear divisions. It takes
place in Opatina and Pelomyxa. in the flatworm, microstomum.
Mouth In
Mouth
(iv) Budding : Formation of a
daughter individual from a small Eyes
projection, the bud, arising on
the parent body is called
budding. It is a common method
of asexual reproduction. In Fig : 6.1-6 Fragmentation in
budding new individual form by microstomum (a flatworm)
mitosis. Examples — Budding Special asexual reproductive
occurs in some protozoans and bodies ; Archaeocytes of sponges
certain lower animals such as are totipotent cells. They take
sponges (Scypha), coelenterates part in the formation of
(Hydra), annelids (Chaetopterus) gemmules. Gemmules form new
and tunicates (Salpa). sponges.
Micropyle
Types of budding : There are two
types of budding
(a) Exogenous or External
budding : Initially, a small
outgrowth of the parent's body
develops into a miniature
individual. It then separates from
the mother to lead a free life. This
type of budding is recognised as
 Monaxon
spicules Outer reproduction brings

Reproduction in Organisms 1053

membrane multiplication of the
species only. It does
not play a role in
evolution as no
variation is
introduced into the
new individuals
formed by it.
Asexual reproduction is
Archaeocytes theoretically most advantageous
in stable, favourable
environment because it
perpetuates successful
genotypes precisely.
(2) Sexual reproduction
Definition : It is the production of
Inner membrane offspring usually by two parents, male
and female. Involving four processes .
Fig 6.1-7 A gemmule (i) Formation of
Reproductive units in special haploid cells, the
asexual reproduction gametes, by meiosis.
Reproductive units vary in (Gametogenesis)
different forms of asexual (ii) FusiOn of the
reproduction. These are entire gametes in pairs, forming diploid
parent bodies in binary and cells, the zygotes (Fertilization)
multiple fission's and are small (iii) Repeated mitotic
parts of parent body in budding divisions of zygotes to form
and fragmentation. An asexual embryos
reproductive unit is called (Embryogenesis)
blastos.
(iv) Growth of
Characteristics of asexual Embryos into a new individual
reproduction : All forms of asexual (Development)
reproduction have certain common
Sexual reproduction is also
basic features. These are under .
called syngenesis,
(i) A single parent
Occurrence ; Sexual
produces offspring, that is, asexual
reproduction occurs nearly in all
reproduction is uniparental.
animals, including those which
(ii) Gametes are not reproduce asexually. Some
formed. protozoans, such as Amoeba,
(iii) Cell divisions are Euglena lack sexual reproduction. In
only mitotic. male and female, and the difference
between them is determined
(iv) The new
genetically, In sexual reproduction
individuals formed are usually offsprings resemble the parent,
genetically identical to the
Types : Sexual reproduction is
parent. Variability, if it occurs, is
of two main types — (i) Amphigony :
restricted to mutation only. It involves the complete and
(v) Multiplication permanent fusion of two gametes
occurs rapidly. from different or from the same
parent to form a composite cell! the
(vi) The offspring are
zygote. It is further of two kinds
often formed in large numbers (a) Syngamy : It involves the
near the parent. fusion of two entire gametes to
Significance of asexual form a zygote. The fusion nucleus of
reproduction : Asexual zygote called synkawon, It is further
of two types with regard to the reproduction by forming male
source of fusing gametes and female gamete nuclei, which
Endogamy : It involves they exchange through
self-fertilization, i.e., the fusion temporary cytoplasmic bridge;
of two gametes of the same later, the cytoplasmic bridge
parent. It is, thus uniparental. disappears and the gamete
e.g., Taenia, nucleus of one individual fuses
Q E*ogamy : It involves cross- with that of the other to form
fertilization, i.e., the fusion of two zygote nuclei. This mode of
gametes formed by different parents. sexual reproduction is known as
It is, thus, biparental. conjugation.
e.g„ frog rabbit and man. Syngamy Parthenogenesis (Virgin
is also of two kinds : birth)
Isogamy The fusing gametes It is a modification of sexual
are similar morphologically as in reproduction in which an egg
Monocystis (a protozoans). Such develops into a complete
gametes are known as isogametes,
offspring without fertilization. It
and their fusion is termed isogamy.
is monoparental.
Although the isogametes are similar in
Parthenogenesis was discovered
structure, they have behavioural
by Bonnet (1745).
differences. e.g., foraminifera,
monocystis, Occurrence : Parthenogenesis
is found in many non vertebrates
Anisogamy or such as rotifers, aphids, bees and
Heterogamy : The fusing gametes crustaceans. It also occur in a few
are different in form, size structure vertebrates.
and behaviour as in frog and Types Parthenogenesis is of
humans. Such gametes are known as two main types •
anisogametes, or heterogametest (l) Natural parthenogenesis :
and their fusion is termed
It is a regular phenomenon in the
anisogamy, or heterogamy. e.g.,
Plasmodium, vertebrates. life history of some animals. It
Special forms of syngamy : may be three type.
There are three special forms of (i) Complete (Obligatory)
syngamy • parthenogenesis : Males are
absent, females develop
(a) Neoteny :
parthenogenetically, e.g.,
Neoteny refers to "retention of a
rotifers, Typhlina brahmina
larval or embryonic trait in adult
(small lizard, 15 cm long),
body". e.g., Retention of larval
Lacerta saxicolaarmeniaca
gills in some adult salamander.
(Caucasian Rock Lizard),
(b) Paedogenesis or Cnemidophorus (Whiptail
paedomorphosis : Paedogenesis Lizards of America).
refers to "development of (ii) Incomplete (cyclic)
gonads and production of young parthenogenesis Some animals have
ones by larva" e.g., salamander both sexual and parthenogenetic
Axolotl larva, liver fluke Redia individuals, which may alternate. In
larva, and gall fly, these animals, female can produce
(c) Polyembryony : unfertilized or fertilized eggs,
The blastomeres fOrmed by depending upon environmental
division of the zygote separate in conditions. In Daphnia, a fresh
early stages of development, water crustacean, female lays
each producing in a complete unfertilized eggs that develop
parthenogenetically under
individual (fasciola liver fluke).
favourable conditions, and fertilized
Armadillo regularly produces 4-8
eggs during times of environmental
young ones per zygote. Identical stress,
twins in human being is another
In honeybee, unfertilized eggs
example. develop into male bees (drones)
(ii) Conjugation : Some with haploid cells, and fertilized
acellular protist animals (e.g., eggs give rise to females (queen
Paramecium) exhibit sexual
 bees and worker bees) with diploid chances of new combinations of
cells. genes and thus avoids selection
(iii) Paedogenetic in population. It decreases the
parthenogenesis : In certain insects, chances of adaptability followed
larvae lay eggs which develop
by extinction.
parthenogenetically into a new
generation of larvae. Reproductive unit in sexual
Parthenogenesis in largae is called reproduction
paedogenesis, The reproductive units in
(2) Artificial sexual reproduction are
parthenogenesis ; Eggs of certain specialised cells called gametes.
animalsi such as annelidsv The gametes are generally of two
molluscs, starfish, frog, hen, kinds —
rabbit, etc., can be induced to (1) Microgametes or
develop parthenogenefically by Spermatozoa
artificial stimuli. Artificial stimuli (2) Macrogametes or Ova
may be (i) physical, viz., prick of Both are well developed for
a needle, electric shock, change their role in reproduction. The
in temperature or pH; or (ii) male gametes are mostly minute
chemical such as addition of and motile so that they may
urea, fatty acids, ether, swim to the female gametes for
chloroform, to water. fertilization. The female gametes
On the basis of chromosome sets
are usually large, non motile and
parthenogenesis is of two
often have a store of food to
nourish the developing embryo.
(i) Arrhenotoky (Haploid
Maintenance of chromosome
parthenogenesis) ; Haploid eggs
number : The gametes are usually
grow to form haploid males e.g.,
formed by meiotic divisions.
Arachnids, some insects (honey Therefore, they are haploid, i.e., have
bees), halved or reduced (n) number of
(ii) Thelotoky (Diploid chromosomes. In sexual
parthenogenesis) : Diploid eggs grow reproduction, the male and female
without fertilization into diploid gametes fuse to form a single cell,
individuals, generally femalese e.g., the zygote formed by the fusion of
Gall fly. two haploid gametes in naturally
Advantages of diploid, i.e., has double or normal
parthenogenesis number (2n) of chromosomes.
(i) This avoids the wastage of Reproduction pattern
germplasm as sperms and ova. (1) External fertilization and
Adult organism is devoted External development • This pattern
exclusively to feeding and is found in many aquatic animals,
such as Obelia, Nereis, all bony fishes
reproduction so is a mode of high
and frogs. Parents release sperms
reproduction e.g., aphids.
and eggs into the surrounding water,
(ii) There is no chance of where fertilization occurs and
separation of useful combination of zygotes develop into offspring.
genes by crossing over and are
(2) Internal fertilization and
transmitted as such,
External development : Sperms
(iii) The offsprings are exactly are passed from the male into
similar to parents. the female with an intromittent
(iv) Haploid parthenogenesis is organ, such as claspers in male
the direct proof of chromosomal shark, hemi penis in lizard, snake,
theory of sex-determination. crocodile and penis in mammals,
Disadvantages of or otherwise, for example, by
parthenogenesis : It stops the cloacal apposition in birds, with
modified arm in cuttle fish.

Reproduction in Organisms 1055

Internal fertilization has severål s.N0. Asexual reproduction Sexua
advantages. It is always uniparental. It is genera
1.
Animals with internal 2, It invariably results in Ii may not
fertilization usually produce increase in the number the numbe
fewer zygotes because of of individuals.
protection provided by egg shells 3. Gametes ore not formed. It always i
or internal development. and fusion o
(3) Internal fertilization and 4, There is no fertilization. Fertilization
Internal development Internal It involves only mitotic It involve
5.
development provides additional during gam
cell divisions,
advantages to the embryo, The mitotic
mother's body provides exactly the developmen
right chemical conditions and, in offspring,
mammals, warmth and nourishment 6. Daughter individuals are Daughter
also. As the mother carries the genetically identical to differ from t
embryo wherever she goes, it is not
the parent.
vulnerable to predators who attack
externally developing eggs.
7. It occurs in only lower It occurs n
invertebrates and lower
Characteristics of sexual chordates.
reproduction Sexual reproduction has
8. It contributes little to It contribu
the following important basic features evolution. introducing
— (i) It is generally biparental.
(ii) It involves formation of male 9. It often causes rapid It causes slo
and female gametes. increase in number. number.
(iii) Mostly there is fusion of Blastogenesis and Embryogenesis
male and female gametes : Development of the offspring from
(fertilization). reproductive units, such as buds or
(iv) Cell divisions are meiotic fragments, in asexual reproduction is
called blastogenesis. Development of
during gamete formation and mitotic
the embryo from the zygote in sexual
during development of zygote into an
reproduction is termed
offspring.
embryogenesis,
(v) The offspring are not
Unisexual or dioecious :
genetically identical to the parents.
Organism in which the two
They show variation as they receive
characters (chromosomes) from two
sexes occur in different
different parents. Sexual reproduction individuals, e.g., humans,
is, thus, a source of variety in mammals, birds, lizards.
population. Bisexual / Hermaphrodite
Significance of sexual or monoecious : Organism in
reproduction Sexual which the two types of sex
reproduction has a dual significance organs (testes and ovaries)
for the species : occur in the same individual.
(i) It results in e.g., Earthworm, Taenia, Leech,
multiplication and perpetuation of Fasciola, Myxine, Herdmania.
the species. Deviations in the reproductive
(ii) It contributes to strategies : Although asexual and
evolution of the species by sexual reproductions are the two
introducing variation in a major trends of breeding, many
population much more rapidly deviations are also observed in the
than asexual reproduction. reproductive strategies of animals.
One such variation in reproductive
Table : 6.1-2 Difference strategy is hermaphroditism, found
between sexual and asexual in tapeworms and earthworms.
reproduction Tapeworms are self-fertilising; the
sperm produced in the testes of
one individual can fertilise the eggs
produced by the same individual. any direct role in reproduction
The earthworms employ cross but provide specific features
fertilisation; the sperm of one and structures to the two
individual fertilises the eggs of the sexes. The important external /
other.
accessory sex characters of
Sexual dimorphism : human male are beard,
Differentiation in morphology moustaches, body hair on
of the two sexes of the same shoulder and chest, pubic hair
species is called sexual on both lateral and vertical
dimorphism. Example — directions, comparatively more
Ascaris, Oryctolagus and height with more muscular
humans etc. body, larynx apparent
Human reproductive system externally, voice low pitched
In human beings, reproduction with breathing more by means
takes place by sexual method and the of diaphragm. The important
sexes are separate. accessory sex character of
(1) Sex organs : Human are human females are high
unisexual. The reproductive system pitched voice, breast, broader
of each sex consists of many pelvis, lateral pubic hair,
organs. The latter are rounded body contours with
distinguishable into primary and more subcutaneous fat in
secondary sex organs. Besides thighs, buttocks and face and
these,
sternal breathing.
there are some accessory sex
characters — Puberty : Beginning of
sexual maturity or ability to
(i) Primary sex organs : reproduce is known as puberty.
Gonads which form gametes Puberty occurs at the age of 10
are called primary sex organs — 14 years in girls and 13 — 15
— testis (plural testes) in males years in boys,
and ovary (plural ovaries) in
(2) Characteristics of
females. Testis produces
human reproduction :
sperms and secrets
testosterone. Ovary produces (i) Human beings
ova. Maturing Graafian follicles are non-seasonal breeders.
secrete oestrogens. (ii) There is no
(ii) Secondary sex organs : oestrus / heat.
Sex organs, glands and ducts (iii) In human
which do not produce gametes females the ability to
but are [Link] essential for produce young ones begins
sexual reproduction are known at menarche (beginning of
as secondary sex organs, In menses) and ends at
human male reproductive menopause (stoppage of
system, the secondary sex menses).
organs are vasa efferentia,
epididymis, vasa deferentia, (iv) In human
ejaculatory ducts, urethra, females the reproductive
accessory sex glands are phase has 28 day repeated
prostate glands, Cowper's menstrual cycle.
glands seminal vesicle and (v) Fertilization is
penis. Secondary sex organs of internal.
a human female include
fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, (vi) There is vivipary,
external genitalia, Bartholinrs i.e., giving birth to young
gland and mammary glands are ones.
accessory sex glands. (vii) Foetus develops
(iii) Accessory / External / inside uterus and is
Secondary sex characters : They nourished by joint special
are traits which do not have structure called placenta,
 (viii) Infants can be Citrus, Opuntia, etc. In Citrus, a
fed on mother's milk. seed may possess upto 40

1056 Reproduction in Organisms

embryos (one normal and rest
(ix) Parental care is
adventive).
very well developed,
(i) Diplospory : In this case,
Reproduction in the archesporium differentiates
but megaspore mother cell directly
Flowering Plants gives rise to an unreduced (i.e.,
without meiosis) embryo sac, It
Reproduction is the may produce two types of
process of formation of new embryos:
individuals from pre-existing (a) Diploid
ones. It is the means of parthenogenesis ; Embryo develops
multiplication and perpetuation from unfertilized diploid egg.
of the species because the (b) Diploid
older individuals of each apogamy : Embryo develops
species undergo senescence from any diploid cell of embryo
and die. There are two basic sac except egg.
types of reproduction ' Asexual
(iii) Apospory : It is the
and Sexual.
formation of complete embryo sac
Asexual reproduction from the sporophytic cell without
meiosis so that the gametophyte
The methods of remains diploid. Apospory may be
reproduction which do not of two types •
involve meiosis and fertilization (a) Somatic apospory :
are known as apomixis or Embryo sac is formed from
asexual reproduction. Only somatic cell.
mitotic divisions are involved in
(b) Generative apospory Embryo
these methods, resulting into sac is formed from archesporium
the formation of offsprings without meiosis.
which are genetically similar to
(2) Vegetative propagation :
the parent plane
Regeneration or Formation of a
Asexual reproduction is of new individual from any vegetative
following two types part of the body is called
(1) Agamospermy : vegetative reproduction or
Agamospermy is a kind of plant vegetative propagation. The lower
apomixis in which the embryos plants reproduce vegetatively
and seeds are formed by through budding, fission,
asexual reproductive methods fragmentation, gemmae, resting
without involving meiotic buds, spores, etc. It is very
gametogenesis and sexual common mode of reproduction
fusion of gametes. It occurs and it may be natural vegetative
widely in ferns and the propagation or artificial vegetative
flowering plants. There are propagation.
three different types of (i) Natural methods of
agamospermy vegetative propagation : In natural
vegetative propagation, a portion
(i) Adventive embryony :
gets detached from the body of
Formation of embryo directly
mother plant and it grows into a
from the diploid sporophytic
new individual plant under
cells (nucellus or integument)
suitable conditions. Different plant
of ovule is called adventive
parts are variously modified for
embryony. Such embryos are
vegetative propagation. Some of
formed without involving
these are given below.
meiosis and sexual fusion, e.g.,
 (a) Vegetative propagation by to propagate Citron and Tamarind.
stems : The modified stems like Stem cuttings are most commonly
bulbs, runners, rhizomes, corms, used for artificial propagation.
tubers, offsets, etc., help the plant When cuttings (about 20-30 cm,
to multiply under favourable long pieces of stem)
conditions.
(b) Vegetative propagation by
roots : The roots of some woody
plants produce shoots which grow
into new plants; e.g., Murraya,
Lebbeck tree (Albizzia), Sisham
(Dalbergia sisso), etc, Modified
tuberous roots of Sweet potato,
Asparagus, Dahlia, Tapioca,
Tinospora, etc. develop buds and
each of which form a new plant.
(c) Vegetative propagation by
leaves : The leaves generally do
not help in vegetative propagation.
However, in Bryophyllum
pinnatum and B.
daigremontianum, develop along
the leaf margins which on
deattachment produce
independent plants. In elephant
ear plant (Begonia) also, leaf buds
are produced from petiole and
veins throughout the surface of
the leaf. Walking fern propagates
through leaf tips.
(d) Vegetative propagation
by reproductive parts
Flowers are primarily associated
with sexual reproduction. But in
Globba, American aloe.(Agave),
Ooion (Allium cepa), etc. special
multicellular structures, called
bulbils, occur on the stem. These
are the modifications of axillary
buds. Bulbils grow into new plants
when shed from the mother plant,
(ii) Artificial methods of
vegetative propagation : Several
methods of vegetative propagation are
man made and developed by plant
growers and horticulturists for
commercial production of crops. They
are called artificial methods. In this
method a portion is separated from
the body of the plant and then it is
grown independently. Some of the
artificial methods are given bélow :
(a) Cuttings The small piece
of any plant organ (stem, root or
leaf) used for propagation is called
cutting. Leaf cuttings are used to
propagate Sansevieria, Begonia,
Bryophyllum, Glocinia and
Kalanchoe. Root cuttings are used
from such plants are put into the moist soil, they develop to obtain a large number of plants. Tissue culture technique is
adventitious roots and buds at the base which develops into useful in obtaining virus free plants, homozygous diploids and
new plants. Grapes, Sugarcane, Rose, Bougainvillea, Carnation, in commercial
Coleus, Duranta, etc. are propagated by stem cuttings. micropropagation of Orchids, Carnation, Gladiolus,
(b) Layering : In this method, roots are artificially induced Chrysanthemum and other Ornamental plants. This method is
on the stem branches while it is still attached to the parent The asexual
also employed process
for quick replaced byofthe
multiplication sexual method is
plants.
plant for propagation, There are two common types of layering known as apomixis.
Z No natural death in organisms showing binary fission e.g.,
Mound layering : In this technique a lower branch of Amoeba, so are called immortal.
stem is bent and covered in such a way that the tip of the Z Protandry : Spermatozoa mature earlier than ova in
branch remains above the ground. After a few days, the bisexual animals e.g., — Hydra, Earthworm.
covered part of the stem produces adventitious roots, At this
stage the branch is cut off from the parent plant and it grows Z Metagenesis : Alternation of sexually and asexually
into a new plant. This method is commonly employed for reproducing forms in the life cycle of an animal e.g., Obelia.
propagating Strawberry, Jasmine, Grape vine, Raspberry, etc. Protogyny : Ova mature earlier than sperm in a bisexual
animal e.g. Herdmania.
Air layering (Gootee) : This is employed in plants with
thick branches which can not be easily bent. In this method, Strobilation : Asexual multiplication by transverse fusion
part of the stem is girdled (i,e, a ring of bark is removed) or slit and iS found in Scyphistoma of Aurelia and also found in
at an Taenia.
upward angle. This part is covered with moist moss or cotton Tissue culture technique was first thought by Haberlandt
and (1902) and Hanning (1908) but successful attempt was made
enclosed in a polythene bag to prevent drying, The wrapped by White (1932) in case of tomato root.
portion is called gootee. The roots appear after sometime and Z CocUs nucifera is widely used in the preparation of culture
at that stage the branch is cut and planted, It grows into a new medium as coconut milk.
individual. This method is used in vegetative propagation of
Litchi, Pomegranate, Orange, Lemon, Guava, Bougainvillia, etc,
Z According to latest world development report, Japanese
(c) Grafting : A new variety produced by joining parts of two have longest life span (average life expectancy is 76.3 years
different plants is called grafting. The rooted shoot of one plant,
called stock, is joined with a piece of shoot of another plant known as while that of female is 82.5 years).
scion. The root stock is generally derived from a plant resistant to
diseases and efficient in water and mineral absorption. The scion is a
stem cutting from a superior quality plant. The grafting ends of both,
stock and scion are cut obliquely and then placed over one another in
such a way that the cambia of two come in close contact. The two
pieces are firmly held together by rubber tubing, etc. This results in
fusion of cambia and formation of new vascular tissue. Grafting is
generally done between the related varieties or species. This method
has been practised for many economically useful plants, such as Rose, Reproduction and its type
Mango, Apple, Pear; Guava, Citrus, Rubber etc, There are various
1. In Vorticella, the total number of micronuclei formed at
methods of grafting like tongue or whip grafting, wedge grafting and
the end of pre-zygotic nuclear division in female gamont
crown grafting. Besides these a technique, called bud grafting. ih
which only a single bud along with a small portion of bark having
is
intact cambium instead of a scion is employed for propagation. IEAMCET 2009)
(d) Propagation by plant tissue culture or
Micropropagation This method includes propagation of plants
by culturing the cells, tissues and organs called tissue culture,
2. Which one of the following glands is absent in
reproductive system of rabbit ICPMT 20101 (a)
Small pieces of plant organs or tissues are grown aseptically in
Cowper'S gland (b) Collateral gland
a suitable nutrient medium, Initially it results in the formation
of undifferentiated mass of cells called callus which later (c) Perinea! gland (d) Prostate gland
differentiates to produce a large number of plantlets. These 3. Haploid parthenogenesis among insects is shown by order
plantlets are then transferred to separate pots or nursery beds (a) Hymenoptera (b) Homoptera

(a) (b)
(c) (d)
 (c) Coleoptera (d) All the above (c) Bisexual (d) Gynandromorph
4. A person which shows the secondary sexual characters
of both male and female is calledlCBSE PMT 1996: BHU 5. Gemmule formation in sponges is helpful in IAIIMS 20011
1999] (a) Intersex (b) Hermaphrodite Parthenogenesis Sexual reproduction
Only dissemination Asexual reproduction
6. Product of sexual reproduction generally generates 2. Consider the following statements and choose the correct option
[Kerala PMT 2009] [NEET 2013]
(i) The genetic constitution of a plant is unaffected in
(a) Large biomass vegetative propagation
(b) Longer viability of seeds (ii) Rhizome in ginger serves as an organ of vegetative
(c) Prolonged dormancy reproduction
(d) New genetic combination leading to variation (iii) Totipotency of cells enables us to micropropagate plants
7. Which is mode of reproduction in Amoeba [RPMT 20011 (a) Statements (i) and (ii) alone are true
(a) Binary fission only (b) Statements (ii) and (iii) alone are true
(b) Binary fission and multiple fission (c) Statement (ii) alone is true
(d) Statement (iii) alone is true
(c) Binary fission and conjugation
(e) All the three statements (ii) and (iii)l are true
(d) Multiple fission only
3. Vegetative propagation in mint occurs by (CBSE PMT 20091
8. In Earthworms, self fertilization does not occur due to (b) Offset
(d) Runner
[BVP 2000) (c) Rhizome (d) Sucker
(a) Hypogyny (b) Protogyny 4. The part which is grafting on stalk of another tree is
called
(c) Protandry (d) Epigyny IHPMT 20051
Binary fission is found in [BVP 20001 (a) Graft (b) Bulbil (c) Bud (d) scion
(a) Amoeba (b) Paramecium
5. Vegetative propagation in Pistia occurs by
(c) Planaria (d) All of these ICBSE PMT (Mains} 20101
10. Drones in a colony of honey bees originate by [BHU 20021 (a) Stolen (b) Offset
(a) Thelytoky (b) Arrhenotoky (c) Runner (d) Sucker

1. ApomixiS in plant means development of a plant (BHU 2008] (c) Practices reproduction
(d) Practices by breeding without meiosis
(a) From root cuttings
12. Which one of the following is not a natural method of
(b) Without fusion of gametes vegetative propagation [MHCET 20151
(c) From fusion of gametes Runner Foliar buds
(d) From cuttings of stem Stem tuber Grafting
(c) Cyclic parthenogenesis (d) Diploid parthenogenesis 6. Which one of the following plants does not help in vegetative
propagation by leaves [MHCET 20151 Which of the following shows the sexual dimorphism (a) Begonia (b) Kalanchoe 11.
ICPMT 1998; AMU (Med.) 2000: RPMT 20011 (c) Bryophyllum (d) Oxalis
(a) Hydra and Ascaris (b) Hydra and Oryctolagus 7. Among the following which one is not a method of
(c) Ascaris and Pheretima (d) Ascaris and Orycto!agus vegetative propagation
(a) Budding (b) Layering
12. Arrhenotoky is related to [Odisha JEE 2004]
(c) Sowing (d) Tissue culture
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
 (a) Parthenogenesis (b) Wax formation 8. After culturing the anther of a plant, a few diploid plants
(c) Both (a) and (b) None of these were found along with haploid plants. The diploid plants
13. Fertilization is internal in [MP PMT 2000] could have arisen from [AUMS 19931
(a) Generative cell of pollen (b) Cells of anther wall
(a) Toads (b) Frogs
(c) Vegetative cell of pollen (d) Exine of pollen wall
(c) Dog fish (d) Cat fish 9. Reproducing new plants by cells instead of seeds is
known as
14. Naturål parthenogenesis occurs in [MP PMT 19941
ICPMT 1994; BHU 1995, 20041 (a) Biofertilizer (b) Mutation
(a) Frog to form female (c) Tissue culture (d) Antibiotics
10. The development of a sporophyte without fertilization from
(b) Honeybee to produce drones the vegetative cells of the gametophyte is called
(c) Cockroach [BHU 1994; AFMC 1994, 2002. 12; AllMS 2001)
(d) Vegetarian eggs (a) Zygospory (b) Aplanospory
15. Which type of reproduction is found in Hydra [RPMT 2000] (c) Apospory (d) Apogamy
(a) Polyembryony (b) Sexual and asexual 11. Genetically identical progeny is produced when an individual
[AFMC 19941
(c) Parthenogenesis (d) Encystment (a) Practices self-fertilization

Asexual reproduction/Vegetative propagation (b) Produces identical gametes

13. Formation of a sporophyte from gametophyte and vice 24. Stem cuttings are commonly used for the propagation of
umvtqsau
[RPMT 1997] [BHU 20051
Reproduction in Organisms 1059
(a) Sexual reproduction (b) Asexual reproduction (a) Banana (b) Rose
(c) Aternation of generation (d) Transformation
(c) Mango (d) Cotton
14. The plant material which is widely used in the preparation of
culture medium is (AllMS 1998; MHCET 2001; KCET 20111 (a)
25. Carrot is micropropagated through [HPMT 20051
Cycas reuoluta (b) Cocus nucifera (a) Embryo (b) Embryoids
(c) Pinus longifolia (d) Borassus flabellifer (c) Shoot culture (d) Callus
15. Development of embryo from the cells of the nucellus is called 26. Examine the figures (A-C)) given below and select the right
[BHU 1999; MHCET 2001: KCET 2011; MP PMT 2012) option out of and, in which all the four structures A, B, C and D
(a) Parthenocarpy (b) Apocarpy are identified correctly Structures:
(c) Adventive embryony (d) Apospory
16. The development of gametophyte from the vegetative parts of the sporophyte without the intervention of spores is
called
(CPMT 1999; BHU 19991 Or
The fOrmation of gametophyte from the sporophyte
(without meiosis) is called [AMU (Med.) 2005; BHU 2008]
(a) Parthenocarpy (b) Parthenogenesis
(c) Apogamy (d) Apospory
17. To get haploid callus, one can culture ICBSE PMT 20011
(a) Embryo (b) Leaf tissue
(c) Stigma (d) Pollen grain
18. The reason of formation of embryoid from pollen grain in a tissue culture medium is ICBSE PMT 2002)

(a) (b)
(c) (d)
 (a) Organogenesis (b) Double fertilization Options: [CBSE
PMT (Mains) 2010]
(c) Test tube culture (d) Cellular totipotency
19. Which of the following propagates through leaf-tip (a) Rhizome Sporangiophore Polar cell Globule
[CBSE PMT 2004) (b) Runner Archegoniophore Synergid Antheridium
(a) Marchantia (b) Moss (c) Offset Antheridiophore Antipodals Oogonium
(c) Walking fem (d) Sprout-leaf plant (d) Sucker Seta Megaspore Gemma
20. Grafting of tissue or organ between individuals of different mother cell cup
species is called (NCERT; Kerala PMT 2004:
J & K CET 20101 27. What is common between vegetative reproduction and
Apomixis (CBSE PMT (Mains) 2011]
(a) Autograft (b) Isograft
(c) Xenograft (d) Allograft (a) Both occur round the year
(e) Intergraft (b) Both produces progeny identical to the parent

21. One of the plants using 'Foliar adventitious buds' as method (c) Both are applicable to only dicot plants for
vegetative propagation is (d) Both bypass the flowering phase
[AIEEE Pharmacy 2004; AFMC 20121
28. The given diagram refers to which type of reproduction in
(a) Banana (b) Ginger
yeast INCERTJ
(c) Bryophyllum (d) Calocasia
22. In which one pair both the plants can be vegetatively propagated
by leaf pieces [AIEEE Pharmacy 2004; CBSE PMT 2005; J & K CET
20101
(a) Bryophyllum and Kalanchoe
(b) Chrysanthemum and Agave
(c) Agave and Kalanchoe
(d) Asparagus and Bryophyllum (GUJCET
(a) Layering (b) Budding
23. In a type of apomixis known as adventive embryony, 20151
embryos develop directly from the [CBSE PMT 20051 (c) Binary fission (d) Fusion Sunflower
(a) Nucellus or integuments 29. Name the plant shows adventive embryonic cells and
(b) Synergids or antipodals in a embryo sac Mango
(c) Accessary embryoCitrus and
sacs in Mango
the ovule
(d) Zygote Lemon and MaizeLemon and Palms

(a) (b)
(c) (d)
 INCERTI
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (i) and (ii)

—IWNCERT 5.
(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (i) and (iv)
A multicellular, filamentous alga exhibits a type of sexual
life cycle in which the meiotic division occurs after the
formation of zygote. The adult filament of this alga has
[NCERT) (a) Haploid vegetative cells and diploid
gametangia

UNIVERSAL
1060 Reproduction in Organisms
(b) Diploid vegetative cells and diploid gametangia

— 6.
(c) Diploid vegetative cells and haploid gametangia
(d) Haploid vegetative cells and haploid gametangia
The male gametes of rice plant have 12 chromosomes in their
IäüQueStions: nucleus. The chromosome number in the female gamete, zygote
and the cells of the seedling will be, respectively
1. A few statements describing certain features of reproduction are
7. Given below are a few statements related to external fertilization.
given below
Choose the correct statements
(i) Gametic fusion takes place
(i) The male and female gametes are formed and released
(ii) Transfer of genetic material takes place
simultaneously
(iii)Reduction division takes place
(ii) Only a few gametes are released into the medium
(iv) Progeny have some resemblance with parents Select
the options that are true for both asexual and sexual (iii) Water is the medium in a majority of organisms
reproduction from the options given below (NCERT] exhibiting external fertilization
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii) (iv) Offspring formed as a result of external fertilization
(c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (ili) have better chance of survival than those formed
inside an organism
2. The term 'clone' cannot be applied to offspring formed by Choose the correct option INCERTI
sexual reproduction because INCERTI
(a) (iii) and (iv) (b) (i) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iv)
(a) Offspring do not possess exact copies of parental DNA
(b) DNA of only one parent is copied and passed on to the 8. The statements given below describe certain features that
offspring are observed in the pistil of flowers
(i) Pistil may produce more than one seed (ii) Each carpel
(c) Offspring are formed at different times
may have more than one ovule
(d) DNA of parent and offspring are completely different
(iii) Each carpel has only one ovule
3. Asexual method of reproduction by binary fission is (ivi Pistil have only one carpel
common to which of the following Choose the statement that are true from the options below
(i) Some eukaryotes (ii) All eukaryotes INCERTI
(iii) Some prokaryotes (iv) All prokaryotes
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and (iii)
Choose the correct option from the following INCERTI (a) (c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv)
(i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (iii) (d) (iii) and (iv) 9. Which of the following situations correctly describe the
similarity between an angiosperm egg and a human egg (i)
4. A few statements with regard to sexual reproduction are
Eggs of both are formed only once in a lifetime (ii) Both
given below the angiosperm egg and human egg are stationary
(i) Sexual reproduction does not always require two (iii) Both the angiosperm egg and human egg are mobile
individuals (iv) Syngamy in both results in the formation of zygote
(ii) Sexual reproduction generally involves gametic fusion Choose the correct answer from the options given below
(iii) Meiosis never occurs during sexual reproduction INCERTI
(iv) External fertilisation is a rule during sexual reproduction (a) (ii) and (iv) (b) (iv) orily
Choose the correct statements from the options below (c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iv)
(c)
10. Appearance of vegetative propagules from the nodes of (i) Lower groups of organisms have simpler body design
plants such as sugarcane and ginger is mainly because (ii) Asexual reproduction is common in lower groups
INCERTI (a) Nodes are shorter than internodes (iii) Asexual reproduction is common in higher groups of
(b) Nodes have meristematic cells organisms
(c) Nodes are located near the soil
(d) Nodes have non-photosynthetic cells (iv) The high incidence of sexual reproduction in
angiosperms and vertebrates
11. Which of the following statements, support the view that
Choose the correct answer from the options given below
elaborate sexual reproductive process appeared much later in
the organic evolution
(a) 12, 24, 12 (c) 12, 24, 24 [NCERTI (a) (li) and (iii) (b) (i), (iii) and (iv)
(b) 24, 12, 12 (i), (it) and (iv) (d) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(d) 24. 12, 24 (NCERTI
Reproduction in Organisms 1061
12. Offspring formed by sexual reproduction exhibit more (b) It allows an animal to produce many offspring
variation than those formed by Asexual reproduction quickly
because INCERTI (a) Sexual reproduction is a lengthy (c) It saves the time and energy of gamete production
process
(d) It produces genetically uniform populations
(b) Gametes of parents have qualitatively different genetic
composition 3. Air layering or pot layering is followed for those plants
(c) Genetic material comes from parents of two different which
species (a) Do not sucker readily
(d) Greater amount of DNA is involved in sexual (b) Do not have flexible branches
reproduction (c) Both above
13. Choose the correct statement from amongst the following (d) None above
INCERTI 4. Why inarching is an improved method of vegetative
(a) Dioecious (hermaphrodite) organisms are seen only
in animals
(b) Dioecious organisms are seen only in plants
(c) Dioecious organisms are seen in both plants and
animals
(d) Dioecious organisms are seen only in vertebrates
14. There is no natural death in single celled organisms like
Amoeba and bacteria because (NCERTI multiplication
(a) They cannot reproduce sexually (a) Seeds are not formed
(b) They reproduce by binary fission (b) Stock and scion remain intact
(c) Parental body is distributed among the offspring (c) Improved seed formation
(d) They are microscopic (d) All of these
2. Why asexual reproduction is sometimes
5. Identify gametes (A, B and C) respectively in given
disadvantageous
diagram
(J & K CET 20121 INCERTI
(a) It allows animals that do not move around to
produce offspring without finding mates
15. There are various types of reproduction. The type of reproduction adopted by an organism depends on INCERTI (a)
The habitat and morphology of the organism
(b) Morphology of the organism
(c) Morphology and physiology of the organism
(d) The organism's habitat, physiology and genetic makeup
16. Identify the incorrect statement (NCERTI

(d)
 morphologically and genetically identical to the parent (a) Homogametes, isogametes, heterogametes
(b) Zoospores are sexual reproductive structures (b) Isogametes, homogametes, heterogametes
(c) In asexual reproduction, a single parent produces offspring
with or without the formation of gametes
(c) Heterogametes, isogametes, homogametes
(d) Conidia are asexual structures in Penicillium
(d) Homo/ Isogametes, heterogametes, heterogametes
17. Which of the following is a post-fertilisation event in
flowering plants INCERTI (a) Transfer of pollen grains 6. In rabbit, ex-abdominal reproductive organs are
(b) Embryo development [RPMT 20011
(c) Formation of flower (a) Testes, Penis, Epididymis
(d) Formation of pollen grains (b) Testes, Vas deferens, Testes sac
18. The number of chromosomes in the shoot tip cells of a (c) Testes, Vas deferens, Ejaculatin duct
maize plant is 20. The number of chromosomes in the
microspore mother cells of the same plant shall be (d) Testes sac, Seminal Vesicle, Epididymis
INCERTI (a) 20 (b) 10 7. Virus free culture of banana can be raised from
(c) 40 (d) 15 (a) Apical cells (b) Pith of stem
(c) Leaf lamina (d) Primary root
(a) [n asexual reproduction, the offspring produced are

8. In a type of layering, the basal branch is pegged down in the soil at several places to form a number of new plants from a
CfitrcalZThiiikihj-= single branch. It is known as
(a) Serpentine layering (b) Air layering

Which of the following pairs is ObjéCtiüéiQüéStions=

not correctly matched (c) Simple
One layering of vegetative
of the methods (d)propagation
All of theseis by cutting.
1. 9.
[AIPMT 20151 In woody plants roots are readily formed
Mode of reproduction Example
(a) Rhizome Banana
(e)(a) If branches are cut from juvenile stage
(b) Binary fission Sargassum (b) If older branches are cut from adult stage

(c) Conidia Penicillium (c) If younger branches are cut from adult stage

(d) Offset Water hyacinth There is no difference

 1062 Reproduction in Organisms
10. The group of crop plants which are vegetatively propagated 21. Select the right option in which the events (A, B, C, D and E)
is INCERTI in life of general reproduction are correctly identified INCERTI (a) Potato, Papaya,
Banana
n
(b) Onion, Coriander, Lime
(c) Groundnut, Drumstick, Cashewnut
(d) Sugarcane, Tapioca, Banana, Potato, Rose Pre-FertilizationPost-
Fertilization
EventEvent
11. Grafting of vegetable yielding plants is not done because
(a) The variety cannot be improved
(b) The yield cannot be improved
(c) They are mostly herbs 19. Grafting in monocots is rarely successful because
(d) They may get killed (a) Monocots have closed vascular bundles
12. Agamospermy and vegetative propagation represent (a) (b) Monocots are without cambium
(c) Both (a) and (b)
Asexual reproduction (b) Sexual reproduction
(d) Both wrong
(c) Adventive polyembryony (d) Apomixis
20. In vegetative propagation
13. Root of sweet potato when placed in suitable soil (a) Unit of reproduction is floral bud
(a) Undergoes fragmentation
(b) Unit of reproduction is plant part
(b) Sprouts
(c) Undergoes decay (c) Seed is produced amphimictically
(d) Develops more adventitious roots (d) All the above
(a) A - Gemetogenesis, B - Zygote formation, C — Fertilization,
14. Parthenogamy represents the D - Gamete transfer, E - Embryogenesis
(a) Union of two vegetative nuclei A - Gemetogenesis, B - Gamete transfer, C —
(b) Union of two parent hyphae Fertilization. D - Zygote formation, E - Embryogenesis (c) A -
(c) Union of two gametes of one sex Gamete transfer, B - Gametogenesis, C — Fertilization, D -
(d) Union of three gametes Zygote formation, E - Embnyogenesis (d) A - Gemetogenesis, B
- Gamete transfer, C — Fertilization, D - Ernbryogenesis, E -
15. In sugarcane, the lower ends of cuttings are often Zygote formation
dipped in IBA prior to sowing to promote 22. The progressive development of an egg cell or an asexual
(a) Rooting reproductive body into an adult individual resembling its
(b) Increase in number of shoot buds parent is
(c) Sprouting of shoot bud (a) Ontogenic development (b) Phylogenetic
(d) None of these development
(c) Developmental biology (d) Blastogenesis
16. In Sansevieria, the mode of vegetative propagation is
23.T he development of a human child in the mother's
through
womb was described in a monumental Indian book
(a) Stem cuttings (b) Leaf cuttings called (a) Ramayana (b) Vedas
(c) Rhizome cuttings (d) None of these
(c) Gita (d) Susruta Samhita
17. Which of the following devices is not used by plants to
prevent autogamy
24. De Generatione Animalium was written by
(a) Anaximander (b) Aristotle
(a) Self - incompatibility
(b) Production of unisexual flowers (c) Hippocrates (d) Empedocles
(c) Heterostyly 25. Sometimes, larva develops gonads and reproduces by
(d) Production of cleistogamous flowers normal sexual reproduction. It is called
18. In agamospermy, diploid embryo sac is derived from (a) Regeneration (b) Neoteny
(a) Megaspore without meiosis (c) Autotomy (d) Paedogenesis
(b) Microspore 26. Consider the following statements with respect to
(c) Megaspore mother cell without meiosis reproduction in the lower living organisms
(d) Microspore mother cell without meiosis A. Organisms like yeast and Planaria reproduce asexually
by means of budding
(f)
 B, True regeneration is observed in Hydra
[Link] protonema of mosses multiply by fragmentation
D. In the unicellular organisms like bacteria
algae and Amoeba, reproduction is synonymous with
growth, i.e, increase in number of cells
Of the above statements (Kerala PMT 20121
(a) A and B alone are correct (b) B and C alone are
correct
(c) A and D alone are correct (d) B and D alone are
correct
(e) C and D alone are correct
27. Match the following and choose the correct
combination from the options given

Column I Column Il
(Organism) (Approximate life span)
A. Butterfly 1. 60 years
[Link] 2. 140 years C, Parrot 3, 15 years
D, Crocodile 4. 1—2 weeks
(Kerala PMT 20121
D-4 (b)
(c)(d)
A-4; B-3; C-2•, D 1

(g)
28. Multiple fission occurs in Amoeba under 1. Ass
(a) Favourable conditions (b) Unfavourable conditions erti
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above on
Ma
29. Asexual reproductive body is called ny
(a) Egg (b) Sperm pla
(c) Ovum (d) Blastos nts
30. Paramecium reproduces by are
pro
(a) Asexual reproduction (b) Sexual reproduction pag
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above ate
31. During binary fission and multiple fission, the cell division is d
(a) Mitosis (b) Meiosis veg
eta
(c) Amitosis (d) Cytokinesis
tive
32. Identify A to D in given figures showing asexual reproductive structure (NCERTI ly
eve
n
tho
ugh

10
Chlamydomonas Penicillium 11 12 13 14 15
the
y
bea
r
see
ds.
Potatoes
mu
Hydra Sponge ltip
ly
(a) A- Zoospore, B - Conidiosporangium, C - Bud, D by
Gemmule tub
(b) A - Zoospore, B - Conidia, C - Bud, D - Gemmule ers,
(c) A - Zoogamete, B - Conidia, C - Bud, D - Gemmule ap
ple
(d) A - Aplanospore, B - Conidia, C - Bud, D — Gemmule
by
cu
ttin
g.

IAI
Read the assertion and reason carefully to maik the correct option out of the options given below : IM
(a) If both the assertion and the reason are true and the reason is a correct explanation of the assertion S
(b) If both the assertion and reason are true but the reason is not a correct explanation of the assertion If the 200
assertion is true but the reason is false 11
(d) If both the assertion and reason arefalse
(e) If the assertion is false but reason is true

21
2. Assertion Asexual reproduction is also called blastogenesis. 5
Reason In asexual reproduction, there is no formation and fusion of gametes. .
3.

6
4. .

Assertion Claspers of cartilage fishes are analogous

to penis of human male,
Reason Both act as copulatory organs and transfer
the sperms into female.
Assertion In apomixis plants of new genetic
sequence are produced.
Reason In apomixis two individual of same
genetic sequence meet.
Assertion Grafting is not usually possible in
monocots.
Reason Successful grafting requires that cambia of
both stock and scion fuse to form new
vascular tissues,
Assertion A plant biotype can be retained and
multiplied indefinitely without any
change or variation by the method of
asexual reproduction.
Reason Asexual reproduction does not involve
meiosis and syngamy.
Asexual reproduction/Vegetative propagation

NCERT Exemplar Questions

11 12 14 15

18 20

21 22 23 24 25
27
12 28
13 29
14 15

-16 17

Critical Thinking Questions

10
11 12
22 13
23 24 15
25
26 23 b 29 d 30
13 19 20

31 32 b
 Assertion and Reason

4, (b) The rooted shoot of one plant called stock is

joined with a piece of shoot of another
plant known as scion, The grafting ends of
both stock and scion are cut obliquely and
then placed over one another in such a
way that the cambia of two came in close
contact.
9. (a) Plants like sugarcane, grapes, rose, china rose,
Reproduction and its type Bougainvillea etc are propagated by stem cuttings. Binary fission may be
7. (b) longitudinal or transverse. During 11. (c) Grafting is generally done between the related varieties multiple
fission, the parental body divides into many or species. This method has been practised for many
economically useful plants, such as rose, mango, apple, daughter organisms.
citrus, rubber etc.
8. (c) Earthworms are bisexual but self fertilization does not 12. (a) Agamospermy seed is formed without gametic
union. occur because their testes ripes first. They are Vegetative propagation can be of two kinds protandrous. (i)
Methods of natural vegetative propagation.
9. (d) Binary fission occurs in Amoeba, Paramecium, and (ii) Methods of artificial vegetative propagation both are
the Planaria. methods of asexual reproduction.
10. (b) Arrhenotoky is a type of parthenogenesis, in which the 13. (b) The roots also help in vegetative propagation
some unfertilized eggs develop into males with haploid cells. common example of root tubers are sweet potato
12. (a) Parthenogenesis can be classified into arrhenotoky and (Ipomoea batatas), asparagus (Asparagus) and
Dahlia. thelytoky_ These roots develop buds, each of which form a new 14. (b) Parthenogenesis is the
development of an individual plant.
from an unfertilized egg. In honey bees drones develop 15. (a} The stem cutting are treated with rooting hormone
parthenogenetically. (IBA) for proper development of roots.
15, (b) Both sexual and asexual type of reproduction are found Example Grapes, Sugarcane, Rose, Bougainvillea
in Hydra. etc.

Asexual reproduction/Vegetative propagation 16. (b) The small piece of any plant organ (root, stem or leaf) used for
propagation is called cutting, leaf cutting are 1. (b) The methods of reproduction which do not involve used to propagate
Sansevieria, Begonia, Bryophyllum, and fertilization are known as apomixis or Glocinia etc. meiosis asexual
reproduction. 18. (C) Seeds are produced and embryo is formed but meiosis 5. (b) Lemna, Pistia, Eichhomia - Offset and
fertilization are eliminated. Megaspore mother cell
7. (c) Sowing is related with sexual reproduction. develop into an unreduced embryo. The embryo is
14. (b) Culture medium contains minerals, vitamin, 2-4% formed from unfertilized egg (parthenogenesis) or some sucrose, amino
acid glycine and growth regulators (or other cells of embryo sac (apogamety).
banana pulp/ coconut milldyeast extract). 22. (d) Development of the offspring from reproductive
units
15. (c) In adventive embryony embryo arises from diploid such as buds or fragments in asexual reproduction is such as
nucellus or integuments (other called blastogenesis. Blastogenesis have the same target sporophytic cells to
develop a new individual by the process of cell egg) citrus. division and differentiation,
 19. (c) Walking fern (Adiantum caudatum) because its leaf tips 25. (b) Neoteny refers to the retention of a larval or
embryonic when come in contact with soil, form new plants as trait in the adult body e q. Cartilaginous skeleton in
adventitious buds develop at leaf tips. adult chondrichthyes and larval gills in some adult 21. (c) Foliar (on the leaf)
adventitious buds are formed at salamanders.
place other than nodes. e.g, Bnyophyllum. 28. (b) The multiple fission is here called sporulation and the 24.
(b) Stem cutting of at least one year old stem are employed encysted products are termed spores, The spores in case of
rose for propagation. remain inactive during unfavourable conditions such as 26, (c) A — Offset of Eichhornia desiccation
and extremes of temperature.
B — Antheridiophore of Marchantia Assertion and Reason

Cri asexual means.

Development of an organism from non-sexual
tical Thinking m (b)
1. (b) Binary fission is usually found in amoeba, reproductive units like buds fragments etc. is called
paramoecium, euglena. blastogenesis. In asexual reproduction there is no
3. (c) This is employed in plants with thick nonflexible formation and fusion of gametes.

branches which can not be easily bent. In this 3. (a) Claspers of cartilaginous fishes (sharks) is one pair
method part of the stem is girdled i.e., a ring of bark between the pelvic fins, Claspers are analogous to
is removed. This part is covered with moist moss or penis of human male both act as copulatory organ
cotton and and transfer the sperm into female.
enclosed in a polythene bag, The roots appear after 4. (d)
sometime and at that stage the branch is cut and
planted. (a)
6.
C— Antipodals 1. (a) Vegetative reproduction is asexual type of reproduction D — Oogonium .(Nucule) of
Chara Potato, Sugarcane, Apple, etc., are multiplied by

Totipotent cell refers to (CPMT

In grafting the part having the strong root system is known
Kerala CET 2003)
(a) Scion (b) Stock
(a) An undifferentiated cells capable of developing into
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Slice or Whip
complete embryo
8. Which of the following plant cell's are
(b) An undifferentiated cell capable of developing into an totipotent
(a) Sieve tubes (b) Xylem vessels
organ
(c) Meristems (d) Cork cells
(c) An undifferentiated cell capable of developing into a 9. Binary fission in paramecia is

system or entire plant (a) Transverse (b) Longitudinal

(d) Cells which lack the capability or differentiating into an (c) Oblique (d) Asymmetrical

organ or system 10. A great power of regeneration is found in

2. Match the following (a) Hydra (b) Sponges

 (a) A-I, Columnc-ll,I D-IV (b) A-Il, B-lll,IlC-1, D-IV
Column organisms undergo progressive and orderly changes in
(c) A-Il, Bel, c-lll, D-IV (d) A-Il, Bill, c-IV, D-1 structure and function during their entire life history is
A Virus free Intact roots called (a) Developmental biology (b) Embryology
3. An explant is a
. (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Embryogenesis
(a) P
B. Root cutting ll. In vitro 13. The period of development passed within the egg or the
la womb of the mother is
C Da!bergia Ill. Black berry n
(a) Post-embryonic period (b) Post-natal period
. t
(c) Pre-natal period (d) None of these
D. Mound layering IV Jasmine 14. In which of the following animals, parthenogenesis is
. very common
which has totally disappeared from that area (a) Monkeys (b) Hens
(b) Plant part which falls due to the formation of abcision (c) Ducks (d) Aphids
layer 15. Syngamy is the complete and permanent fusion of two
(c) Plant part used for culturing in micropropagation/tissue gametes. It includes
culture (a) Endogamy and Exogamy(b) Isogamy and Anisogamy
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above
(d) None of these
4. The fastest method to obtain clones is through
(a) Induced mutation (b) Parasexual Hybridization
(c) Parthenogenesis (d) Vegetative reproduction

5. Morphogenesis is defined as the

(c) Planaria (d) All the three
11. Binary fission in Euglena is
(a) Transverse (b) Longitudinal
(c) Oblique (d) Unequal
12. The field of study which deals with the study of embryogenetic or blastogenetic processes by which

(a) Proliferation of callus

(b) Differentiation of callus into reproductive buds
(c) Differentiation of callus into plant parts
(d) None of these
6. TO obtain naked protoplasts during somatic hybridization the
enzymes needed are c 7 b c 9 a 10 d

(a) Cellulase and protease (b) Cellulase and amylase (c) Cellulase
11 b 12 C 13 C 14 d 15 c
and pectinase (d) Cellulase and lipase