DOI: 10.5152/forestist.2020.

20012
Forestist Original Article

Carbon concentration in the coastal afforestation sites of Cox’s

Bazar, Bangladesh
Cox’s Bazar, Bangladeş kıyı ağaçlandırma alanlarında karbon konsantrasyonu

M. Danesh Miah , Asif Hossain

Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh

ABSTRACT
This study quantified carbon in tree biomass and soil in the coastal afforestation sites of Cox’s Bazar, Bangla-
desh. It estimated that the total biomass density of Avicennia alba, Avicennia officinalis, Casuarina equisetifolia,
and Sonneratia apetala were 225.81±13.85, 56.07±9.21, 320.39±20.84 and 179.82±4.69 tha-1, respectively, with
mean annual increment of 9.82±0.60, 7.01±1.15, 32.07±1.63 and 7.82±0.2 tha-1, respectively. Furthermore,
the total biomass carbon of A. alba, A. officinalis, C. equisetifolia, and S. apetala were 112.90±6.92, 28.03±4.61,
160.19±10.42 and 89.91±2.34 tCha-1, respectively, with mean annual increment of 4.91±0.30, 3.51±0.58,
16.04±0.81 and 3.91±0.10 tCha-1yr-1, respectively. The soil organic carbon stock was the highest in the A. alba
plantation (12.45±0.20 tCha-1 at 10 cm depth and 37.33±0.61 tCha-1 at 30 cm depth). On the contrary, the soil
carbon stock in the C. equisetifolia stands were the lowest at both soil depths (4.43±0.20 at 10 cm depth and
13.30±0.61 tCha-1 at 30 cm depth). However, the total carbon, which includes that of the tree biomass and
soil, was the highest at both soil depths in the C. equisetifolia stands (164.63±10.58 tCha-1 and 173.49±10.90
tCha-1), and the lowest in the A. officinalis stands. The present study concludes that C. equisetifolia stands have
enormous potential to mitigate climate change in the coastal areas of Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. The findings of
the study will expedite the research and policymaking on climate change mitigation in Bangladesh.
Keywords: Aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, coastal plantation, soil organic carbon, tree species

ÖZ
Bu çalışmada, Bangladeş, Cox’s Bazar'ın kıyı ağaçlandırma alanlarında ağaç biyokütle değerleri ve topraktaki
Cite this paper as: karbon miktarları ölçülmüştür. Avicennia alba, Avicennia officinalis, Casuarina equisetifolia ve Sonneratia apetala
Miah, M.D., Hossain, türlerinde toplam biyokütle yoğunluğu sırasıyla 225,81±13,85, 56,07±9,21, 320,39±20,84 ve 179,82±4,69 tha-1
A., 2020. Carbon ve yıllık ortalama artımın ise sırasıyla 9.82±0.60, 7.01±1.15, 32.07±1.63 ve 7.82±0.2 tha-1olduğu görülmüştür.
concentration in the Ayrıca, A. alba, A. officinalis, C. equisetifolia ve S. Apetala türlerinin toplam biyokütle karbon miktarları sırasıy-
coastal afforestation la 112.90±6.92, 28.03±4.61, 160.19±10.42 ve 89.91±2.34 tCha-1 olarak hesaplanmıştır ve yıllık ortalama artım
sites of Cox’s Bazar, miktarları ise sırasıyla 4,91±0,30, 3,51±0,58, 16,04±0,81 ve 3,91±0,10 tCha-1 yıl-1 olduğu görülmüştür. Toprak
Bangladesh. Forestist 22 organik karbon stoğu miktarı A. alba plantasyonunda en yüksek değerde (10 cm derinlikte 12.45±0.20 tCha-1
ve 30 cm derinlikte 37.33±0.61 tCha-1) olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Aksine, C. equisetifolia meşcerelerindeki toprak
September 2020. 10.5152/
karbon stoğu ise, her iki toprak derinliğinde de en düşük seviyededir (10 cm derinlikte 4.43±0.20 ve 30 cm de-
forestist.2020.20012. rinlikte 13.30±0.61 tCha-1). Bununla birlikte, ağaç biyokütlesi ve toprağı da içeren toplam karbon miktarlarında,
Corresponding author: C. equisetifolia meşcerelerinde her iki toprak derinliğinde de en yüksek (164.63±10.58 tCha-1 ve 173.49±10.90
Danesh Miah tCha-1) değerlerde olduğu ve en düşük değerlerin ise A. officinalis meşçerelerinde olduğu görülmüştür. Bu
e-mail: çalışma, C. equisetifolia meşcerelerinin Bangladeş, Cox’s Bazar'ın kıyı bölgelerinde iklim değişikliğini hafifletmek
dansmiah@[Link]; için muazzam bir potansiyele sahip olduğu sonucuna varmaktadır. Çalışmanın bulguları, Bangladeş'te iklim
danesh@[Link] değişikliğinin azaltılmasına yönelik araştırma ve politikalarının oluşturmasını hızlandıracağı düşünülmektedir.

Received Date: Anahtar Kelimeler: Yer üstü biyokütle, yer altı biyokütlesi, kıyı plantasyonu, toprak organik karbonu, ağaç türleri
30.03.2020
Accepted Date:
11.07.2020 INTRODUCTION
Available Online Date: Climate change is one of the significant environmental concerns of communities in the world in
22.09.2020 recent times, and this is because of the increasing concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere which
Content of this journal is licensed
under a Creative Commons Attribution-
NonCommercial 4.0 International
imposes global warming and, consequently, global climate change (Cox et al., 2000). Changes in
Licence.
temperature and precipitation under climate variation have a dangerous influence on hydrologic
 Miah and Hossain. Carbon concentration in the coastal afforestation
Forestist

processes and availability of water resources (Islam and Sikka, University of Chittagong were 53.96 tCha−1 and 239 tCha−1, re-
2010; Jordan, 2007). In the fifth assessment report (AR5), IPCC spectively (Miah et al., 2009). In Tankawati natural forest, total
(2014) predicted that, by the end of the 21st century, the glob- carbon stock was 283.80 tCha-1 (Ullah and Al Amin, 2012), while
al mean surface temperature is likely to increase from 0.3°C to Ullah et al. (2014) observed the highest amount of carbon stock
1.7°C under a stringent mitigation scenario, and from 2.6°C to (211.09 tCha-1) in a 18-year-old Acacia auriculiformis plantation.
4.8°C under a scenario of very high greenhouse gas emissions
relative to the temperature rise between year 1986 and 2005. Based on literatures on carbon sequestration in the forests of
Coastal afforestation is one of the approaches for combating Bangladesh, some studies were conducted at the southwest-
global climate change. Mangroves play a crucial role in carbon ern regions and mangrove forests (Ahmed et al., 2017; Aysha et
sequestration since mangrove forests are among the most car- al., 2015; Chanda et al., 2016; Hossain et al., 2016b; Islam, 2016;
bon-rich biomes. The carbon pool in mangrove biomass ranges Kamruzzaman et al., 2018; Mazumder et al., 2016; Rahman et
from 1.2×109 t C (Laffoley and Grimsditch, 2009) to 4.98×109 t C al., 2015a); some were conducted in campus areas of different
(Chmura et al., 2003). On average, mangroves contain 937 tCha-1 universities in Bangladesh (Akter et al., 2013; Hanif et al., 2015;
(Alongi, 2012). In the Indo-Pacific region, it contains an average Haque and Karmakar, 2009; Hossain and Banik, 2005; Miah et
concentration of 1,023 tCha-1 (Donato et al., 2011). al., 2009); some were conducted on the hilly regions and wa-
tershed areas of Chittagong Division (Alamgir and Al Amin,
Soil is a good source of carbon in different forest pools. From a 2007; Barua and Haque, 2013; Rahman et al., 2013; Shin et al.,
global perspective, at 1 m and 2 m depth, soil organic carbon 2007; Ullah and Al Amin, 2012); some were conducted on Gan-
was estimated as 1.5×1012 tons and 2.5 × 1012 tons, respective- ges-Brahmaputra basin and agro ecological zones (Saha et al.,
ly (Petrokofsky et al., 2012). In Kashmir Himalaya, India, carbon 2014; Uddin, 2016); some were conducted in natural forests and
stocks were estimated as 45.4-135.6, 0.08-1.18, 0.7-6.8, 1.1-1.4 wildlife sanctuary (Islam et al., 2017; Sohel et al., 2015; Ullah et
and 39.1-91.4 tCha-1 in tree, understory, deadwood, litter and al., 2014); and some were conducted on aboveground carbon
soil, respectively (Dar and Sundarapandian, 2015). The concen- stock in several districts in Bangladesh (Dey et al., 2014; Jaman
tration of soil organic carbon in East Timor, Southeast Norway, et al., 2016). However, no study was conducted on carbon se-
and agricultural land of Senegal was estimated as 230 tCha-1, questration at the coastal afforestation sites in Cox’s Bazar,
3.34 × 1011 tCha-1, and 11.3 tCha-1, respectively (De Wit et al., Bangladesh. In this regard, there is a research question on the
2006; Lasco and Cardinoza, 2007; Tschakert, 2004). Total organic concentration of carbon in tree biomass and soils in the coastal
carbon in the managed dense Shorea forest was predominant afforestation sites of Cox’s Bazar. Based on this research ques-
in Nepal, indicating an aboveground biomass carbon of 169±26 tion, the present study hypothesized that the coastal plantation
tCha-1, and a belowground biomass carbon of 50±8 tCha-1 of Cox’s Bazar had carbon sequestered in both tree biomass and
(Shrestha and Singh, 2008). Miah et al., (2013) estimated an abo- soils, and are not much differentiated than that of other coastal
veground carbon density of 73.16±2.04 tCha-1, with mean an- plantations in Bangladesh. To answer the is research questions,
nual increment of 3.85±0.11 tCha-1 yr-1 for Casuarina equisetifolia an empirical study undertook the specific objectives of identi-
plantation in the coastal area of Chittagong, Bangladesh. The to- fying the structure and growing stock of coastal afforestation,
tal carbon carrying capacity and carbon sequestration potential and quantifying the tree and soil carbon sequestration in the
of the existing forests in China were 1.987×1010 and 1.386×1010 coastal afforestation sites of Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. Therefore,
tons, respectively (YingChun et al., 2014). In the natural forests this study will enrich the knowledge pool of carbon estimation
of India, the total biomass estimated in Shorea robusta was 489 of coastal afforestation in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh.
tha-1, which includes a total biomass-carbon of 220.36 tCha-1 (Lal
and Singh, 2000). Data and Methods
This study was conducted in the coastal afforestation sites of
Bangladesh Forest Department started the coastal plantation Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. It studied a forest beat under the Chit-
with mangrove species in 1966, with the intention of mitigat- tagong coastal forest division in order to ascertain the carbon
ing the disastrous effects of cyclones and storm surges (Das and stock of the existing coastal plantation in Cox’s Bazar. The study
Siddiqi, 1985; Siddiqi, 2001). Later, different forest divisions of sampled and collected data from September 2017 to December
coastal circle including those of Chittagong, Feni, and Cox’s Ba- 2018.
zar forest division carried out some large afforestation programs
along the coastal belt under various development projects Study Area
(Islam and Rahman, 2015). The blue carbon stock above and The study site was in the territory of Teknaf forest range under
below ground in the Sundarbans mangrove was 3.624×107 tC the Divisional Forest office of Cox’s Bazar (South), Bangladesh.
and 5.495×107 tC, respectively (Chanda et al., 2016). Ahmed et However, the coastal afforestation sites under this forest range
al. (2017) estimated the rate of blue carbon sequestration in the are functionally under the Chittagong coastal forest division.
Sundarbans mangrove as 0.50 to 0.61 million tons per year. Sun- Teknaf Upazila is located at the trans-boundary of Bangladesh
dri (Heritiera fomes)-dominated forest types in the mangroves and Myanmar, occupying an area of about 388.68 km2 be-
store more ecosystem carbon (360.1±22.71 tCha-1) than other tween latitude 21°10’ N and 20°40’ N, and longitude 92°05’ E and
vegetation types (Rahman et al., 2015b). The average soil and 92°25’ E (BBS, 2012). It is among the most extended sandy beach
biomass carbon in Aphanamixis polystachya on the campus of ecosystems (80 km) in the world. The western coast of Teknaf is
 Miah and Hossain. Carbon concentration in the coastal afforestation
Forestist

sandy, while non-calcareous alluvium is the dominant soil type data collection method. The size of each plot was 10 m×10 m.
(Chowdhury et al., 2011). All the plots were square. The tree species richness in the repre-
sentative samples were analyzed first. The total height and di-
The Teknaf peninsula is characterized by a subtropical climate, ameter at breast height (DBH) were carefully measured in all the
with temperatures of 15°C and 33°C during winter (January) and plots. A diameter tape was to measure the DBH, while Shunto
summer (May), respectively. There is frequent heavy rainfall of Clinometer was used to measure the total height of the trees. A
approximately 4,000 mm per year. However, the rainfall varies pre-trained forestry professional data crew utilized these instru-
widely throughout the year (Moslehuddin et al., 2018). ments in collecting data from the field. The global coordinates
(latitude and longitude) of the plots were recorded using the
The tidal floodplain in the Teknaf peninsula runs from north Global Positioning System (GPS). For further monitoring of the
to south and covers 6,838 ha of land. It is located between same plot, the center coordinates of the plots were set in the
the hills and the Naf river. The area consists of broad, high system of proximity alarm of the GPS. The location points of 80
and low ridges, and depressions. During rainy season, most plots were recorded in the datasheet.
of the areas become mildly inundated with rainwater and oc-
casionally suffer flash floods during heavy rainfall (Moslehud- Collection of Primary Data
din et al., 2018). In the Teknaf forest range under Cox’s Bazar The 80 plots were measured and recorded in a structured data-
(South) Forest Division, the Chittagong coastal forest division sheet. The diameter at breast height (DBH) and the total height
carried out an afforestation program through the mangrove, of the trees were measured. Four (4) frequently planted tree
non-mangrove, strip, and Nypa fruticans plantation. In total, species including Avicennia alba (Moricha Baen), Avicennia of-
the division implemented 1,837.7 ha mangrove, 140.00 ha ficinalis (Baen), Casuarina equisetifolia (Jhaw) and Sonneratia
non-mangrove, and 62.00 km strip and Nypa species plan- apetala (Keora) were studied. From the plantation journals kept
tation up to 2016 in the Teknaf forest range of Cox’s Bazar, in the coastal afforestation division in Chittagong, the frequently
Bangladesh (pers. comm)1. planted tree species were recorded with their age of plantation.
The aforementioned tree species share more than 80% of the
A view reflecting the location of the study area in Teknaf for- total plantation established in the coastal areas of Teknaf forest
est beat under Cox’s Bazar (South) forest division is shown in range under Chittagong Coastal forest division, Bangladesh. In
Figure 1. all the plots, trees with DBH ≥5 cm were measured. The plan-
tation plots in the study area varied by the ages of the stands.
Sampling and Data Collection Some of the C. equisetifolia plantation plots were 11 years old,
The study adopted a random sampling technique to select 80 while some were nine years old. A. alba, A. officinalis, and S.
sampling plots in the study area. It adopted a non-destructive apetala plantation plots were 23, 8, and 23 years old, respec-
tively. The tree species above were monocultured in separate
stands. The replication of sampling plots was 20 times for each
specie. However, this was ten times of each age of the stands for
C. equisetifolia.

For the soil sampling, fixed volume metallic soil core was used
to measure the bulk density and organic carbon. To estimate the
carbon contents in soils of the afforestation sites, soil samples
were collected from all the selected plots. Under each of the
vegetation plots, three soil samples were collected up to 10 cm
and 30 cm soil-depth randomly. After collecting the three soil
samples at both depths, one aggregated compound sample
was formed for each of the depths. Two aggregated soil samples
were considered for both 10 cm and 30 cm soil-depth for each
of the plantation plots, totaling up to 160 soil samples (80 x 2).

Data Analysis
Allometric regression equation was used to measure the abo-
veground and belowground tree biomasss. The biomass was
then converted to carbon using the standard biomass-carbon
conversion factor of 0.5 (Pearson et al., 2005). Data was analyzed
Figure 1. Teknaf forest beat under Cox’s Bazar (South) with IBM SPSS Statistics, version 24, and MS Excel 2016. Data was
forest division, Bangladesh first input into the MS Excel and then exported to the IBM SPSS
Statistics for analysis.

1
Personal communication with the office of Chittagong coastal forest division, Chittagong on 04/06/2018
 Miah and Hossain. Carbon concentration in the coastal afforestation
Forestist

Structure and Growing Stock of Coastal Afforestation Calculation of soil carbon

This study determined the species-wise distribution of DBH and To estimate soil organic carbon, the following models described
total height class of the trees. Two cut points was used for all by Pearson et al. (2005) were applied:
values to ensure that the DBH and height class are on equal per-
centile, with a width of 33.33%. Therefore, the three height class- Bulk density (gm/cm3)=mass (gm)/core volume (cm3)
es were as ≤10.30, 10.31-15.70, and ≥15.71 m, while the three C (tha-1)=((soil bulk density (gm/cm3) × soil depth (cm)) × C ×100
DBH classes were ≤17.19, 17.20-20.69, and ≥20.70 cm. The total
biomass of each species was divided by the age of the stands in Note: C is expressed as a decimal fraction; for instance, 2.2% is ex-
order to ascertain the mean annual increment (MAI) and, conse- pressed as 0.022 in the equation; bulk density is expressed as gm/cm3
quently, the carbon increment.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Determination of Tree Biomass Carbon Concentration
Species-specific allometric equations were not generated for Structural Distribution of the Tree Species
this study during the data analysis. However, a general equa- This study recorded the total height and diameter at breast
tion was adopted. The following allometric model described height (DBH) of 770 trees, out of which 30.65% trees was Avicen-
by Pearson et al. (2005) was used to estimate the aboveground nia alba, 3.25% was Avicennia officinalis, 61.82% was Casuarina
biomass density (ABD). equisetifolia, and 4.28% was Sonneratia apetala. The species-wise
distribution of height and DBH classes of the tree species are
Biomass, kg/tree=exp [-2.289 + 2.649 × ln(dbh) – 0.021 × ln(dbh)2] summarized in Table 1.
where ln is the natural logarithm.
All the tree species of A. alba in the DBH class of ≤17.19 cm falls
The following model described by Pearson et al. (2005) estimat- within the height class of ≤10.30 m. The height class of ≤10.30
ed the belowground biomass density (BBD). m was dominant in all the DBH classes of A. alba, with 100%,
97.9%, and 65.3% in the DBH class of ≤17.19 cm, 17.20–20.69
BBD, kg/tree = exp (-1.0587 + 0.8836 × ln ABD) cm and ≥20.70 cm, respectively. The DBH class of ≥20.70 cm
was the highest, with 65.3% and 34.7% in the height class of
where ln is the natural logarithm. ≤10.30 m and 10.31-15.70 m, respectively. No specie of A. alba
falls within the height class of ≥15.71 m.
The biomass, ABD and BBD were converted into carbon, ACD
(aboveground carbon density), and BCD (belowground carbon For the A. officinalis, all the trees fall in the DBH class of ≤17.19
density) using the standard biomass-carbon conversion factor. cm, and the height class of ≤10.30 m. The plantation sites of A.
officinalis were young, having the age of eight (8) years. For the
Determination of Organic Carbon in Soil C. equisetifolia species, the DBH class of ≤17.19 cm was domi-
nant in the height class of 10.31-15.70 m with 53.0%. The DBH
Soil preparation and analysis class of 17.20-20.69 cm and ≥20.70 cm were dominant in the
Soil samples were collected with a metallic core of known vol- height class of ≥15.71 m, with 61.5% and 56.9%, respectively.
ume, and were weighed in the field using the standard weighing The DBH class of 17.20-20.69 cm and ≥20.70 cm had no tree
scale for measuring bulk density. The organic carbon measure- specie in the height class of ≤10.30 m, but had 38.5% and 43.1%
ment in the samples was then conducted in the soil laboratory. tree species in the height class of 10.31-15.70 m, respectively, for
Wet oxidation method was used for the determination of the the C. equisetifolia species.
soil organic carbon.
The DBH class of ≤17.19 cm and 17.20-20.69 cm were domi-
To measure the soil organic carbon using the wet oxidation method, nant in the height class of ≤10.30 m for the Sonneratia apetala
the following equation described by McLeod (1973) was applied: species, with 100% and 86.7%, respectively. Foe the Sonneratia
apetala species, DBH class of ≥20.70 cm was maximum in the
OC% = 0.003g × N × 10ml × (1- T/S) ×100 ÷ ODW height class of 10.31-15.70 m followed by the height class of
= 3(1- T/S) ÷ ODW ≤10.30 m, with 60% and 40%, respectively. The DBH class of
Where N= Normality of K2Cr2O7 solution ≤17.19 cm was dominant in the height class of ≤10.30 m, with
T=Volume of FeSO4 used in sample titration (mL) 100% for A. alba, A. officinalis, and S. apetala species. However, for
S=Volume of FeSO4 used in blank titration (mL) C. equisetifolia tree species, the height and DBH class had only
ODW=Oven-dry sample weight (g) 7.9% trees. For A. alba and S. apetala tree species, the DBH class
OM%=10 1(S÷B) × 0.67 of 17.20-20.69 cm had very few trees, with 2.1% and 13.3%, re-
Where S=Sample titration spectively, in the height class of 10.31-15.70 m.
B=Blank titration
The highest value of the mean DBH was in the A. alba species
This method is also referred to as Walkley-Black method (Walk- (20.20±0.33 cm), while the highest value of the total height was
ley and Black, 1934). in the C. equisetifolia species (15.33±0.10 m) (Figure 2).
 Miah and Hossain. Carbon concentration in the coastal afforestation
Forestist

Table 1. Height and diameter at breast height (DBH) class distribution of the tree species in the coastal afforestation sites of
Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

Height class (m) (%)

≤10.30 10.31 - 15.70 15.71+ Total
Avicennia alba (23 years old) DBH class (cm) ≤17.19 100 0.0 0.0 100.0
17.20 - 20.69 97.9 2.1 0.0 100.0
20.70+ 65.3 34.7 0.0 100.0
Avicennia officinalis (8 years old) DBH class (cm) ≤17.19 100 0.0 0.0 100.0
17.20 - 20.69 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
20.70+ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Casuarina equisetifolia (9 and 11 years old) DBH class (cm) ≤17.19 7.9 53.0 39.0 100.0
17.20 - 20.69 0.0 38.5 61.5 100.0
20.70+ 0.0 43.1 56.9 100.0
Sonneratia apetala (23 years old) DBH class (cm) ≤17.19 100 0.0 0.0 100.0
17.20 - 20.69 86.7 13.3 0.0 100.0
20.70+ 40.0 60.0 0.0 100.0
Note: Figures in the cell indicates the percentage value

Table 2. Tree biomass growth and its carbon in the coastal afforestation sites of Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

Species ABD (tha-1) BBD (tha-1) Total biomass (tha-1) Total biomass carbon (tCha-1)
Avicennia alba 191±11.91 34.11±1.94 225.81±13.85 112.90±6.92
Avicennia officinalis 46.14±7.64 9.93±1.57 56.07±9.21 28.03±4.61
Casuarina equisetifolia 271.18±17.90 49.21±2.94 320.39±20.84 160.19±10.42
Sonneratia apetala 151.39±4.0 28.43±0.70 179.82±4.69 89.91±2.34
ABD: aboveground biomass density; BBD: belowground biomass density

Tree Biomass Growth and Its Carbon in the Coastal

Afforestation
The aboveground biomass density, belowground biomass den-
sity, and total biomass density in A. alba were 191±11.91 tha-1,
34.11±1.94 tha-1, and 225.81±13.85 tha-1, respectively (Table
2). In the A. officinalis stands, the aboveground, belowground,
and total biomass density were 46.14±7.64, 9.93±1.57, and
56.07±9.21 tha-1, respectively. For C. equisetifolia, the values of
aboveground, belowground, and total biomass density were
271.18±17.90, 49.21±2.94, and 320.39±20.84 tha-1, respectively.
For S. apetala, the aboveground, belowground, and total bio-
mass density were 151.39±4.0, 28.43±0.70, and 179.82±4.69 tha-1,
respectively.

In the present study, the A. alba stands had the highest

mean DBH followed by C. equisetifolia, S. apetala, and A. of-
ficinalis, but the aboveground, belowground and total bio-
mass density were the highest in C. equisetifolia followed by
A. alba, S. apetala, and A. officinalis. The number of C. equi-
Figure 2. Mean diameter at breast height (DBH) and setifolia stands was the highest in the study area (61.82%)
height observed in the coastal plantation of Cox’s Bazar,
and, therefore, the total biomass density was the highest
Bangladesh
for this species.
 Miah and Hossain. Carbon concentration in the coastal afforestation
Forestist

In relation to the biomass growth, the biomass-carbon was also 19.04±0.33 cm, which is the second largest in the study area.
the highest in C. equisetifolia (160.19±10.42 tCha-1) followed by The total biomass and its carbon were the highest in the C. eq-
A. alba (112.90±6.92 tCha-1), S. apetala (89.91±2.34 tCha-1) and A. uisetifolia species (320.39±20.84 tha-1 and 160.19±10.42 tCha-1,
officinalis (28.03±4.61 tCha-1) (Table 2). respectively) than the other three species in the study area.
Consequently, the C. equisetifolia species showed the highest
Mean Annual Increment (MAI) in Total Biomass and Its Carbon values of MAI of biomass and its carbon (32.07±1.63 tha-1yr-1 and
Since the stand age of the plantation plots are known, this study 16.04±0.81 tCha-1yr-1, respectively).
determined the Mean Annual Increment (MAI) of biomass and
its carbon. The calculated MAI of biomass and its carbon was Soil Organic Carbon in the Coastal Afforestation
the highest (32.07±1.63 tha-1yr-1 and 16.04±0.81 tCha-1yr-1, re- Soil organic carbon percentage was the highest in A. alba
spectively) in C. equisetifolia stands followed by 9.82±0.60 tha- stands (0.77±0.01%) followed by S. apetala stands (0.71±0.02%),
yr and 4.91±0.30 tCha-1yr-1, respectively, in A. alba stands (Table
1 -1
A. officinalis stands (0.67±0.05%), and C. equisetifolia stands
3). The MAI of biomass and its carbon were the lowest in the (0.28±0.01%) (Table 4).
A. officinalis stands (7.01±1.15 tha-1yr-1 and 3.51±0.58 tCha-1yr-1,
respectively). Based on the soil organic carbon percentage and the soil depth
measurement, the organic carbon was the highest at 10 cm
There were a total of 476 trees of C. equisetifolia in the sampled soil depth (12.45±0.20 tCha-1) and 30 cm soil depth (37.33±0.61
plots. The mean DBH of the Casuarina equisetifolia species was tCha-1) in A. alba, followed by the 10 cm (11.87±0.32 tCha-1) and
30 cm soil depth (35.61±0.97 tCha-1) in S. apetala stands (Table
Table 3. The Mean Annual Increment (MAI) of total 4). The lowest quantity of organic carbon was 4.43±0.20 tCha-1
biomass and biomass-carbon in the coastal afforestation and 13.30±0.61 tCha-1 at 10 cm and 30 cm soil depth, respec-
sites of Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh
tively, in the C. equisetifolia stands.
MAI of total MAI of total biomass
Species biomass tha-1yr-1 carbon tC ha-1yr-1 Total Biomass-Carbon and Soil Organic Carbon Concentration
Avicennia alba 9.82±0.60 4.91±0.30 Total biomass and soil organic carbon at 10 cm and 30 cm soil
depth was the highest (164.63±10.58 tCha-1, 173.49±10.90 tCha-1,
Avicennia officinalis 7.01±1.15 3.51±0.58
respectively) in the C. equisetifolia stands (Table 5). Although soil
Casuarina equisetifolia 32.07±1.63 16.04±0.81 carbon stock was the lowest in C. equisetifolia stands in both soil
Sonneratia apetala 7.82±0.2 3.91±0.10 depths, the highest biomass growth consequently yielded the
highest total carbon concentration per hectare.
Table 4. Soil organic carbon in the coastal afforestation
sites of Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh Total biomass and soil organic carbon in the A. alba and S. apeta-
la stands in the coastal afforestation sites in Cox’s Bazar was sec-
Soil carbon Soil carbon ond and third highest at both 10 cm and 30 cm soil depths.
(tC ha-1) (tC ha-1)
Total carbon in the A. officinalis stands was the lowest, with
Species Soil organic at 0-10 cm at 0-30 cm
name carbon (%) soil depth soil depth 39.18±5.11 tCha-1 and 61.48±6.18 tCha-1 at 10 cm and 30 cm soil
depths, respectively.
Avicennia alba 0.77±0.01 12.45±0.20 37.33±0.61
Avicennia officinalis 0.67±0.05 11.15±0.63 33.45±1.90 Discussion
Casuarina equisetifolia 0.28±0.01 4.43±0.20 13.30±0.61 The mean DBH and total height in the S. apetala stands were
Sonneratia apetala 0.71±0.02 11.87±0.32 35.61±0.97
17.85±0.47 cm and 9.18±0.24 m, respectively. In A. officinalis
stands, the mean DBH and total height were 11.04±0.41 cm and
4.72±0.13 m, respectively, since they were the youngest (8 years
Table 5. Total tree biomass and soil organic carbon in the
old). Although A. alba and S. apetala stands were the oldest
coastal afforestation sites of Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh
plantations (23 years old), the total height was the highest in C.
Total biomass and Total biomass and equisetifolia stands aged 9 and 11 years. However, the DBH value
soil carbon at soil carbon at was the highest in A. alba stands, while the height was the high-
10 cm depth 30 cm depth
est in the S. apetala stands. Estrada et al. (2013) reported a mean
Species (tCha-1) (tCha-1)
DBH and height of 21.7±2.4 cm and 13.05±0.85 m, respectively,
Avicennia alba 125.35±6.89 150.23±6.83 for A. schaueriana in a mangrove forest located in the biological
Avicennia officinalis 39.18±5.11 61.48±6.18 reserve of Guaratiba, Sepetiba Bay, Brazil.
Casuarina equisetifolia 164.63±10.58 173.49±10.90
S. apetala showed a diameter growth ranging from 10.3 to 26.5
Sonneratia apetala 101.78±2.34 125.52±2.45
cm, with an average value of 15.64 cm at Bogachottor beat in Si-
 Miah and Hossain. Carbon concentration in the coastal afforestation
Forestist

takunda range2 and Domkhali beat of Mireshsarai range3 (Haque mass and its carbon reported in this study for A. alba, A. officina-
et al., 2000). Uddin and Hossain (2013) reported that 27 years old lis, C. equisetifolia, and S. apetala reveals a right level compared
S. apetala attained a DBH and height growth of 21 cm and 16.5 to other studies.
m, respectively, in Ochkhali beat, and a DBH and height growth
of 24.5 cm and 18.5 m, respectively, in Dalchar beat of Nolchira Shaifullah et al. (2008) conducted a study in Telir Char, Laxmipur
range of Hatiya island, Bangladesh, and this is in consonant with coast of Bangladesh. The recorded soil organic carbon contents
the present study. in soil surface at inland, middle part, and sea-side of Telir Char
plantation at 0-10 cm soil depth were 0.80%, 0.73%, and 0.49%,
A. officinalis plantation of 20-29 years attained a DBH and height respectively. In another study, conducted on a 12-17 years old S.
range of 13.0-21.5 cm and 7.4-10.2 m, respectively, in three for- apetala at Char Alim and Char Piya in Hatiya of Noakhali district,
est beats of Mireshsarai coastal forest (Uddin and Hossain, 2013), Shaifullah et al. (2009) reported soil organic carbon contents in
and this is very close to the result obtained for the 23-year-old surface soil at inland, middle part and seaside of Char Alim plan-
plantation having the DBH and height of 11.04±0.41 cm and tation were 2.41%, 1.88%, and 1.51%, respectively, at 0-10 cm
4.72±0.13 m, respectively. According to Hossain et al. (2016a), soil depth. The corresponding values in Char Piya coastal plan-
the average DBH and height of a 16-year-old Casuarina plan- tation were 2.25%, 2.09%, and 2.20%, respectively. The range
tation at Kosturaghat beat of Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh was of soil organic carbon in Char Alim and Char Piya is 1.51-2.41%
19.6 cm and 19.2 m, and this seems relevant to the findings and 2.09-2.25%, respectively. In this study, the percentage range
(DBH=19.04±0.20 cm, height=15.33±0.10 m) of the present of organic carbon in the study area is 0.28-0.77%. The range of
study. soil carbon stock in the bottom, middle, and top slope in Chit-
tagong hilly region was 89-117 tCha-1, 79-116 tCha-1, and 71-100
Miah et al. (2013) reported an aboveground biomass density of tCha-1, respectively (Miah et al., 2011).
162.58±4.52 tha-1 in the C. equisetifolia shelterbelt on the Chit-
tagong coast of Bangladesh. In this study, the aboveground CONCLUSION
biomass for the same specie was 271.18±17.90 tha-1 in coast- Diameter at breast height (DBH) and height class distribution
al zones of Cox’s Bazar. The total aboveground biomass for A. of tree species reveals Casuarina equisetifolia as the dominant
alba, S. apetala, A. officinalis, and C. equisetifolia were 191±11.91, tree species in the study area. C. equisetifolia had the highest
151.39±4.0, 46.14±7.64 and 271.18±17.90 tha-1, respectively. Ac- total biomass growth and the highest mean annual increment
cording to Steinke et al. (1995), the mean aboveground living among the four species. This specie also had the highest carbon
biomass of mangroves in the Mgeni estuary of South Africa was stock (160.19±10.42 tCha-1), with the mean annual increment
94.49±7.83 tha-1. of 16.04±0.81 tCha-1yr-1. Soil organic carbon concentration de-
pends on the age of that stand, biomass, sedimentation, and
A study in Japan reports that the total biomass-carbon stock tidal gradient of that forest. The soil carbon was the highest
in Manko wetland, Okinawa island was 71.17 tCha-1 (Hoque et both at 10 cm and 30 cm soil depths for Avicennia alba. In this
al., 2011). Miah et al. (2013) reported the aboveground carbon study, the total carbon concentration, including the biomass
density of 73.16±2.04 tCha-1 in C. equisetifolia shelterbelt in the and soils at different depths, was the highest in the C. equiseti-
coastal zones of Bangladesh. This study reveals that the total folia, indicating a high potential to mitigate climate change.
carbon in C. equisetifolia stands in the coastal afforestation sites The present study suggests the highest percentage for future
of Cox’s Bazar was 160.19±10.42 tCha-1. In the case of the Sund- plantation of C. equisetifolia trees in the coastal areas in Cox’s
arbans, the mean carbon density was 256.7±17 tCha-1 (Ahmed Bazar, Bangladesh. The study shows a clear indication that, A.
and Iqbal, 2011). According to Rahman et al. (2015b), Sundri alba, C. equisetifolia and S. apetala based coastal afforestation
(Heritiera fomes)-dominated forest types stored more ecosystem can act as a climate change adaptation measure together with
carbon (360.1±22.71 tCha-1) than the other vegetation types. the climate change mitigation in the Cox’s Bazar coastal belt
Therefore, it can opined from the foregoing discussion that of Bangladesh.
the quantity of total carbon in the Teknaf forest beat under the
Teknaf forest range in Cox’s Bazar forest division reveals a stan- The study area is still free from the Rohingya refugee impacts.
dard level compared to other sites. The study recommends the improvement of the degraded for-
est habitat, and compensation for the forest areas lost beneath
The mean annual increment of biomass and its carbon were the camps’ footprint. The proposed actions include assistance
8.56±0.24 tha-1yr-1 and 3.84±0.11 tCha-1yr-1, respectively, in the to community/social forestry, reforestation, artificial natural re-
C. equisetifolia shelterbelt, Parki Beach, Chittagong (Miah et al., generation of shrub-dominated areas, afforestation along the
2013). A study in China shows that the accumulated average coastal line, and agroforestry in the village forests. These actions
annual rate of total carbon storage of 4, 5, 8, and 10 years old S. will keep the coastal plantation untouched. From this present
apetala plantation were 5.0, 7.9, 8.7, and 8.4 tCha-1 yr-1, respec- study, it is clearly imperative to use the A. alba, C. equisetifolia
tively (Ren et al., 2010). Thus, it can be said that the MAI of bio- and S. apetala tree species for coastal plantation.

2
Sitakunda range is one of the coastal forest ranges under the Chittagong coastal forest division, Bangladesh.
3
Mireshsarai range is one of the coastal forest ranges under the Chittagong coastal forest division, Bangladesh.
 Miah and Hossain. Carbon concentration in the coastal afforestation
Forestist

This study shows the potentiality of the carbon sequestration in • Chmura, G.L., Anisfeld, S.C., Cahoon, D.R., Lynch, J.C., 2003. Global
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coastal plantations in the Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh does not show • Chowdhury, M.S., Hossain, M.S., Mitra, A., Barua, P., 2011. Environ-
mental functions of the Teknaf Peninsula mangroves of Bangla-
any remarkable differentiation than the other sites of coastal ar-
desh to communicate the values of goods and services. Mesopota-
eas under Chittagong coastal forest division of Bangladesh. This
mian Journal of Marine Science 26 (1): 79-97.
espouses the hypothesis of this study. The study can spur the pol- • Cox, P.M., Betts, R.A., Jones, C.D., Spall, S.A., Totterdell, I.J., 2000. Ac-
icymakers, researchers, and administrators to reorient the coastal celeration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a
afforestation options in order to achieve long term carbon credits, coupled climate model. Nature 408 (6809): 184-187. [Crossref]
as well as to mitigate and adapt to climate change. • Dar, J.A., Sundarapandian, S., 2015. Variation of biomass and carbon
pools with forest type in temperate forests of Kashmir Himalaya, In-
Ethics Committee Approval: Ethics committee approval was received dia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 187 (2): 55. [Crossref]
for this study from the ethics committee of University of Chittagong. • Das, S., Siddiqi, N.A., 1985. The mangroves and mangrove forests of
Bangladesh. Bulletin-Bangladesh Forest Research Institute. Mangrove
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• De Wit, H.A., Palosuo, T., Hylen, G., Liski, J., 2006. A carbon budget
Author Contributions: Concept – M.D.M.; Design – M.D.M.; Supervi- of forest biomass and soils in southeast Norway calculated using
sion – M.D.M.; Writing – M.D.M.; Critical Review – M.D.M.; Materials – A.H.; a widely applicable method. Forest Ecology and Management 225
Data Collection – A.H.; Analysis – A.H., M.D.M.; Literature Review – A.H. (1-3): 15-26. [Crossref]
• Dey, A., Islam, M., Masum, K.M., 2014. Above ground carbon stock
Acknowledgements: The Ministry of Science and Technology, through palm tree in the homegarden of Sylhet City in Bangla-
the Peoples’ Republic of Bangladesh, with the reference number desh. Journal of Forest and Environmental Science 30 (3): 293-300.
39.00.0000.[Link]-17/ES-313/317, supported this research project. [Crossref]
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Conflict of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. M., Kanninen, M., 2011. Mangroves among the most carbon-rich
forests in the tropics. Nature Geoscience 4 (5): 293. [Crossref]
Financial Disclosure: The authors declared that this study re- • Estrada, G.C.D., Soares, M.L.G., Chaves, F.D.O., Cavalcanti, V.F., 2013.
ceived financial support from the Ministry of Science and Technol- Analysis of the structural variability of mangrove forests through
ogy, the Peoples’ Republic of Bangladesh, with the reference number the physiographic types approach. Aquatic Botany 111: 135-143.
39.00.0000.[Link]-17/ES-313/317 . [Crossref]
• Hanif, M.A., Bari, M.S., Abiar Rahman, M., 2015. Potentiality of car-
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