Florentino Timbreza, the father of Filipino philosophy McKenzie and Morrissette (2003) explained that Indigenous

FILIPINO INDIGENOUS PHILOSOPHY AND WORLDVIEWS (Garcia 2013). worldviews emerged as a result of the people's close relationship
Filipino Philosophy In his book Pilosopiyang Pilipino, discusses the issue of whether with the environment.
Filipino Philosophy can be divided into 3 distinct approaches, Filipino philosophy exists or not. Since philosophy starts and 7 Principles of Indigenous Worldviews.
each of these encompasses 16 different meanings or definitions. ends with people’s experiences, it follows that there is Filipino Relational Worldview
These 3 approaches according to Gripaldo (2014) highlight the philosophy, considering that the Filipino experience exists Indigenous worldviews highlight a strong focus on people and
complexity and diversity of ideas within Filipino Philosophy. (Timbreza 2014). entities coming together to help and support one another in their
Timbreza uses the cultural approach as classified by Gripaldo, relationship.
According to Gripaldo (2014) the following approaches, can as he analyzes unique life experiences to harness these Key within a relational worldview is the emphasis on spirit and
be observed in the study of Philosophy and Culture: worldviews. spirituality and, in turn, a sense of communitism and respectful
[Link]/PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH - This focuses Furthermore, if these worldviews are based on literature, art, individualism
on Foundational Theories and Principles. ethics, practices and attitudes, Filipinos can be said to have their Issues in Indigenous Worldviews
The Greek model, which emphasizes the importance of own Weltanschauung.
individual thinkers and their contribution to Philosophical ▪ Blinding Indigenous worldviews
discourse, has a major influence on the conventional or Weltanschauung ▪ Marginalization of Indigenous Ways of Helping
philosophical approach in Philippine Philosophy. Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, created the term
Key Aspects of Traditional/Philosophical Approach: Weltanschauung(or worldview) to describe how we WORLDVIEWS
understand or interpret the world using our senses. In his 1790 Worldviews continue to be subverted by the nations that
❖ Influence of Greek Philosophy book Critique of Judgment, he used this word to explain how dominate our territories. Yet our knowledge of the world
❖ Individual Philosophers people form their view of the world based on what they see, hear, continues to exist, as well as our ways of living in the world. (M.
❖ Cultural Context touch, and experience. Hart, 2010)
❖ Dialogical Engagement Timbreza uses indigenous and native legends, poems, epics,
songs, riddles (bugtong), proverbs (salawikain), rituals and Filipino Indigenous Spirituality Filipino Spirituality, Spirituality,
[Link]/CONSTITUTIONAL APPROACH - It examine dances as basis for the collective Filipino philosophy of life. Anito, Anito at Pakikipagkapwa, Mangyan (Mahal Umako) For
throw national identities and legal framework shapes He attributes the general Filipino worldview to the salazar (1993 asd in aquino 2000), Filipinos belief in an "anito" is
philosophical discourse. experiences of these respective groups –Ivatan,Ilokano, an important factor in their faith. He considers the "anito" as a
• In Gripaldo's 2014 work, Filipino Philosophy emphasize the Tagalog, Pampanggo, Pangasinensi, Ibanag, Igorot, Bicolano, pure soul, pure spirit, or God.
Philosophical contributions of individuals are defined by their Cebuano, Boholano, Bisaya,Tiruray, Tausug, Maranao,
citizenship rather than specific topics they address. Maguindanao, Aklano, Bukidnon, Sugnuanon, Zambaleno, Spirituality is related to the search for the sacred in a person,
• This means that any written work by Filipino citizens, regardless Romblomanon, Kiniray-anom, KalingaBanao, Waray, and object, or ritual that is above the self (Hill et al., 2000). The filipino
of it tackles western or eastern themes, is recognized as a part Ilonggo. culture is rich in religious traditions, which include various rituals,
of Filipino Philosophy. Six Fragments devotions and beliefs. Long before the Spaniards came, Filipinos
3. CULTURAL APPROACH - Which emphasizes the influence of Timbreza, the Filipino philosophy of life can be divided into six already believed in a God and already had different religious
societal norms and values on human behavior by influencing fragments (Garcia, 2013): rituals.
individual beliefs, actions, and interactions. The "Anito" are believed to inhabit certain places in the
• This approach focuses on how Filipino's understanding and ▪ the law of reversion; environment that could affect people's health livelihood if
interpretation of philosophical topics are shaped by regional ▪ balance of nature; disturbed or offended (shimizu, 1994). Thus there are some
conventions, traditions and folk nation. ▪ cyclic concept of nature; springs, trees, rocks, or forested areas where a certain "anito" is
Filipino philosophy and they can be divided into the following ▪ centripetal morality; believed to reside that people avoid.
categories: ▪ value of non-violence, and;
• Filipino grassroots or folk philosophies ▪ concept of life and death. ANITO AT PAKIKIPAG KAPWA Viewed form to the relationship
• Folk Philosophy appropriation interpretation of Filipino identity of Filipinos with anito can be considered as something deep and
and worldview WORLDVIEWS can be viewed as a form of pakikipag kapwa (Hernandez 2014).
• Local cultural values and ethics research and implications and Mental lenses that are entrenched ways of perceiving the world This deep relationship of Filipinos with anitos can still be seen in
presuppositions (M. Hart 2010) their religious traditions.
of Filipino worldviews. (Gripaldo, 2014) They are developed throughout a person's lifetime through
socialization and social interaction. MANGYANS Mangyan are mainly, subsistence agriculturalists,
planting a variety of sweet potato, rice and taro. Mangyan is the
generic name for the eight indeginous groups found on the is can also be found among Kapampangans with their devotion to
island of mindoro, southwest of the island of Luzon, each with its the Sto. Entierro, whom they call Apung Mamacalulu. Why do we need to study indigenous language and
own tribal name, language and customs. Yabut (2013b) found that most devotees feel the presence of literature?
Mangyans consider Mahal Umako as their God because he is God when they touch the image and it is their way of connecting
the one who created all things that can be seen and unseen. The with the sacred. Among indigenous groups, this Catholic folk Indigenous Language An indigenous language, or
relationship of Filipinos with "Anitos" can be considered as practice of venerating the dead Christ is related to their practice autochthonous language, is a language that is native to a region
something deep and can be viewed as a form of pakikipag kapwa of treating their departed loved ones as Gods. and spoken by its indigenous peoples.
(Hernandez 2014). Postma (2005) states that Mangyans consider their departed
loved ones as their Gods. These practices in Catholicism, Examples of Indigenous Language In Luzon; Tagalog,
SUBTOPIC: RELATIONSHIP OF FILIPINOS WITH ANITO commonly called “popular piety,” can be traced to the long Ilokano, Kapangpangan, Coastal Bikol, Pangasinan. In Visayas;
Filipino and Anito is strong and long-standing dating back to tradition of Filipinos in a religion that has animistic qualities. Waray-Waray, Hiligaynon, Kinaray-a. In Mindanao;
before the arrival of the Spaniards. Anito are spirit of their Meaning, the Filipino people feel hope and get better when they Maguindanao, Tausug.
ancestors and natures, providing guidance and protection. Their feel the presence of God. They feel connection towards the
connection is shown through rituals and ceremonies as acts of sacred through reaching the dead Christ and touching the statue. Indigenous Literature is meant as a term to indicate literature
worship and supplication to the Anito. Filipino people possess a strong faith in their God. written by Indigenous authors and should not be thought of as
being stylistically homogenous. Indigenous communities are
MT. BANAHAW RELATIONSHIP TO ANITO [Link] is a Relationship with anitos culturally unique and have their own literary practices.
sacred mountain in the Philippines, revered as a dwelling place As historian mentioned that filipinos were predominantly animists,
for Anito, Spirits of ancestors and nature. It's believe to be a it is believed that Aetas are also animists who believe that spirits Examples of Indigenous Literature
center of physic energy attracting mystic and those seeking abound in the environment in rivers, seas, plants, trees and 1. Awit 2. Bugtong 3. Tula 4. Salawikain
spiritual guidance and healing. Devotees perform rituals and animals.
ceremonies on the mountain to honor the Anito, often seeking If Aetas disturb or offend an anito, the anito can cause illness ROLE OF INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE
their help through offering, prayers, and meditation. or death, like Apo Namalyari can cause a natural disaster like
the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo. So that's why the spirits must be The Role of Indigenous Languages in the Philippines
PWESTOS The "pwestos" on Mt. Banahaw are not simply appeased and a spiritual medium is called to perform ritual and Indigenous languages in the Philippines, also known as "native
natural features but are imbued with deeper meaning and sacrifice. languages,"
significance. They are believe to have been revealed by The Aeta's believed that harmony with the anitos, the original Examples: Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, etc.
"Santong boses" (Holy voice) to a man named Agripino Lontoc earth dwellers, is crucial for maintaining health and well-being,
during the Spanish colonial era. These voices guide him to as a break can lead to illness. Challenges of indigenous language in the Philippines: Including
various locations, including springs, caves, streams, and time of illness, therefore, a healer, the mang-aanito, is often Language Shift, Lack of Resources.
boulders which were then given names with biblical allusion. called to help in restoring the harmony with the anito and return Preserving indigenous languages is essential for:
Example: 1. Cave of the Holy Mother and Holy water 2. Cave of the individual back to health. Brosius (1990) describe this, the Including Cultural Survival, Linguistic Diversity, protected, Social
the virgin of peace 3. cave of the Nazarene 4. Cave of St. Paul anituan, as a dramatic performance which involves trance, Justice.
5. Cave of St. Peter 6. Cave of the Holy Child 7. Cave of [Link] dances and dialogues between the healer, the anito and the
audience. In conclusion: Indigenous languages in the Philippines are
PAMUMUWESTO in Mt. Banahaw refers to the deliberate and a vital part of the country's cultural heritage and linguistic
strategic placement of the "pwestos" or sacred sites on the Pakikipagkapwa Viewed form to the relationship of Filipinos with diversity.
mountain. It's believe that these sites are strategically positioned anito can be considered as something deep. This deep
to harners and direct the spiritual energy of Mt. Banahaw , relationship of Filipinos with "anitos" can still be seen in their
creating a network of powerful locations for spiritual seekers. religious traditions. Philippine Indigenous Language
In the contemporary setting, some devotions like that to the Sto. Example A. Linguistic diversity in the Philippines
Entierro in Calabanga in Bicol can be traced to the rich tradition Mt. Banahaw- On this mountain: caves, rocks, trees, and bodies The Philippines is one of the most linguistically diverse nations in
of Filipinos in venerating the dead (Cannell, 1999). This dead of water are considered sacred by the devotees. Those sacred the world. According to Ethnologue, a catalogue of world
Christ is bathed and perfume is applied to it as it is treated as a places and spaces in Mt. Banahaw are called puwestos- languages that keeps being updated yearly, there are 171 living
very sacred object. Sacred spaces in Banahaw which Filipinos for generations have languages in the archipelago. Many Filipinos mistakenly label as
In this devotion, Catholics try their best to reach out to the dead acknowledged as holy places a 'dialect' any language which is not widely spoken in the country,
Christ in order to feel better or ask for supplication. This devotion The link between the Aetas and the spirit are referred to as the like Bicolano, Chavacano or Waray.
"manganito"
The Philippines currently has 183 live languages, the vast Only 27 of the 175 indigenous languages in the Philippines are
majority of which are indigenous or regional. Any two random Language of Northern Philippines currently employed as mother languages. These include
people in the Philippines have an 80% probability of growing up Abellen, Agta, Arta, Atta (Pamplona), Ayt Bikol language, Bontok, Balangao, Chavacano, Ibanag, Ibatan, Ifugao Mayoyao, Ifugao-
speaking a different language, making the Philippines one of the Buhid, Casiguran Dumaga Caviteño Chavacano, Dupaninan
Tuwali, Inabaknon, Inakeanon, Isnag, Ivatan, Kagayanen,
world's most linguistically diverse countries. Agta, Filipino Gaddang, Gorontalo, Ifugao, Ilocano (Iloko)Inagta
Alabat, Iraya, Ibanag, Isnag, ItawisIvatan, Kapampangan, Kalinga-Butbut, Kalinga-Limos, Kalinga-Lubuagan, Kallahan-
Kankanaey, Karao, Kalinga, Kasiguranin, Kawayan Agta, Keley-I, Kinaray-a, Maguindanaoan, Manobo-Obo, Maranao,
Map of the Philippines
Kimaragang Kinaray-a, Manide, Masbatenyo, Paranan, Paranan, Sambal, Sama-Central, Surigaonon, Tagabawa,
PangasinanPudtol Atta, Remontado Agta, Sambal, Sinauna Tagakaulo, Tausug, Tboli and Yakan.
Tagalog,Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tayabas Ayta, Tuwali Ifugao. Among the IP languages in the Philippines, only two are widely
Western language of the philippines
used for communication: The Maguindanaon and the Tausug.
Cuyonon, Agutaynen,Tagbanwa ,Palawano Batak, Molbog,
Kagayanen, Hiligaynon (Ilonggo), Kinaray-a, Aklano, Capiznon,
Asi Romblomanon, Inonhan (Loocnon or Odionganon) In the Philippines, the IP language is always in constant threat of
debasement and reduction to a second-class language of either
Status Of Philippines IP Languages the dominant regional language or the national language.
The number of individual languages listed for the Philippines is
187. Of these, 183 are living and 4 are extinct. 175 are Filipino as a national language is taught in school-this also
indigenous Furthermore, 41 are institutional, 73 are developing, subjects their native language to debasement, and reduction to
45 are vigorous, 13 are in trouble,11 is dying, and 4 are extinct. minority status.
In the Philippines there are two official languages in education
Languages in Southern Philippines 45 Vigorous Language and commerce: Filipino and English.
Abellen,AetaMagIndi,AetaAbellen,AetaMabalacat,AetaLayac,A
etaCapas,Agta,Arta,Atta(Pamplona),AytBikollanguage,Bontok,B
1. Mindanao Languages, Cebuano, Surigaonon, Hiligaynon
uhid,Capas,CasiguranDumaga,Caviteño,Cebuano,Chavacano, Surviving Ancient Syllabic Script among IP languages
(Ilonggo), Maguindanao, Maranao, Tausug, Blaan, T’boli,
DupaninanAgta,Waray,Filipino,Gaddang,Gorontalo,Hiligaynon,I The Buhid and Hanunuo Mangyans have beenable to preserve
Bagobo, Manobo (includes various dialects): Northern Manobo,
fugao,Ilocano,InagtaAlabat,Iraya,Ibanag,Isnag,ItawisIvatan,Kap their indigenous way of writing due to natural borders provided
Central Manobo, Southern Manobo, Dibabaon, Dulangan,
ampangan,Kankanaey,Karao,Kalinga,Kasiguranin,KawayanAgt by the mountains against the influence of modern living.
Kagan, Iranun, Banwaon, Kisamal, Tigwahanon, Teduray,
a,KimaragangKinaraya,Manide,Masbatenyo,Paranan,Pangasin Thetraditional poem “ambahan” is engraved on bamboo plants,
Mamanwa, Higaonon, Subanen, Kulina, T’boli, Kankana-ey, Apo
anPudtolAtta,Pangasinense,RemontadoAgta,Sambal,SinaunaT
(Apo Sandawa) boards and containers with theuse of a knife.
agalog,Surigaonon,Tagalog,TayabasAyta,TuwaliIfugao.
2. Sulu Archipelago LanguagesSama (Sama-Bajau), Bajau, Mangyan script
Yakan, Tausug, Sama Bangingi, Sama Dilaut (Bajau Laut) Sama
There are 13 IP languages in the Philippines that are considered
Bajau
to be in trouble. These include Agta-Dupaninan, Atta-Faire, Ayta-
3. Visayan LanguagesCebuano, Hiligaynon (Ilonggo), Kinaray-a,
Magbukun, Bolinao, Isinai, Itneginlaod, Manobo-Kinamiging,
Waray-Waray, Romblomanon (in some areas)
Subanen-Eastern, Agta-Mt. Iraya, Alta- Northern, Batak,
4. Other Languages, Chavacano (Spanish-based Creole),
Butuanon and Giangan.
English (used widely in education and business)
5. Indigenous Languages and Dialects, Blaan, Manobo (includes
There are 11 dying IP languages in the Philippines. Dying or
various dialects)Teduray, Mamanwa, Higaonon, Subanen Kulina,
T’boli, Higaonon, Cagayanen, Tausug, T’boli, Pangasinense endangered languages are evident when the children in the
(some communities) community are not speaking. These include Agta-Alabat Island,
Agta-Isarog, Arta, Ata, Ayta-Sorsogon, Ratagnon and
Language of Central Philippines Tagbanwa-Central. The Eskayan language is dormant and is
Tagalog, Kapampangan, Ilocano, Pangasinense, Sambal, Aeta dying.
Mag-IndiAeta Abellen, Aeta Mabalacat, Aeta LayacAeta Capas,
While Agta-Dicamay, Agta-Villaviciosa, AytaTayabas and
Kinaray-a, Ibanag Bicolano, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Chabacano,
Waray, English. Katabaga are already classified as extinct.
 This includes myths, legends, folk tales, and long stories that However, elaborate prayers and ritual chants can also be
teach about culture, history, and beliefs. considered as forms of IP literature (Scott et al., 1956).
Cultural Diversity: The Philippines has many Indigenous
groups, each with its own language and culture. This variety Existing studies on IP literatures in the Philippines suggest that
shows in their stories and literature. these literatures are told, memorized and retold in oral form
Contemporary Issues: Many modern Indigenous writers talk (Bañez, 2002; Tiu, 2001; Cole 1915). In some groups, selected
about important topics like colonization, identity, land rights, and individuals are tasked to be storytellers and they pass on this vital
keeping their culture alive. responsibility through inheritance within the family, as in the
privileged "binukot" of the Tumanduk group of Panay Island
Sample Indigenous People Literature (Bañez, 2002). Keeping a "binukot," a cloistered young girl in the
• Hinilawod; family who learns to chant the epic of the community gives the
• Biag ni Lam-ang; family prestige, exempts her from labor, and commands a high
Here are three IP groups associated with the Tagbanwa: the • The Legend of Maria Makiling; bride price.
Aborlan Tagbanwa, Calamian Tagbanwa, and the Central • The Ibaloi Epic;
Tagbanwa. In certain IP groups there is the retelling of the myths and
• Kiri by Gamalinda;
legends-among the Igorots, the 43 elders and the priests or
• Tales of the Ibaloi by R. K. Esguerra;
The Tagbanua syllabic script is obviously closely related to "mumbaki" are known to be the storytellers (Scott et al., 1956).
• The Flower in the Moonlight by Francisco Sionil José; However, in some IP communities, while most members of the
baybayin, another ancient syllabic script known to be utilized by
the Tagalogs before the Spanish colonization. The same is true • Boi of the Batangueños; and community. can retell the stories to their children, the details vary
for the Mangyan script: Its origins can be traced back to the • Pasyon and Revolution by José Maria Sison. from one person to another. Among the Hanunuo-Mangyan in
Brahmi script in India through the Kawi script from Indonesia. Role of indigenous Literature Mindoro, the "ambahan" is not limited to a single individual or
Filipino Indigenous Language and Literature IP literature provides different functions in an IP community. It family (Postma, 1981). It can be learned and sung by all
may sinmply be intended as a form of entertainment during members of the community. The pitch and the words can differ
ordinary days and special occasions (Tiu, 2015; Asain, 2006). from one person to another.
However, it also serves as a non-material artifact that contains
the group's history (Asain , 2006). Moreover, according to Asain, Filipino Indigenous Customary Laws, Lively, and
the stories and legends can be a form of instructional tool and Technology
define the cultural and ethnic identity of the IP group to future
generations. Why do we need to study indigenous customary laws,
IP literature is also meant to justify rituals and institutions, and livelihood and technology?
Why do we need to study Indigenous People Literature? guides the members of the group to follow its prescribed norms
Studying Indigenous peoples' literature is important because it Tiu, 2001; Cole, 1915). According to the study of Molintas 2004, from the research
helps us understand and appreciate different cultures and of Lynch 1983; At present, there is a continued ambivalence of
histories. It allows us to see the world from the perspective of In contemporary times, they are narrations of the struggle of the the general Filipino public and academe with regard to the role
Indigenous peoples, fostering empathy and respect for their IP groups to assert their rights for self-preservation and self- of indigenous customs, laws, livelihood and technology in the
experiences. By reading their stories, we help keep their determination (Bañez, 2002). promotion of indigenous peoples’ self-determination and
traditions alive and celebrate their unique identities. This Thus, IP literatures serve as a vehicle of cultural transmission to subsistence economy.
knowledge helps build connections between different the future generations of IPs of particular customs, belief and This ambivalence promotes the lack of understanding of the role
communities and promotes a more inclusive society. practices. of indigenous customs and tradition among IP groups. It also
The primary role of these literatures is the preservation and results in a discrimination of indigenous juristic laws and a lack
Philippine Indigenous literature includes a wide range of stories conservation of the identity of the Indigenous Peoples as a of space for its promotion in the national legal system.
and oral traditions that show the different cultures, histories, and distinct and unique group.
experiences of the country’s Indigenous peoples. It's a mix of old Philippine Indigenous Customary Laws
tales and written works that celebrate their rich heritage. Indigenous Literature in the Philippines
IP literatures in the Philippines can be categorized in The Philippine Indigenous People and Their Customary
Oral Traditions: A lot of Indigenous literature in the Philippines conventional literary forms. These include epics, stories, Laws the Philippines is home to many Indigenous Peoples (IP)
is shared by word of mouth and passed down through families. "bugtong" or riddles, folk tales, mythology, legends and oration. groups, each with unique traditions, cultures, and governance
systems. One key aspect of these groups is their customary
laws—rules and practices developed over generations. These Challenges to Customary Laws: The “uma” are the swidden farms where IPs plant one of
customary laws, although unwritten, are deeply rooted in the Despite the importance of customary laws, Indigenous Peoples their staple foods. Terraced rice fields are usually hailed for the
cultural identity of each community and serve to preserve their face challenges in preserving them. Government efforts to majestic pre-colonial engineering among the Ifugaos. It should
way of life, ensuring harmony and governance. integrate Indigenous communities into the modern legal and be noted that despite the existence of privately held land among
governance systems can sometimes conflict with traditional the Cordillerans, all water resources that can be intended for
Importance of Customary Laws: practices. Additionally, migration of non-Indigenous groups to irrigation, fishing and foraging are communal.
Self-Determination: Customary laws are essential for ancestral lands can influence Indigenous customs and norms.
Indigenous Peoples to govern themselves and preserve their Customary laws are crucial in maintaining the cultural integrity, Shifting cultivation is also considered as sustainable technology
way of life. self-governance, and environmental stewardship of Indigenous in farming because it provides minimal disturbance of the soil and
Cultural Preservation: These laws ensure that Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines. They allow these communities to allows a long break before the soil is used again. Staple foods
traditions and beliefs continue to thrive despite external manage their affairs independently while keeping their traditions like rice, camote (sweet potato), banana, and gabi (taro) are the
pressures. alive, even amidst external pressures. most common types of plants cultivated by IP groups. Other
Environmental Protection: Indigenous groups often live in Understanding and respecting the customary laws of Indigenous organic farming technologies that they employ include multiple
close harmony with nature, and their customary laws help them Peoples is vital for preserving their rights and way of life. These cropping, composting, and integrated pest management. Yet,
sustainably manage their resources. laws are deeply connected to their cultural identity, guiding their because of the introduction of a cash economy in their
Community Peace: Customary laws focus on maintaining actions and relationships within their communities and with community, cash crop cultivation has also become a means of
peace and resolving disputes within the community through nature. The Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act (IPRA) has played a livelihood among IP groups (Rola, 2011).
dialogue and consensus. key role in protecting these rights, ensuring that the diverse legal
systems within Indigenous communities are acknowledged and Badjaos are primarily dependent on the sea for subsistence
How Do Customary Laws Work? respected. fishing (Ishmail & Ahmad, 2015). They are known to be master
Recognition: The government of the Philippines recognizes divers in their fishing expeditions, despite the fact that they only
these laws under the Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act (IPRA) of Philippine Indigenous Livelihood and Technology have spear guns and makeshift goggles. The Lubcon
1997. This law ensures that Indigenous Peoples have the right Mamanwas are another IP group engaged in coastal fishing,
to their ancestral lands and to govern their communities while the Lake Mainit Mamanwas are engaged in lake fishing
according to their customs. Indigenous people's groups in the Philippines are (Tomacquin, 2013).
Governance Structures: Each Indigenous community has dependent on the land, rivers and the sea as primary Aside from farming and fishing, there are other sources of
leaders, often referred to as a Datu or a council of elders. These sources of their livelihood (Molintas, 2015; Ishmail & livelihood that include hunting for game, foraging, lumber
leaders are responsible for interpreting and enforcing customary gathering for firewood or charcoal, and raising chickens, pigs and
laws. For instance, in the Mamanwa community, a Dakula (Datu) Ahmad, 2015; Garvan, 1929). The extraction of goats. Some are also engaged in basketry, handicraft, weaving,
leads and helps conserve traditions, while the shamans resources and livelihood from the land and water are and textile making.
(tambajon or baylan) preserve rituals. primarily influenced by their customary beliefs and
Conflict Resolution: Disputes are settled through restorative Indigenous Filipino Psychology: Kapwa at Pakikipagkapwa
justice, where the focus is on mending relationships and practices.
restoring peace rather than punishment. Most IP groups in the Philippines consider their land to be Filipino Indigenous Psychology
communal property (Cole, 1915). However, at present some
Examples of Customary Laws in Action: groups also practice both communal and private ownership of the In the Filipino context, the very basic premise of the theory of
The Ifugao Tribe: Known for their rice terraces, the Ifugao have land. Molintas (2015) identifies the different categories of land Virgilio Enriquez’s Kapwa Psychology, which he introduced
customary laws that manage land and water usage within their use among the Cordillera people. The “muyung,” which is a as a vital concept in the field of Filipino Psychology.
community, ensuring that resources are shared and protected. privately owned woodlot that provides firewood, timber and In English, the term that is closest to “kapwa” is “others,” but
The Mamanwa Tribe: The Datu of the Mamanwa tribe is elected farm lots, is managed by a single family. The “tayan,” on the this term recognizes the self as something that is separate and
and works with elders to enforce customary laws. They also other hand, refers to a more corporate type of management of distinct. Kapwa refers to a shared identity of self and others
follow traditional practices in family life and marriage, ensuring land. This forested land is usually managed by a clan for timber, (Enriquez, 1994).
these customs are passed down. firewood and for hunting game. He considers kapwa as a core value of Filipino Psychology
The Cordillerans: In the Cordillera region, the lallakay or council where other important Filipino values are connected.
of elders govern their territories, referred to as "ili". They meet in Another is the “lapat,” a section of a forest closed for a Pakikipagkapwa refers to the social manifestations of kapwa.
the "dap-ay" to decide on important issues. The bodong or peace specific period of time due to certain cultural and spiritual
pacts ensure peaceful relations with neighboring tribes. beliefs. All human activities are forbidden in these areas; thus, it Kapwa and Pakikipagkapwa
allows a certain period of time for the rejuvenation of biodiversity.
Kapwa refers to the shared identity between the self and others, group. But later, Enriquez defined it as “being along with,” and MAJOR ASPECTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS
emphasizing interconnectedness. It is about seeing others as “companionship”. 1. BALANCE The ability to maintain stability, either while moving
part of one’s own identity. or standing still. This is particularly important for coordination and
It serves as the basis for Filipino values and social behaviors.
confrontative surface values preventing falls.
Pakikipagkapwa (Act of Relating with Others) is the practice
bahala na The first value of bahala na is usually translated as 2. Cardiovascular Endurance The ability of the heart, lungs,
of Kapwa in action, where individuals engage in mutual care,
“fatalism” by foreign scholars, but later, Filipino psychologists and blood vessels to deliver oxygen to the body during prolonged
respect, and concern.
like Lagmay defined it as “determination and risk-taking”. physical activity, such as running or cycling
This value is manifested in daily social interactions and is a key
According to Lagmay (1977 as cited in Pe-pua & Marcelino 2000),
component of Filipino social relationships.
when a Filipino says bahala na, he is prepared to face difficult Body composition is used to describe the percentages of fat,
Filipino Values: Classification by Virgilio Enriquez
situations and do his best to overcome these situations. bone and muscle in human bodies. The body fat percentage is
Interpersonal Values: Reflect personal relationships and how
Lakas ng Loob (Courage and Inner Strength) refers courage, of most interest because it can be very helpful in assessing
Filipinos interact with others. These are further categorized as:
especially in the face of challenges, showing inner resilience and health. Because muscular tissue is denser that fat tissue,
Accommodative Surface Values: Values like hiya, utang na
the ability to endure hardship. assessing ones body fat is necessary to determine the overall
loob, and pakikisama, which prioritize harmony in interpersonal
Pakikibaka (Struggle and Resistance) Refers to the composition of the body, particularly when making health
relations.
willingness to struggle or fight for one's rights or for a cause. recommendations. Two people at the same height and same
Confrontative Surface Values: Values like bahala na, lakas ng
body weight may have different health issues because they have
loob, and pakikibaka, which emphasize courage, determination,
Filipino Values in Family Relationships a different body composition.
and the ability to face challenges.
Collectivism and Family-Centered Society
Socio-personal Values: Concerned with larger social
These Filipino values introduced by Enriquez can be seen in the Body Mass Index (BMI) is often mistaken as measurable guide
relationships and societal structures. They include
relationships of Filipinos across different contexts, most to body fat. However, BMI is simply a weight to height ratio. It is
pakikiramdam (sensitivity) and filial piety, which relate to the
especially with their families. Because of the collectivist nature of a tool for indicating weight status in adults and general health in
deeper sense of community in Filipino society.
Filipino society, the family is the prototype of all social large populations. BMI correlates mildly with body fat but when
relationships. used in conjunction with a body fat measurement gives a very
Accommodative Surface Values
The usual set-up for Filipino families is the “extended family,” accurate presentation of your current weight status.
HIYA first accommodative surface value is hiya, which is usually
which makes the family bigger compared to a nuclear family Pulse Rate
translated as “shame” by foreign scholars.
(Covar, 1999). A person's heart rate is a count of how many times their heart
Filipino psychologists emphasize the importance of
The concept of “filial piety” is very much valued in them Filipino pumps within 1 minute. People measure heart rate in beats per
understanding hiya in terms of affixations in the word.
family. minute (bpm). A person's active heart rate measures how fast
The meaning of the word can change depending on affixations
the heart is beating while they exercise.
like nakakahiya (“embarrassing” is different from ikinahiya or
“to be embarrassed for someone”).
Types of movements group 2
Meanwhile Salazar focused on the internal and external
dimensions of the term hiya, which he translated as a “sense of
Physical Fitness group 1 MOVEMENT
propriety”.
A movement is a change of position in space. Whenever
utang na loob The second value of utang na loob is usually
What is Physical Fitness? there is no change of position, there is no movement.
translated as “debt of gratitude” or “principle of reciprocity”.
Physical fitness involves the performance of the heart and lungs, Learning how to move is the most basic element of learning
Filipino Psychologist Enriquez defined utang na loob as
and the muscles of the body. And, since what we do with our experience in physical education.
“gratitude/solidarity”. It is something that is not obligatory,
bodies also affects what we can do with our minds, fitness The two types of basic body movements are locomotor and
since there will always be an opportunity in the future to show
influences to some degree qualities such as mental alertness non-locomotor
utang na loob.
and emotional stability.
Pakikisama The third value of pakikisama was earlier related to
LOCOMOTOR
maintaining “smooth interpersonal relations” by conforming to a
Locomotor skills are movements of the body that occur from calves, quadriceps, and hip stabilizers,this exercise enhances
one place to another, such as walking, skipping, or running. Balance proprioception, body awareness, and core engagement, which
There are two types of balance: static and dynamic. can help prevent falls and injuries.
EXAMPLE OF BASIC LOCOMOTOR MOVEMENTS Static balance is the ability to maintain a stable position while Wall Sits: Lean against a wall and slide down into a sitting
• Walking – Moving at a regular pace by placing one not moving. It involves keeping the body steady and centered position, holding for as long as you can while keeping your feet
foot in front of the other. over a base of support, such as standing on one leg or holding a flat. The wall sit exercise strengthens the quadriceps, hamstrings,
• Running – Moving quickly, where both feet leave the pose in yoga. and glutes, building lower body strength. It also enhances
ground briefly between steps. Dynamic balance is the ability to maintain stability and control muscular endurance and engages the core for better overall
• Jumping – Pushing off the ground with both feet and while in motion. It involves adjusting the body's position during stability and posture, it helps prevent injuries by strengthening
landing on both feet. activities like running, dancing, or cycling, where the center of the muscles around the knees while being a low-impact activity
gravity shifts as you move. suitable for all fitness levels.
NON-LOCOMOTOR Squats on One Leg: Perform a squat while balancing on one
Non-locomotor skills are movements of the body that do not Examples of physical activities that enhance balance: Hula leg, lowering your body while keeping the other leg raised The
Hooping: Balancing a hoop around the waist or limbs enhances single-leg squat exercise improves balance and stability by
involve moving from one place to another. Non-locomotor
core stability. Surfing: Engages core muscles and enhances challenging the body to maintain control on one leg. It
movement involves the use of the limbs, or the entire body, balance while riding waves. Skateboarding: Requires balance
and requires stability. and coordination while navigating on the board. Gymnastics: strengthens the lower body muscles, including the quadriceps,
Skills like walking on a beam or performing handstands develop hamstrings, and glutes, while also engaging the core for better
EXAMPLE OF BASIC NON-LOCOMOTOR MOVEMENTS balance and coordination. Dance: Various dance styles require overall stability, this exercise helps reduce the risk of injuries by
maintaining balance while moving and changing directions. strengthening the muscles around the knees and hips.
• Twisting – Rotating the body or a body part around T-Stance: Stand on one leg, extend the other leg behind you
Balance Exercises while reaching your arms out to the sides, forming a "T" shape
an axis, such as twisting the waist.
Chair Stand: Sit on a chair and stand up without using your The T-stance balance exercise enhances flexibility in the hip
• Stretching – Extending a body part to its full length,
hands, then sit back down. Chair stand balance exercises flexors and promotes better posture by encouraging awareness
such as stretching the arms upward
improve leg strength, particularly in the quadriceps and of body alignment. It mimics real-life movements, making daily
• Swaying – A slow shifting of the body side to side or hamstrings. They enhance balance and stability, reducing the tasks easier to perform with improved balance and coordination,
back and forth while staying in one spot. risk of falls, especially in older adults. Additionally, these it increases mental focus and body control, which can support
exercises promote functional mobility, making daily activities like athletic performance in various sports.
Self-Testing Activity sitting and standing easier.
Bird Dog: Start on your hands and knees, extend one arm Muscular
Balance What is Balance? In physical fitness, Balance refers to forward and the opposite leg back, hold for a few seconds, then What is Muscular? "Muscular" refers to anything related to
the ability to control the body's position, whether stationary or in switch sides The Bird Dog exercise strengthens the core muscles, muscles, which are the tissues that allow for movement in the
motion. It involves the coordination of muscles and sensory improving stability and support for the spine. It enhances balance body. It can be used to describe several things."Muscular" is a
systems to maintain stability during activities, which is essential and coordination by promoting better control between the upper versatile term that can be used to describe various aspects
for performing exercises, preventing injuries, and improving and lower body. Additionally, it improves posture and flexibility related to muscles, from physical appearance and function to
overall athletic performance. while mimicking natural movement patterns beneficial for daily medical conditions and even figurative uses.
Sports Definition: balance is the ability to stay upright or stay in activities. The three types of muscular fitness are:
control of body movement, and coordination is the ability to move Single-Leg Stand: Stand on one leg for 30 seconds, then switch Muscular Strength:The maximum amount of force a muscle can
two or more body parts under control, smoothly and efficiently. to the other leg. To increase difficulty, try closing your eyes or exert in a single effort. Muscular Endurance: The ability of a
standing on a cushion. The single-leg stand exercise improves muscle to perform repeated contractions over time without
What is coordination? Coordination is the ability to use different overall balance by challenging the body's stability on one leg. It fatigue. Muscle Hypertrophy: The increase in muscle size
parts of the body together smoothly and efficiently. It allows for strengthens the muscles in the standing leg, particularly the resulting from resistance training and exercise
precise movements, like throwing a ball or dancing
 Plank jacks' position to build endurance in the core and legs. Range of motion, and relaxation/Improved overall Health and
Example of physical activity that enhance muscular Plank jacks strengthen the core while improving cardiovascular Well-Being.
Weightlifting: Performing exercises like squats, deadlifts, and endurance by combining a plank position with a jumping motion. Injury Prevention: Enhances joint function and reduces the risk
bench presses to build strength. Sports: Participating in This exercise engages multiple muscle groups, including the of injuries.
activities like basketball or soccer, which require explosive arms, shoulders, legs, and glutes, providing a comprehensive
strength and endurance. Rock Climbing: Builds upper body and workout. The dynamic movement enhances coordination and Example of Physical Activity that Enhance Flexibility:
core strength through dynamic movements Jump Rope: agility while contributing to calorie burn and fat loss. Ballet: Involves precise movements and stretches that promote
Improves muscular endurance in the legs and cardiovascular flexibility in the legs and back. Swimming: Different strokes
fitness. Strongman Training: Lifting and carrying heavy objects, FLEXIBILITY is the range of motion in a joint or a group of joints require varied movements that can enhance overall flexibility.
such as stones or logs, to build overall strength and endurance that enables movement. It is the ability of muscles and joints to Gymnastics: Involves a variety of stretches and movements that
stretch and move freely without any discomfort or pain. It is an promote flexibility and body control. Yoga: Various poses help
Example of mascular exercise essential health-related component of physical fitness that helps stretch and lengthen muscles. Martial Arts: Practices like karate
Muscular Endurance maintain a healthy body and prevents injuries. or taekwondo involve dynamic movements and extensive
Sit-Ups or Crunches: Strengthen the abdominal muscles Types of Flexibility stretching
through repeated movements. Sit-ups are an effective exercise Flexibility can be categorized into several types, each reflecting
for building strength in the abdominal muscles, which are crucial different aspects of movement and function Here are the main Example of Flexibility exercise
for core stability. Strengthening the core can improve posture types: Standing Calf Stretch: Stand facing a wall, step one foot back,
and balance, reducing the likelihood of back pain. Furthermore, 1. Static Flexibility: The ability to hold a position at the end of keeping it straight and your heel on the ground. Lean forward into
sit-ups help with functional fitness, as they simulate movements the range of motion. Example: Sitting and reaching to touch your the wall to stretch the calf of the back leg. Calf stretches improve
used in everyday activities, making it easier to perform tasks that toes without moving. flexibility in the calf muscles, enhancing overall range of motion
involve sitting up or standing from a lying position. Regularly 2. Dynamic Flexibility: The ability to move through a range of and reducing the risk of injuries during activities like running and
performing sit-ups can improve muscular endurance in the motion with controlled movements. Example: Leg swings or arm jumping. They help alleviate muscle tension and soreness,
abdominal region. circles used as part of a warm-up routine. contributing to better recovery after exercise. Regular calf
Plank Holds: Maintain a plank position to build core endurance. [Link] Flexibility: Involves bouncing movements to push stretching supports better posture and alignment, promoting
Plank holds are an isometric exercise that focuses on muscles beyond their normal range of motion. Example: overall lower body function. Butterfly Stretch: Sit on the floor
maintaining a position that strengthens the core and stabilizes Bouncing down to stretch deeper into a hamstring stretch. with your feet together and knees bent outward. Hold your feet
the body. By engaging the abdominal and back muscles, they [Link] Flexibility: The ability to move joints and muscles and gently press your knees toward the ground. The butterfly
enhance overall core strength, which is essential for good effectively during activities specific to a sport or daily life. stretches increases flexibility in the hips, groin, and inner thighs,
posture and reducing the risk of injury. Moreover, plank holds Example: A basketball player’s ability to perform a deep squat promoting better overall mobility. It helps reduce muscle tension
recruit various muscle groups, making them a highly efficient while shooting. [Link] Flexibility: The ability to hold a stretch in the lower back and hips, contributing to improved posture and
exercise for developing functional strength and endurance with assistance, either from gravity or an external force. alignment. This stretch enhances circulation in the lower body
throughout the body. Example: Using a partner to help you hold a stretch. and can provide a calming effect, reducing stress.
Wall Push-Ups: Perform push-ups against a wall to focus on [Link] Flexibility: The ability to hold a stretch using the
endurance with less resistance. Wall push-ups are a modified strength of the agonist muscles. Example: Lifting your leg to a Here are the main types:
push-up exercise that primarily targets the chest, shoulders, and high position without support Each type of flexibility serves Cat-Cow Stretch: On all fours, alternate between arching your
triceps while minimizing strain on the joints. They are especially different purposes in physical training and performance, and back (cat) and dropping your belly while looking up (cow) to
beneficial for beginners or those with limited upper body strength, incorporating a variety of these into a fitness routine can enhance improve spinal flexibility. The cat-cow stretch is a dynamic
as they allow for a gradual buildup of muscle without the risk of overall mobility and function. movement that benefits the body in several ways. It enhances
injury, wall push-ups can help improve core stability and serve as Flexibility helps a person to flexibility in the spine, promoting better posture and alignment
a convenient exercise that can be performed in various settings Improve physical performance while increasing mobility in the neck and back, it helps relieve
Improved posture
tension in the back and abdomen, encourages deep breathing, Speed is a skill-related component of fitness. It measures how Dynasty (618-906 A.D.) They site as evidence the Tang
and can reduce stress by promoting relaxation. quickly an person can move from one point to another. stonewares that were found in the Babuyan Islands, along the
Forward Bend: Stand with your feet together, bend at the hips, EXAMPLE OF SPEED Sprinting, Biking, Running drills, coasts of Ilocos, Pangasinan, Mindoro, Batangas, Manila, Bohol,
and reach for your toes while keeping your legs straight. The Swimming, Plyometrics Cebu, Jolo, Cagayan de Oro.
forward bend stretch improves flexibility in the hamstrings, SPEED TEST ACTIVITIES Arab Trade Routes in Southeast Asia
calves, and lower back. It helps relieve tension in the lower back 10M SPRINT TEST Between 900 and 1200 A.D., the Orang Dampuan from Southern
and promotes relaxation, reducing stress throughout the body. This test measures an individual's speed over a distance of 10 Annam (Vietnam) established trading posts in Sulu. A trade
Incorporating this stretch into your routine can enhance overall meters. relationship developed between Champa and the Buranun
mobility and well-being. 2-HOP JUMP TEST people of Sulu, benefiting the Orang Dampuans. However,
Neck Stretch: Sit or stand tall and gently tilt your head to one This is a test of leg power and coordination in which you have to jealousy led to a conflict where the Buranuns attacked the Orang
side, bringing your ear toward your shoulder. Hold for 15-30 perform two consecutive horizontal jumps. Dampuans, leading them to returned to Champa. It wasn't until
seconds and switch sides. The neck stretch is a simple exercise TRIANGULAR SPRINT the 13th century that they returned to Sulu for peaceful trade. The
that offers several benefits. It helps alleviate tension and stiffness This activitiy requires speed to reach the signage attached to pearl trade in Sulu attracted the Banjar people from nearby
in the neck and shoulders, improving overall mobility and range area, the participant will run with triangular shape. Borneo, creating the regular trade with Banjarmassin. Despite
of motion. Regular neck stretching can reduce headaches AGILITY initial suspicions due to past conflicts, the Banjar traders took a
related to muscle tightness and promote relaxation, enhancing It is a movement whereby the choice of technique that will be diplomatic approach by offering their princess as a bride to the
overall well-being. performed and the location and timing of the movement can be Buranun prince, leading to a peaceful resolution and marriage.
Shoulder Stretch: Bring one arm across your body and use the pre-planned. Arab Traders
opposite arm to gently pull it closer to your chest. Hold for 15-30 AGILITY TEST ACTIVITIES Arab traders relocated to the Malay Peninsula where they sought
seconds, then switch arms. The shoulder stretch is an effective Quadrant Jump Test — involves two-legged jumping around a an alternative route starting from Malacca and passing through
exercise that provides several benefits. It increases flexibility and cross shape on the floor, as fast as possible Borneo and the Philippines to reach Taiwan. They continued to
range of motion in the shoulder joints, helping to reduce tightness Foot Tapping Speed Test — how many quick foot taps can be carry Southeast Asian goods to the Western world using this
and discomfort. Regular shoulder stretching can improve posture performed in 30 seconds. southern route. They also carried Philippines goods on board
and alleviate tension in the upper back and neck, promoting 20m 5-10-5 agility shuttle — run 5 meters to one side, 10 Arab ships to the Chinese mainland through Canton.
overall upper body health. meters back the other way, finishing with 5 meters back to the The Chinese trade in the Philippines greatly improved during the
Muscle strength, speed and agility start line. Ming dynasty (1368-1650) During this time Emperor Yung-lo sent
Muscle strength a fleet of vessels to the Philippines, under the command of
Muscle Strength Test is used to evaluate weakness and can be Chapter 3 EARLY CONTACTS WITH NEIGHBORING Admiral Cheng Ho, to visit Lingayen, Manila Bay, Mindoro, and
effective in differentiating true weakness from imbalance or poor COUNTRIES (900-1400 A.D) Early Trade Routes and Sulu in 1405-1406, 1408-1410, and 1417. - The Chinese
endurance. It measures the ability of a muscle to contract and Contacts Economic and Cultural Exchanges the Coming of Emperor even tried to impose its suzerainty over Luzon by
produce force. Islam sending Ko Ch'a-lao as governor. Emperor Yung-lo's death,
MUSCLE STRENGTH ACTIVITIES The Philippines had already trade and cultural exchanges with however, out an send to this ambitions plan.
LUNGE: A test of lower body strength and stability that uses your its Southeast Asian neighbors. The seemingly scattered island Economic and Cultural Exchanges
quadriceps, glutes, and core. groups of people actively engaged in trade and in commerce with •Chinese traders completed with the Arabs •Sung porcelain
SQUAT: The squat muscular endurance test measures muscular their neighbors. •Chao Jukua's Chu fan-chi (1225) •8th century: type of currency
endurance of the lower body, specifically hips, quadriceps, Ancient Filipinos were expert seafarers and boat builders. Those in the form of barter rings •12th century: gold coins (piloncitos)
hamstrings, lower back, and many smaller supporting muscles. were used to travel far and wide to trade with nearby Southeast Cultural
HOP TEST: A test of lower limb muscle strength that involves and East Asian neighbors. The Philippines had outside trade Cultural Exchanges
hopping a distance with each leg. contacts, and along these, varied cultural exchanges took place. •Influenced indigenous lifestyle, customs and religious beliefs
Speed can be defined as the amount of time it takes the body to Filipino historians and archeologists believe the Filipino-Chinese •Language, system of writing
perform specific tasks. trade contacts began around the 9th century during the Tang Chinese
•umbrellas, porcelains, gongs, the manufacture of gun powder, The Trade Routes sailed from Spain and "discovered" North America, mistakenly
mentallurgy, and mining methods •arrange marriage •wearing There are three trade routes thinking it was Asia. Later, the Spanish monarchy sent another
white clothing, instead of black (for mourning the death of family) •Northern route - this route passes through asia by land, them to Italian, Amerigo Vespucci, to explore Columbus's findings.
Indians of India the cities of Samarkand and Bokhara, then around the Caspian Geographers believed Vespucci had found a "New World," and
•Malays •Hindu •Sanskrit (Sanskrit variations in Visayan and Sea and the Black Sea finally to the Constantinople in the named the land America in his honor.
Maguindanaoan language) •Agama- religion •Baginda- emperor Mediterranian Amerigo Vespucci
•Sut ra- silk •Central route - It started in Malacca in the Malay Peninsula, then Later, the explorer Amerigo Vespucci was sent by the Spanish
Myths to the Indian ports, then to the Persian Gulf to Baghdad and king and queen to further explore the lands Columbus had found.
•Indra Batara - Lord of the Universe •Idiyanale - God of Constantinople and finally to Cairo. Geographers of that time believed Amerigo had found a “New
Agriculture •Agni - God of Fire •Padmapani - figurine of the Hindu •Southern route - started from Malacca, then to the Indian Ocean, World,” and named the land "America" after him. In 1500, Vicente
Goddess •Cord and Veil - Philippine Catholic wedding Laguna and to the ports of India, then to the Red Sea and finally to Cairo Pinzon discovered what is now Brazil, and in 1513, Nuñez de
Copperplate discovered in Pagsanjan, Laguna River delta (1986) in the Mediterranean Balboa crossed what is now Panama and discovered the “Pacific
Ocean.”
The teachings of the Koran are the following: In 1453, the Turks captured the city of Constantinople and closed The Coming of the Spaniards
1. There is only one God, Allah, the creator of everything. the northern and central routes but they let the venetians used During the 16th century, Europe saw significant developments in
2. Allah is a just and merciful God and his desire that all should the southern route with the condition of paying money. Therefore, industry, commerce, science, and navigation. These
repent of their sins, purify themselves so they could enter they monopolize and compelled Portugal and Spain to look for advancements, along with stories from Christian crusaders who
Paradise after death. another route in going to Asia. had journeyed to the Holy Land to reclaim it from Muslims,
3. Life in this world is only temporary and one's good deeds, as Early Voyages to Asia sparked European interest in the wonders of the East. This
well as bad deeds, are listed by an angel for final judgement on Prince Henry "The Navigator" growing curiosity drove them to explore and learn more about the
the last day of entire humanity. 4. It forbids any human or animal Portugal was the first European country to send expeditions to countries of the Orient.
representation in their art. Only geometric patterns are allowed. the East. One of its most famous navigators, Prince Henry, also Ferdinand Magellan
5. Eating pork, drinking wine, gambling and other vices are known as "The Navigator," sent an expedition to the Azores, near In 1521, Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer sailing
forbidden in Orthodox Islam. the coast of Africa, in 1421. His goal was to make Portugal a under the Spanish flag, arrived in the Philippines. He was on a
6. Forbids loans and usury. powerful sea nation. After developing the islands of Madeira and mission to find a westward route to the Spice Islands (modern-
7. Muslims are duty-bound to help needy people. the Azores as Portuguese colonies, Prince Henry led expeditions day Indonesia). Magellan's arrival marked the first recorded
8. Doing all grave sins deserve serious punishment. 9. Every to western Africa. He used navigation instruments he helped interaction between Filipinos and Europeans.
Muslims must have goodness expressed in faith in God and develop, such as the astrolabe, windrose, compass, and the Magellan and his crew made landfall in the island of Homonhon,
virtues. caravel. in the eastern Visayas. He befriended local rulers, including
10. Followers of Allah has to observe the ff. rituals or obligations. Bartolomeu Dias Rajah Humabon of Cebu, who later converted to Christianity
Rituals or Obligations In 1487, the Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu Dias discovered along with many of his subjects. Magellan presented the cross
Shahada - declaration of faith in the oneness of God. Mecca - the “Cape of Good Hope,” and later reached Calicut, India. This as a symbol of this conversion, which eventually became the
praying facing the east Salah - praying five times a day Sawm - was the first recorded instance of a European reaching the East basis of early Spanish influence in the area.
fasting Zakat - giving alms Hadjj - one-time pilgrimage to Mecca by sailing around the southern tip of Africa. After hearing about The Battle of Mactan (1521)
Fasting - observed during the Ramadan Ramadan - held at the this success, Spain sent an expedition to what is now North Not all local rulers welcomed the Spanish with open arms. Lapu-
9th month of Muslim calendar America. Christopher Columbus, while sailing for Spain in 1492, Lapu, the datu (chief) of Mactan Island, resisted foreign influence.
ENCOUNTER WITH THE WEST (1400-1600) discovered North America, though he believed he had reached On April 27, 1521, the famous Battle of Mactan took place.
The period between 1400 and 1600 marks the initial encounter Asia. Magellan, in an attempt to subjugate Lapu-Lapu, was killed in the
between the West, particularly the Spaniards, and the Philippines. Christopher Columbus skirmish, halting Spain’s initial attempts to colonize the
During this time, significant events unfolded that shaped the early Christopher Columbus, originally from Genoa (now part of Italy), archipelago.
history of Spanish colonization in the archipelago. offered his services to the Spanish King and Queen. In 1492, he
This battle is a key moment in Filipino history, symbolizing the philippines, as a colony was placed under the jurisdiction of the THE ENCOMIENDA THERE WERE THREE KINDS OF
native resistance to colonial powers. ministry of the colonies or overseas ministries (ministerio de ENCOMIENDA: 1.) the royal encomienda which belonged to
First Settlement in Cebu (1565) ultamar). the king. 2.) the ecclesiastical encomienda- belonged to the
Following Magellan’s expedition, Spain did not immediately church; and 3.) the private ivate encomienda- which belonged
Two branches of government: executive - judicial there was to a private individual
establish a lasting settlement in the Philippines. It wasn't until
no legislative or congress because the law of the philippines
1565, when Miguel López de Legazpi, another Spanish explorer,
were made by the spaniards in spain, to certain extent, by the FORCED LABOR/POLO Y SERVICIO 1. that the filipinos to be
arrived in Cebu, that the first successful Spanish settlement was
governor-general himself. he issued orders with the force of law. drafted for work must be paid for their wor 2. that the filipino
established. He named the island Villa del Santísimo Nombre de
which were called superior decrees. laborers should not be made to work in distant places where they
Jesús. This settlement in Cebu marked the beginning of Spain’s
long colonial rule in the Philippines, which lasted for over 300 the audiencia the judicial powers of the government were could not return to their families. 3. that the drafting of laborers
years. exercised by the audiencia and the lower court. the audiencia should not coincide with the planting and harvest seasons. 4. that
The Settlement in Panay was established in the philippines in 1583 to administer justice to men who are physically incapable should not be overworked. 5.
After establishing control in Cebu, Legazpi and his men faced the aggrieved people in the colony, gov santiago de vera was its that forced labor should be resorted to only in cases of absolute
first president. necessity. 6. that the number of laborers drafted should be
hostility from the surrounding local communities. To find a more
diminished as soon as laborers from other countries had
secure location, Legazpi moved his forces to the island of Panay the city and its government during the first century of
volunteered to work
in 1569. Panay became a strategic location, where they spanish rule, there were only two cities: cebu and manila as
consolidated their strength and furthered their influence. From conquest and settlement continued, the spanish officials created THE TRIBUTE the tribute was a form of recognition of the
here, the Spanish made their plans to expand their colonization one city after another. by the seventeenth century, the philippines filipino's loyalty to THE king of spain. sanctorum-small portion
efforts towards Luzon. had six cities: cebu, manila, vigan, nueva segovia (now-lal-lo, OF tribute went to the church. cedula personal - present
The Founding of Manila (1571) cagayan), arevalo, (now part of ilo ilo city), and nueva caceres equivalent of the residence certificate class "a".
The most important Spanish settlement was in Manila, founded (now naga). TAXES ASIDE FROM THE TRIBUTE. the filipinos also paid
by Legazpi in 1571. Located on the island of Luzon, Manila THE CHURCH ORGANIZATION to administer the parishes other taxes. diezmos prediales-a tax which consisted of
became the capital of the Spanish East Indies. The city was efficiently, the catholic church was divided into districts. in turn, ονετεnth of the produce of the land donativo de zamboanga-
situated in a strategic location at the mouth of the Pasig River, each district was divided into parishes and missions. specifically used for the conquest of jolo. vinta-tax paid by the
near Manila Bay, making it an ideal center for trade. The Spanish people of some provinces along the coast of western luzon for
THE CHURCH, like the civil government, had a court of justice
fortified the area, establishing Intramuros, the walled city that the defense of the coasts FROM muslim pirates.
called the eccelesiastical court or archibishop's court and was
would serve as the seat of Spanish political and religious power.
composed of the archibisho, the vicar- general, a notary, and THE GALLEON TRADE TRADE ACROSS THE PACIFIC.
Manila’s founding signified the full integration of the Philippines
other officials. cases dealing with the laws of the church and /MANILA-ACAPULCO trade the galleon trade was so restrictive
into Spain’s global empire, facilitating trade between Asia and the that the prosperity of the spaniards in manila depended solely on
those involving priest were tried by this court.
Americas via the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade. the success of the voyage to and from mexico. in 1811-the last
THE INQUISITION was an ecclesiastical office, whose duty was
Philippine under spanish rule (1600S-1800S) galleon from manila sailed fro acapulco, mexico, and the
to search for heretics and those guilty of preaching or practicing
1st reason since the "discovery" of the philippines was under the government's monopoly of the galleon trade came to an end
religious doctrine that were contray to that of the catholic church.
auspices of spain, the philippines, therefore was rightfully owned there was no office of the inquisition in the philippines. THE ECONOMIC SOCIETY IN 1784, the society was able to
by spain. export indigo for the first time in philippine history. in 1824, the
THE RESIDENCIA AND THE VISTA
2nd reason since spanish, being in actual possession of the society also founded the academy of drawing in manila. in 1861,
RESIDENCIA- was the public investigation and trial of outgoing the society founded an agricultural school in manila.
philippines, it had the right to colonize it.
colomial officials.
As a crown colony the philippines was administered by the ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: an overview the first one
vista-was a secret investigation of an official's conduct as a hundred and fifty years of spanish rule was characterized by a
council of indies. even so, the spanish officials were appointed
public servant. slow economic development. population decreased and uprising
by the king of spain, who issued royal orders and decrees dealing
with the proper administration of the colony. in 1863 the ECONOMIC CHANGES and revolts became problems to the colonial government.