PRASHANT KIRAD
Reflection
Reflection is the phenomenon where light bounces back into the same material
after hitting a surface.
Laws of Reflection: EMA
The First Law of Reflection: The incident
ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the
surface at the point of incidence, all lie
in the same plane.
The Second Law of Reflection: The angle
of incidence is equal to the angle of
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reflection. In other words, the angle between the incident ray and the normal
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is equal to the angle between the reflected ray and the normal.
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Properties of Image formed by a Plane Mirror:
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An image formed by a plane mirror is virtual and erect.
AN
The Image is laterally inverted.
The image formed is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it.
H
The Size of the image is equal to that of the Object.
AS
PR
Spherical Mirrors: A spherical mirror is a mirror that has the shape of a
piece cut out of a spherical surface.
Convex Mirror: A convex mirror is a Concave Mirror: A concave mirror is
curved mirror with a reflective surface a mirror that curves inward,
that bulges outward, similar to the shape resembling the inner surface of a
of a sphere. hollow sphere.
PRASHANT KIRAD
Important Terms in Spherical Mirror
Pole: It’s the midpoint of the spherical mirror. EMA
Centre in curvature: The center of the imaginary sphere of which the mirror
is a part is called as center of the curvature.
Radius in curvature: The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is the
radius of the circle or hollow sphere that the mirror is part of.
Principal Axis: A straight line passing through the pole and center of
curvature.
Principal Focus: That point on principal axis through which the reflected light
ray pass when incident light ray was travelling parallel to the principal axis.
Aperture: The diameter of the mirror's reflecting surface.
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Image formation se question aana
pakka hai!
Ray Diagram Rules:
RA
KI - Prashant Bhaiya
1) A parallel ray will either pass
through or appear to converge at the
T
principal focus for a concave mirror
AN
and appear to diverge from the
principal focus for a convex mirror.
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2) A ray directed at the principal
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focus of a concave mirror or passing
through the principal focus of a
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convex mirror will come out parallel
to the principal axis.
3) A ray passing through the
center of curvature of a concave
mirror or directed toward the
center of curvature of a convex
mirror will be reflected back along
its original path
4) Ray incident obliquely to the
principal axis towards the pole of the
concave mirror or a convex mirror is
Reflected Obliquely.
PRASHANT KIRAD
Image Formation by Convex Mirror
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Image Formation by Concave Mirror
RA
KI
T
AN
H
AS
PR
PRASHANT KIRAD
Uses of Spherical Mirror:
Concave mirrors (f = -ve): It excel in focusing and magnification, finding uses in
telescopes, headlights, and personal grooming. With their wide field of view.
Convex mirrors (f = +ve): It are crucial for safety in vehicles and security
systems.
Sign Convention:
1. Object on the left, light comes from the left.
2. Start measuring from the mirror's pole.
3. Left is negative, right is positive.
4. Above the principal axis is positive.
5. Below the principal axis is negative.
DD
RAA
Important: KI IR
● The object distance u, is always negative.
TT K
● The image distance v, is positive if the image is formed behind a concave mirror
and negative if the image is formed in front of the mirror.
ANN
● The image distance v, is always positive for a convex mirror.
HHA
● The focal length of a concave mirror is always negative and that of a convex
mirror is always positive.
AASS
● The height of an object is always positive.
● If the image is erect the height is taken as positive and if the image is
PPRR
inverted, the height is taken as negative.
Mirror Formula:
Sign Convention se nazar
hati toh durghatna ghati!
- Prashant Bhaiya
Magnification:
Magnification is defined as the
enlargement of the image formed by a
mirror, whether it is a concave mirror
or a convex mirror, relative to the size
of the object.