25.

The diagram shows how rainwater is collected for the use of drinking water in an
Australian town.

The diagram delineates how rainwater is collected and treated for drinking in a town in
Australia,

Overall, this process involves four main stages, starting with collecting rainwater,
through filtering and treating with chemicals, and finishing with drinkable water being
channeled to households for use.

The process begins when rainwater falls on houses’ roofs, and is collected in a gutter. It
then follows a pipe installed on the side of each house into a drain, and subsequently
into an underground pipe system connecting all houses in town. Following this,
untreated rainwater passes through a filtration system to remove all dust and impurities,
before being moved into a large tank for storage, ready for further treatments.

In the following step, water flows into another tank, where multiple chemicals are added
to make it safe for consumption. Once thoroughly treated, the clean, drinkable water is
channeled back to households in town, readily accessible via taps.
The diagram details the process of making smoked fish.

The process illustrates how smoked fish is made.

Overall, this linear process comprises several main stages, starting with catching fish
from the ocean, continuing with preliminary processing, through smoking, and ending
with packaging and transporting the final product to be sold at fish shops.
After being caught from the ocean using large nets, fish are loaded onto boats to be
transported to the port. Subsequently, the fish are stored in a freezer, after which they are
put into a tank filled with freshwater to thaw. This is followed by a cutting process, with
fish having their heads removed by using a knife, before being submerged in another tank
that contains salt water and yellow food coloring.
Once marinated well, the fish are laid onto a grill to be smoked, followed by the final
product being packaged into individual boxes. In the subsequent step, the packaged
smoked fish are cold-stored at 0 degree Celsius, dispatched by trucks, and finally sold at
fish shops.
The diagram shows the process of making wool.

The diagram delineates the steps involved in making wools and wool products.
Overall, this linear process comprises four main stages, starting with sheep shearing,
through cleaning and drying, continuing with spinning into threads and tufts, which are
later used for various purposes.
In the first step, sheeps are sheared for wool, which later undergoes thorough cleaning to
remove all impurities, and then dried under the sun. Following this, the now clean and dry
wool is subsequently spun into threads using a spinning wheel, with the by-products from
this step (strings) being collected and recycled.
The process continues when spun threads are formed into tufts, after which it is boxed
and put in storage, ready for further steps. Finally, balls of yarn of different colours are
made from the wool tufts, which then are then utilised for either knitting purposes or for
manufacturing of consumer items such as jackets or carpets.
26. The process show how aluminum cans are recycled in the UK

The process delineates how aluminum cans are recycled.

Overall, this process comprises four main stages, starting with collecting discarded cans,
continuing with sorting, shredding and compressing, through melting, rolling, and ending
when cans are formed from recycled aluminum and reused.
First, used cans are discarded into bins specifically designated for aluminum ones.
These are collected by trucks and dispatched to recycling centers, where recycling
stages take place. Once arrived, cans are cleaned to remove impurities, after which they
are sorted, shredded into small pieces, and subsequently compressed into blocks.
The process continues when compressed aluminum is melted using high heat until it
turns into liquid. After cooling, the material is rolled flat into sheets that are 2.5mm to
6mm thick, which will then be shaped into cans, ready to be labeled, filled, and reused. It
is shown that 74% of cans in use in the UK are recycled ones.
The diagram below shows the recycling process of aluminium cans.
The diagram shows the development of cutting tools in the Stone Age.

The diagram illustrates how a Stone age cutting tool evolved over time by comparing Tool
A, which dates back 1.4 million years, with Tool B, which emerged 0.8 million years ago.
Overall, the more recent tool (Tool B) became evidently sharper, pointier, and more
symmetrical compared to the earlier version (Tool A).

From the front view, tool A appeared more rudimentary with an asymmetrical shape and an
uneven and quite rugged surface. In contrast, after 0.6 million years, this tool underwent
significant refinement and became tool B, which now exhibits a teardrop shape. This more
advanced tool is broader at the base and tapers towards its pointier tip.

Moving on to the side, while Tool A has a blunt and relatively crude edge, the newer Tool
B has become noticeably smoother with a much sharper edge running straight from its
base to its tip. This suggests more developed craftsmanship and sharpening ability of the
toolmaker.

Finally, the back view of the tools further demonstrates the difference between them. Tool
B is twice as broad as tool A when looking from this angle, and its surface structure is
much smoother. It is also important to note that the newer tool is slightly longer than
its predecessor, measuring nearly 10 centimeters in length.
The diagram shows how sand dunes are formed.

The diagrams illustrate the formation of sand dunes from the accumulation of sand
particles.

Overall, the process consists of three stages, starting with sand grains being transported
by the wind over to wet ground where they collect and congregate into tall dunes. These
dunes can alter wind patterns but do not halt the accumulation process.

In the first stage, sand particles that were originally scattered across dry ground are
carried forward by the force of the wind. These grains travel in the same direction as the
wind, moving forward and collecting in areas where the ground is moist.

Moving on to the second stage, once sand grains reach the wet ground, they begin to stick
to the damp surface. This causes them to gradually gather mass by stacking on top of
one another, leading to the initial formation of small dunes.

Finally, as accumulation continues, the sand dunes continue to grow in height, eventually
forming tall sand dunes. Once fully formed, the dunes become tall enough to deflect wind
direction, but it is notable that they cannot prevent the process from continuing. Instead,
the wind carries new sand particles beyond the existing dune, settling on the next section
of wet ground, where another dune will begin to take shape.
The picture below shows how a hot balloon works.

The diagram illustrates the components and the mechanism of a hot air balloon.

Overall, what is readily apparent from the diagram is that a hot air balloon consists of
three key components, namely a parachute, a burner, and a basket. It operates by heating
air, which becomes lighter and rises, getting trapped by the balloon’s envelope and
allowing it to float. In contrast, when air cools, the system descends.

Looking first at the structure of the balloon, at its top is a parachute/ skin/ envelope, which
comprises several smaller details. These include a valve on top, along with gores, which
are vertical strips running along the parachute, and small panels that run from its top to
bottom. These parts are held together by a detail called a skirt, which keeps the envelope
open for hot air. Moving further downwards, there is a burner, and a propane cylinder that
works in sync to produce a mixture of propane and air before heating it. At the bottom,
a basket that contains items or passengers or items can be seen.

Moving on to how the system operates, the burner mixes propane and air using the
propane cylinder, then heats this mixture to produce hot air. This heated mixture is lighter
than air and rises, becoming trapped by the envelope, effectively lifting the balloon.
When needing to descend, hot air is released through a valve at the top, letting cool air in,
which is heavier and causes the system to go down.
 The diagram below shows a simple system that turns dirty water into clean water.

The diagram illustrates the components and operational mechanism of a rudimentary

water filtration system.
Overall, what is immediately clear from the diagram is that the system consists of two
main parts: a filtration barrel and a storage drum. Water passes through three layers
of filtering materials before it is transferred and stored as drinkable water.
The process begins when unclean/contaminated/raw water is poured into the plastic
barrel fitted with a plastic lid. Inside this filtration unit, there are three distinct layers
of filtering materials: sand, charcoal, and gravel. As the water travels downward, it passes
through these layers to remove sediments, debris, and odor, thereby becoming more
purified. Once filtered, the water collects at the bottom of the barrel, ready to be
transported to the next stage.
Following filtration, the clean water flows out of the first barrel via an outlet pipe, which
is connected to a second plastic container known as the storage drum. Here, the purified
water is stored until needed. When required, it can be accessed through
a tap/faucet installed at the bottom of the drum, allowing users to collect clean, drinkable/
consumable water.
 The diagram shows the design of a modern landfill for household waste.

The diagram illustrates the components and operational mechanism of a

modern household waste treatment system.
Overall, what is readily apparent from the diagram is that the landfill is dug into natural
rock, lined with multiple protective layers, and fitted with a drainage system to manage
by-products of the decomposing process. Once the landfill reaches full capacity, it
is sealed shut, but leftover gases and fluids are still allowed to escape via built-in pipes.
In the first phase, a man-made hole is excavated into a natural rock base. Several
components are then added to this cavity: a drainage system consisting of pipes and a
tank is installed, while the hole is lined with synthetic materials and clay to serve
as protective layers. These linings help prevent leakage or seepage of waste liquids into
the surrounding rock.
Following the construction, the landfill is put into use, as household waste is deposited
into the hole. During usage, the waste gradually breaks down, releasing liquid
waste and gases as by-products. These substances collect inside the drainage tank and
pipes already built into the system.
Once the landfill reaches full capacity, it is sealed shut with another layer of clay placed on
top. However, the internal pipe system is left in place, allowing leftover
liquid and fumes to escape, thereby preventing pressure buildup within the sealed unit.
When the landfill reaches full capacity, it is closed and sealed shut with another clay layer.
However, the drainage system remains in place, allowing any leftover liquid and gases to
escape through the pipes.
The three pictures show the position of a volcano, and a village before and after volcanic
eruption.

The diagrams illustrate the location of a volcano on an island and the condition of a nearby
village before and after a volcanic eruption.
Overall, what is readily apparent from the diagrams is that the volcano is situated in the
northwest of the island, surrounded by a large area of greenery. Before the eruption, the
nearby village was built in the path of the volcano and was later destroyed by the
outflowing lava, leaving only a few areas of land with palm trees
Regarding the location of the volcano, it is located in the northwestern section of the
island. At its base is a large greenery area, and its crater is marked with red lava,
indicating recent volcanic activity. The entire island is surrounded by the ocean.
Prior to the eruption, the village was located to the east of the volcano. This settlement
contained several huts and palm trees, but these were highly vulnerable as they lay in the
path of the potential lava flow.
The final picture illustrates the aftermath of the volcanic eruption. The volcano turned
black and released a mass of molten lava, which engulfed everything in its path.
This magma ran across the island, destroying most of the housing areas. It is also notable
that more palm trees survived further to the east, where the lava had not reached.
The diagram shows differences in temperature zones between tropical mountains and
temperate mountains.

The diagram compares tropical and temperate mountains by altitude zones.

Overall, what is most striking when looking at the diagram is that both mountain types
share several zones, including a cool zone, a forest range, alpine meadows, and a
permanent snow peak. However, tropical mountains are much taller, contain more diverse
altitude zones, and support a wider variety of vegetation. In contrast, temperate mountains
have fewer zones and their cool zones begin and end at much lower altitudes than those
of tropical mountains.

Starting from the base of the tropical mountain, there is a warm zone that stretches up to
around 500 meters, supporting several types of tropical plants. Above that is a temperate
zone (500–1750m), which is suitable for crops such as coffee and cocoa. Climbing up to
1800 meters, one reaches the cool zone, which extends to 3000 meters, where grains can
be cultivated. This level also marks the maximum altitude for broad-leaf tree
growth.. Beyond that is the forest zone, which continues up to 4000 meters, where pine
and firs stop growing. Above 4000 meters are alpine meadows (up to 4500m), and finally,
the peak is permanently covered in snow.

Moving on to temperate mountains, there is no warm or temperate zone. These mountains

start from the cool zone, which stretches from 0 to 1500 meters - much lower compared
to tropical mountains. This zone supports grains, potatoes, and flax, and also marks
the end of broad-leaf tree growth. The forest range extends from 1500 to 2000 meters,
which is shorter than that of tropical mountains, and ends where spruce trees stop
growing. Temperate mountains also feature alpine meadows (2000–3000m), above which
is the permanent snow peak, similar to that of tropical mountains.