Subject: -- Introduction
Subject: Introduction to
to Project
Project Management
Management
Presented By: -- Faizan,
Presented By: Faizan, Amaan,
Amaan, Simra,
Simra, Umar
Umar
Roll Number: -- (15,30,20,05)
Roll Number: (15,30,20,05)
(Batch 2022)
(Batch 2022)
Department of Mechanical, University of Kashmir, Institute of Technology, Zakura Campus
DEFINITION AND
KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF PROJECT
A project is a temporary and planned activity carried out to achieve
specific goals and deliver a unique product, service, or result within
defined time, cost, scope, and quality limits. It has a definite start and
end, and requires proper planning, coordination, and control to
achieve its objectives efficiently.
The key characteristics of a project are:
Temporary – has a definite beginning and end.
Unique – produces a one-time outcome or result.
Specific objectives – aims to meet defined goals.
Limited resources – uses fixed time, budget, and manpower.
Cross-functional – involves people from different departments or
fields. 2
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
PROJECTS AND OPERATIONS
Nature: Project is temporary and unique; operation is continuous and
repetitive.
Objective: Project aims to achieve specific goals; operation focuses on
ongoing efficiency.
Duration: Project has a definite start and end; operation has no fixed
end.
Output: Project produces a new product or result; operation maintains
existing processes.
Change: Project brings change or innovation; operation ensures
stability and routine work.
3
TRIPLE CONSTRAINT
Core of Project Management
Theory (since 1950s)
Dr. Martin Barnes (1969) –
→
Originator (CTQ CTP model)
Three Interdependent
Constraints: Scope – Time – Cost
Also called Iron Triangle or
Project Management Triangle
Core Principle: Change one →
affects others
Balance determines Quality
outcome
THE THREE PRIMARY CONSTRAINTS
Scope Constraint: - Time Constraint: - Cost Constraint: -
Cost Constraint: -
Defines Work, Deliverables, Defines Schedule & Duration Defines Budget &
Objectives Defines Budget & Financial
Financial Resources
Key Terms: Timeline, Resources
Components: Deliverables,
Milestones, Dependencies,
Features, Acceptance Criteria Types:
Types:Direct, Indirect,
Direct, Indirect, Fixed,
Critical Path Variable, Reserves
Fixed, Variable, Reserves
Key Process: Planning → WBS →
→
Validation Control Management: Define → Processes: Estimating →→
→ → Processes: →
Budgeting Estimating
→ Control
Sequence Estimate Control
Risk: Scope Creep (uncontrolled
expansion)
→
Schedule Control
Budgeting
Metrics: CV, CPI, BAC, EAC,
ETC, TCPI
Strategies: Buffers, Fast Metrics: CV, CPI, BAC,
Prevention: Clear Docs, Change
Control, Communication Tracking, Crashing, EAC, ETC, TCPI
Monitoring
Quality & Interdependence
Quality Management
Cost of Quality:
Definition: -
Degree to which deliverables meet requirements Conformance: Prevention + Appraisal
(PMBOK)
Non-Conformance: Internal +
Quality vs Grade: -
External failures
Quality: Conformance to requirements
Grade: Category based on features
Trade-offs (Good–Fast–Cheap):
Low quality = defects; low grade = limited Change in one affects others &
features (acceptable) quality
Processes: -
↑Scope → ↑Cost / ↑Time
Planning: Define standards & metrics
Assurance: Conduct audits & reviews
↓Time → ↑Cost / ↓Scope
Control: Test, inspect, and apply corrective
actions
↓Cost → ↓Quality / ↑Time
Project Objectives
Objectives:
Clear and well-defined
Measurable outcomes
Aligned with overall goals and vision
SMART Framework:
S: Specific – clearly state what needs to be achieved
M: Measurable – define success with quantifiable metrics
A: Achievable – realistic and attainable targets
R: Relevant – aligned with project and organizational goals
T: Time-bound – fixed deadlines and schedules
The Project Management
Cycle: 5 Essential Phases
Every successful project follows a structured journey from start
to finish. This systematic approach ensures controlled
progression and predictable outcomes.
Understanding these five core phases helps teams stay
organized, mitigate risks, and deliver results on time and
within budget.
Laying the Foundation
Phases 1 & 2: Initiation & Planning
1 2
Phase 1: Initiation Phase 2: Planning
Define the project spurpose, scope, and feasibility. Develop a detailed road map for execution,
Identify key stakeholders and secure initial outlining tasks, timelines, resources, and budget
authorization. management strategies.
Creating the Project Charter Creating the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
Developing the business case Developing the schedule and budget
Assessing high-level risks Defining risk response plans
Example: Crafting a clear project charter and
business case to ensure alignment and buy-in
across the organization.
Phases 3, 4 & 5: Execution, Monitoring & Closure
Phase 3: Execution
Mobilize the team, allocate resources, and carry out the tasks defined in the plan to produce project
deliverables. This involves managing stakeholders, communication, and team performance.
Phase 4: Monitoring & Controlling
Track progress against the plan, measure performance metrics, manage changes, and ensure
quality to keep the project on course.
Performance reviews and variance analysis are crucial here.
Phase 5: Closure
Formally conclude the project by finalizing all deliverables, releasing resources, completing
final reports, and obtaining official sign-off.
Think of it as baking a cake 4 mixing, tasting, adjusting, and finally serving the perfect
result, followed by cleanup.
Adapting the Cycle: Different Project Models
While the five-phase structure remains constant, the execution model varies based on project predictability
and complexity.
Predictive (Waterfall) Iterative Adaptive (Agile)
Requires complete planning Deliver small, functional pieces Designed for high uncertainty and
upfront. Best for projects with of the product early. Repetition rapid change. Focuses on frequent
clear requirements and low improves the final result over delivery and continuous feedback.
expected changes. time.
Process: Flexible and incremental.
Process: Sequential and linear. Process: Cyclic, focusing on
refinement.
Key Takeaway: Choosing the right approach4Predictive, Iterative, or Adaptive4is the first crucial decision
after project initiation.
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