COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATION SYSTEM

Bachelor in Public Administration

Course Code: MNGT 3 Instructor: JAYSON BARRINA

Course Title: OFFICE SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT Mobile No.: 09512525983
Credit Units: 3 units (3 hours lecture) Email Add.: jqbarrina@[Link]
Module No.: 2
Duration: 1 week

I. LEARNING OUTCOME(S):

At the end of the topic the learners will be able to:

1. identify different components of computer network;

2. identify the different types of network and modem; and
3. evaluate the effectiveness of data communication system in your place.

II. TOPIC(S)

1. Data Communication components

2. Types of Communication Services
3. Computer Network
4. Types of Network

III. REFERENCES

 [Link]
 [Link]
Feb2021

IV. COURSE CONTENT

INTRODUCTION

 Computers are used to generate information.

 Generated information is not useful in itself. The information must be delivered to the right person at the
right time.
 Often information must be transmitted from one location to another. This process is called data
communication. Here, we will be concerned with the hardware, software and procedures used in data
communication.
 Office automation is based on communication;
- the transfer of information
- advances in communication technology, combined with rapidly evolving computer technology,
have made possible much of the progress in the field
 Electronic communication consists of telecommunication and data communications.
 Electronic communication is defined as “any transfer of signs, signals, writing, images, sounds, data, or
intelligence of any nature transmitted in whole or in part by a wire, radio, electromagnetic, photo
electronic or photo optical system that affects interstate or foreign commerce.”
 Telecommunication refers to the use of telephone, telegraph, and radio or television facility to transmit
information, either directly or via computer.
 Data communication means the transfer of data or information between computers devices.

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MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
DATA COMMUNICATION

o Data communication is the active process of transporting data from one point to another.
o Networks are communication system designed to convey information from a point of origin to a point of
destination.

Networks come in two flavors:

– local or local area network, which cover a small area and have a finite, relatively small, number of
users and
– global or long-haul, which cover long distance and have an unlimited number of users.

o Telephone networks are long network.

o It refers to the transmission of the digital signals over a communication channel between the transmitter
and receiver computers.
o Communication is possible only with wired and wireless connectivity of the computers with each other.

The effectiveness of a data communication system depends on three fundamental characteristics:

Delivery: The system must deliver data to the correct destination. Data must be received by the intended
device or user and only by that device or user.

Accuracy: The system must deliver data accurately. Data that have been altered in transmission and left
uncorrected are unusable.

Timeliness: The system must deliver data in a timely manner. Data delivered late are useless. In the case of
video, audio and voice data, timely delivery means delivering data as they are produced, in the same
order that they are produced, and without significant delay. This kind of delivery is called real-time
transmission.

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MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
 DATA COMMUNICATION COMPONENTS:

The following are the basic components for working of a communication system:

1. Transmitter: The transmitter is the device that sends the message. It can be a computer, workstation,
telephone handset, video camera, and so on.
2. Receiver: The receiver is the device that receives the message. It can be a computer, workstation,
telephone handset, television, and so on.
3. Medium: The transmission medium is the physical path by which a message travels from sender to
receiver. It can consist of twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, laser or radio waves
(terrestrial or satellite microwave).
4. Message: The message is the transmission (data) to be communicated. It can consist of text,
number, pictures, sound, or video or any combination of these.
5. Protocol - a protocol is a set of rules that governs data communication. It represents an agreement
between the communicating devices. Without a protocol, two devices may be connected but not
communicating.

COMMUNICATION MEDIA

The following are the major communication devices which are frequently used:

1. Wire pairs are commonly used in local telephone

communication and for short distance digital data
communication. They are usually made up of
copper. Using these wire pairs data transmission
speed is normally 9600 bits per second in a distance
of 100 meter.

2. Twisted pair wire is the most widely used medium for

telecommunication.
Twisted-pair cabling consist of copper wires that are
twisted into pairs. Ordinary telephone wires consist
of two insulated copper wires twisted into pairs.
Computer networking cabling (wired Ethernet as
defined by IEEE 802.3) consists of 4 pairs of copper
cabling that can be utilized for both voice and
data transmission.

The use of two wires twisted together helps to reduce crosstalk and electromagnetic induction.

The transmission speed ranges from 2 million bits per second to 10 billion bits per second.

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MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
 Twisted pair cabling comes in two forms:

– Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) and

– Shielded twisted-pair (STP)

3. Coaxial cable is widely used for cable television

systems, office buildings, and other work-sites for
local area networks.
The cables consist of copper or aluminum wire
wrapped with insulating layer typically of a flexible
material with a high dielectric constant, all of which
are surrounded by a conductive layer.
The layers of insulation help minimize interference
and distortion. Transmission speed range from 200
million to more than 500 million bits per second.

4. Optical fiber cable consists of one or more

filaments of glass fiber wrapped in protective layers
that carries data by means of pulses of light.
It transmits light which can travel over extended
distances. Fiber-optic cables are not affected by
electromagnetic radiation.
Transmission speed may reach trillions of bits per
second. The transmission speed of fiber optics is
hundreds of times faster than for coaxial cables and
thousands of times faster than a twisted-pair wire.
This capacity may be further increased by the use
of colored light, i.e., light of multiple wavelengths.
Instead of carrying one message in a stream of
monochromatic light impulses, this technology can
carry multiple signals in a single fiber.

Wireless Connection

Wireless connections make use of LANs which allow

high frequency radio signals to communicate
between work stations, servers, or hubs. Wireless
networks are ideal for allowing laptops, portable
devices, and other devices to connect to the LAN.
This is also beneficial in establishments where it may
be harder to install cables.

Wireless technologies

1. Terrestrial microwave: Uses Earth based transmitter

and receiver. The equipment looks similar to satellite
dishes. Terrestrial microwaves use low-gigahertz
range, which limits all communications to line-of-
sight. Path between relay stations spaced approx.,
48 km (30 mi) apart.
Microwave antennas are usually placed on top of
buildings, towers, hills, and mountain peaks.

2. Communications satellites: The satellites use

microwave radio signals as their
telecommunications medium which are not
deflected by the Earth’s atmosphere. – The satellites
are stationed in space, typically 35,400 km (22,000
mi) (for geosynchronous satellites) above the
equator. – These Earth-orbiting systems are capable
of receiving and relaying voice, data, and TV
signals.
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MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION SERVICES

A term used to describe the data-handling capacity of a communication service is bandwidth.

Bandwidth is the range of frequencies that is available for the transmission of data. A narrow range of
frequencies in a communication system is analogous to a garden hose with a small diameter. The flow of
information in such a system is restricted, just as is the flow of water in the narrow hose. Wider bandwidths permit
more rapid information flow.

The communication data transfer rate is measured in a unit called baud.

– Baud is identical to bits per second.

Therefore, a rate of 300 baud is 300 bits per second.

Communication companies such as American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) and Western Union are called
common carriers.

Three general classes of service for both voice and data communication that AT&T and Western Union Provides:

 Narrowband handles low data volumes. Data transmission rates are from 45 to 300 baud.

– The low-speed devices might use narrow band communications.

 Voice band handles moderate data transmission volumes between 300 and 9600 baud.

– They are used for applications ranging from operating a CRT to running a line printer. Their major
application is for telephone voice communication hence, the term voiceband.

 Broadband handles very large volumes of data. These systems provide data transmission rates of 1
million baud or more.
– High-speed data analysis and satellite communications are examples of broadband communication
systems.

MODEM

A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital
information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information.

The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital
data. Modems can be used over any means of transmitting analog signals, from light emitting diodes to radio.

Types of Modems:

1. Landline modems are modems which connect to the public switched telephone network (PSTN).

Classifications of Landline Modem

a. Internal Modem - this device is a circuit board that plugs into

one of the expansion slots of the computer.
Most internal modems come installed in the computer you buy.
Internal modems are more directly integrated into the
computer system and, therefore, do not need any special
attention.

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MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
 b. External Modem - This device is attached to the back of the
computer by way of a cable that plugs into the modem port.

c. Voice/data/fax modems - This device can be hooked up to

your telephone and used to send information to your
computer. Your computer can also send information to a fax
machine.

d. PC Card modem: These modems, designed for portable

computers, are the size of a credit card and fit into the PC
Card slot on notebook and handheld computers.

2. Wireless Modems - Wireless modems are radio transmitters/receivers installed into mobile
computing devices – (i.e. devices that are used while you are moving such as mobile phones,
laptops etc.)

3. LAN modems allow shared remote access to LAN (Local Area Network) resources. LAN modem comes
fully preconfigured for single particular network architecture such as Ethernet.

COMPUTER NETWORK

A computer network is interconnection of various computer systems located at different places.

In computer network two or more computers are linked together with a medium and data
communication devices for the purpose of communicating data and sharing resources.

The computer that provides resources to other computers on a network is known as server.

In the network the individual computers, which access shared network resources, are known as nodes.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPUTER NETWORK

The primary purpose of a computer network is to share resources:

– Play music, share files, printer etc.

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MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
 CONCEPT OF NETWORKING

 Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics such as the medium used
to transport the data, communications protocol used, scale, topology, and organizational scope.
 The rules and data formats for exchanging information in a computer network are defined by
communications protocols.

PROPERTIES OF NETWORK

 Facilitate communications - Using a network, people can communicate efficiently and easily via
email, instant messaging, chat rooms, telephone, video telephone calls, and video conferencing.
 Permit sharing of files, data, and other types of information - set up all of the computers to share a
single printer. No longer will you need to bounce from one system or another just to print out an
email message.
 Internet connection sharing - Using a home network, multiple family members can access the
Internet simultaneously without having to pay an ISP for multiple accounts.
 Multi-player games - Many popular home computer games support LAN mode where friends and
family can play together, if they have their computers networked.
 Internet telephone service - Voice over IP (VoIP) services allows you to make and receive phone
calls through your home network across the Internet.
 Home entertainment - Newer home entertainment products such as digital video recorders (DVRs)
and video game consoles now support either wired or wireless home networking.

TYPES OF NETWORK

1. Local Area Network

- A local area network (LAN) supplies networking capability to a group of computers in close
proximity to each other such as in n office building, a school, or a home.
- A LAN is useful for sharing resources like files, printers, games or other applications.

2. Wide Area Network

- The term Wide Area Network (WAN) usually refers to a network which covers a large geographical
area, and use communications circuits to connect the intermediate nodes.

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MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
 - A major factor impacting WAN design and performance is a requirement that they lease
communications circuits from telephone companies or other communications carriers.
- Transmission rates are typically 2 Mbps, 34 Mbps, 45 Mbps, 155 Mbps, 625 Mbps (or sometimes
considerably more).

3. Metropolitan Area Network

- MAN (metropolitan area network) is a larger network that usually spans several buildings in the same
city or town.
- Relatively new class of network, it serves a role similar to an ISP, but for corporate users with large
LANs.

v. Activity

1. Cite a scenario which shows data communication between computer with another computer and/or Mobile
device.

2. Select one wireless technology and describe how it works in communication.

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MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS