INDEX
CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE
ACKNOWLEDGEMEN T
INTRODUCTION
THEORY
APPARATUS REQUIRED
PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
USE OF TRANSFORMERS
CONLUSION
PRECAUTION
SOURCE OF ERROR
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CERTIHFICATE
This is to certify that
a student of class XII-A has successfully completed the research
on the below mentioned project under the guidance of Mr. G.K
SINGH (Subject Teacher) during the year 2023-24 in partial
fulfilment of physics practical examination conducted by CBSE.
Signature of Physics teacher
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Iwould like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
teacher Mr. G.K SINGH,whose valuable guidance has been the
ones that helped me pateh this project and make it full proof
success his suggestions and his instruction has served as the major
contributor towards the completion of project.
Friends who have
Then I would like to thank my Parents and
guidance has been
helped me with their valuable suggestions and
the project.
helpful in various phases of the completion of
the least Iwould like to thank my classmates who
Last but not
have helped me a lot.
INTRODUCTION
The Transformer is a device used for
converting a low alternating
voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice
versa.
A Transformer is based on the Principle of
mutual induction
according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a
coil changing, an E.M.F is induced in the neighbouring coil.
A Transformers is an electrical device which is used for changing the
[Link]. A transformer is most widely used device in both low
and high current circuit. As such transformers are built in an amazing
strength or sizes. In elecctronics, measurement and control circuits,
transformer size may be so small that it weight only a few ten of
grams where as in high voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred
of tones.
the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to
In a transformer,
moving parts.
another circuit takes place without the use of
step-up
transformer which increases the voltage is called a
A
transformer which decreases the voltage is called a
transformer. A
step-down transformers.
essential piece of apparatus both for high
Therefore, transformer is
an
circuits.
and low current
THEORY
When an alternating
E.M.F is supplied to the
current starts falling in it. primary coil "P1" an alternating
The alternating
changing magnetic flux, which current the primary produ
well as in the secondary induces alternating voltage in the
coil 4 p2^ " IN a good primary as
magnetic flux linked with primary is transformer, whole of the
also linked with the
induced E.M.F induced in each secondary, and the
turn of the secondary is
in each turn of the equal to that induced
primary. Thus if "E," and "E" be
of the [Link] induced in the instantaneous values
the primary and the
are the no. of turns of primary secondary and " N," and "N"
& secondary coils of the
and transformer
do/dt = rate of change of flux in each
turnoff the coil at this
instant, we have
EN, do/dt (1)
and
Es= -N, do/dt
(2)
Since the above relations are true at every
instant, so by dividing 2 by 1,
we get
E,/E,=-N*s/N * p(3)
As "E," is the instantaneous value of back E.M.F
induced in the
primary coil "P1", so the instantaneous current in primary coil
is due
to the difference (E - E) in the instantaneous values of
the applied
and back E.M.F further if" R" is the resistance of "P1" and "P2"
coil, then the instantaneous current" 1," in the primary coil is given
by
I,=E-E,/R,
E-E,-1,R,
Thus Back E.M.F =Input
E.M.F
Hence, equation (3) can be written as
EJE,- E/E
output E.M.F/input E.M.F
-NN,K
Where "K" is constant, called Turn or
Transformation Ratio.
Ep
00 0 0
N,
IN ASTEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER
Es <Eso, K<1,hence Ns <
Np
Ip = value of primary current at the same instant
And
Is = value of secondary current at this instant
Then Input power at the instant = Ep Ip
And
Output power at the same instant = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer,
Then Input power = Output power
Ep Ip = Es Is
Or
Es / Ep =Ip / Is = K
ILLUSTRATION
Step Down Transformer
Primary Secondary
200 V
1000V 10A
50 turns 10 turns:
2A
Core 2000 W
2000 W
secondary
cuil
primary
coil
(#)
,soUndurycoil N,
tums
primury coil N, turns
]exteraal
voltage Y, R oad
voltuge p
<upply
curret
iron core
(b)
IN A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER
Es > E
So,
K>1,
Hence Ns >Np
Since,
K>1,
So,
Ip > Is or Is < Ip
i.e. current in secondary coil is weaker when secondary voltage is
higher.
same
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the
ratio.
Similarly, it can be shown, that in a step-down transformer, whatever
we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus, a step-up transformer in reality steps down the current and a
step-down transformer steps up the current.
ILLUSTRATION
Step Up Transformer
Primary Secondry
100V 400 V
10 A turns 20 turrs 2.5 A
Corg
1000 W 1000 W
Step
Iron core
Primary Secondary
coil coil
220/240
110/120
volts
volts
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
The mut ual inductance term in the primary
The mutual inductance term in the
circuit represents the load of the secondary. secondary represents the coupling from
It has the negative sign because it helps the the primary and acts as the voltage
source to produce more current in response source that drives the secondary circuit.
to increasing load in the secondary circuit.
V, =1,R + L,A, - M Alr =1,R, +L,A,
Primary Magnotic fiold Secondary
R
V SR,
Np N
IRON CORE
EFFICENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to
the input power.
i.e,
n= output power/ input power =Es Is/Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses
n=1
practice, there are many power losses; therefore the
But in actual
efficiency of transformer is less than one.
losses 1²R1+W1
Eficiency= 1 input =1 Vi/lcosØ1
I1R1 W
n=1 Vlcos 01 Vi/lcos Ø1
Differentiating above equation with respect to Il
R1+W1 W1
dr
0 V1/1'cos Ø1
di 1 VicosØ1
dn
n will be maximum at di 1
Hence efficiency will be maximum at
R1+W1 W1
Vlcos 01 Vi/1'cos O1
I1'R1 W1
Vlcos 01 Vi/1'cos Ø1
[I1Ri =W]
APPARATUS REQURED
AMMETER
VOLTMETER
IRON ROD
COPPER WIRE
PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a
thick papcr and wind a
large number of turns Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This
constitutes primary coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound
relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire
on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down
transformer.
3. Connect P, P, to A.C main and measure the input voltage and
current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through S, and
S
5. Now connect S, and S; to A.C. again and again measure voitage
and current through primary and secondary coil of step up
transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing
number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
USES OF TRANSFORMERS
1. In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air
conditioner, etc.
2. Astep down transformer is used for welding purposes.
3. Astep down transformer is used for obtaining large current.
4. Astep up transformerÀs used for the production of X-Rays
and NEON advertisement.
5. Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized
power supplies.
6. Transformers used in the transmissions of A.C over long
distances.
7. Small transformers are used in radio sets, telephones,
loudspeakers and electric bells etc.
CONCLUSION
+The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio (NN,) with
respect to the input voltage.
+There is a loss ofpower between input and output coil of
a transformer.
PREACATIONS
yourselfiom high voltage.
+Keep safe
current and voltage the A. C.
reading of
+While taking the
should remain constant.