THE MUSCULAR
SYSTEM
MUSCLE STRUCTURE
All muscle cells specialized for contraction.
Each skeletal muscle is made of thousand
individual muscle cells, called MUSCLE FIBERS.
Muscles are anchored firmly to bones by
TENDONS.
* Most tendons are roped-like but some are flat;
* A flat tendon is called APONEUROSIS.
MAJOR MUSCLES OF THE BODY
ANTERIOR
MAJOR MUSCLES OF THE BODY
POSTERIOR
TENDONS
are made of fibrous connective tissue, which is very strong and
merges with fascia that covers with muscle and with
periosteum (the fibrous connective tissue membrane that
covers with bone)
muscles usually has at least 2 tendons, each attached to a
different bones.
* ORIGIN – the more immobile or stationary attachment of the
muscle
* INSERTION – more movable attachement
2 General types of muscle arrangement
1. ANTAGONISTS/ ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLE
2. SYNERGISTIC MUSCLE
2 General types of muscle arrangement
1. ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLE
- muscles that have opposing/
opposite function
* EXTENSION – when the triceps
contracts & pulls it extends the
forearm, that is straighten the
elbow.
* FLEXION – when the biceps
contracts it flexes the forearm,
that is bonds with elbow.
2 General types of muscle arrangement
2. SYNERGISTIC MUSCLE
- are those with the same function or those that work
together to perform a particular function.
* MUSCLE FIBERS – needs energy of ATP (adenosine
triphosphate) in order to contract.
ACTION OF MUSCLES
ACTION DEFINITION
FLEXION • To decrease the angle of a joint
EXTENSION • To increase the angle of a joint
ADDUCTION • To move closer to the middle
ABDUCTION • To move away from the middle
PRONATION • To turn the palm down
SUPINATION • To turn the palm up
DORSIFLEXION • To elevate the foot
PLANTAR FLEXION • To lower the foot (point of the toes)
ROTATION • To move a bone around its longitudinal axis
ACTION OF MUSCLES
MUSCLES of the HEAD and NECK
MUSCLE FUNCTION ORIGIN INSERTION
• Raises eyebrow, wrinkles, • Epicranial - skin above the
FRONTALIS skin of forehead aponeurosis supraorbital margin
• Medial side
ORBICULARIS OCULI • Closes eye - encircles the eye
of orbit
• Encircles the - skin at corners of
ORBICULARIS ORIS • Puckers lips
mouth mouth
• Maxilla and
MASSETER • Closes jaw - mandible
zygomatic
MUSCLES of the HEAD and NECK
MUSCLE FUNCTION ORIGIN INSERTION
• Pulls corners corners of • Maxilla and
BUCCINATOR mouth laterally mandible
- orbicularis oris
• Turns head to opposite
• Sternum and - temporal bone
STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID side
clavicle (mastoid process)
(both - flex head and neck)
• Turns head to same side • 7th cervical and
SEMISPIMNALIS CAPITIS
(both - extend head and first 6 thoracic - occipital bone
(a deep muscle)
neck) vertebrae
• 7th cervical and
• Turns head to same side
SPLENIUS CAPITIS (both - extend head)
first 6 thoracic - occipital bone
vertebrae
MUSCLES of the HEAD and NECK
MUSCLES OF TRUNK
MUSCLE FUNCTION ORIGIN INSERTION
• Occipital bone
• Raises, lowers, and - spine of scapula
TRAPEZIUS adducts shoulders
and all thoracic
and clavicle
vertebrae
• Pulls ribs up and out
EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL • Superior rib - inferior rib
(inhalation)
• Pulls ribs down and in
INTERNAL INTERSCOSTAL • Inferior rib - superior rib
(forced exhalation)
• Last 6 costal
• Flattens (down) to
cartilages and
DIAPHRAGM enlarge chest cavity for
lumbar
- central tendon
inhalation
vertebrae
MUSCLES OF TRUNK
MUSCLE FUNCTION ORIGIN INSERTION
- 5th- 7th costal
• Flexes vertebral column,
RECTUS ABDOMINIS • Pubic bones cartilages and
compress abdomen
xiphoid process
• Rotates and flexes
- iliac crest and
EXTERNAL OBLIQUE vertebral column, • Lower 8 ribs
linea alba
compresses abdomen
SACROSPINALIS • Ilium, lumbar,
- ribs, cervical,
and some
GROUP • Extends vertebral column and thoracic
thoracic
(deep muscles) vertebrae
vertebrae
MUSCLES OF TRUNK
MUSCLES of the SHOULDER and ARM
MUSCLE FUNCTION ORIGIN INSERTION
DELTOID • Abducts the humerus • Scapula and clavicle - humerus
• Clavicle, sternum,
• Flexes and adducts
PECTORALIS MAJOR the humerus
2nd-6th costal - humerus
cartilages
• Last 6 thoracic
• Extends and adducts vertebrae, all
LATISSIMUS DORSI the humerus lumbar vertebrae,
- humerus
sacrum, iliac crest
MUSCLES of the SHOULDER and ARM
MUSCLE FUNCTION ORIGIN INSERTION
• Extends and adducts
TERES MAJOR • Scapula - humerus
the humerus
• Humerus and
TRICEPS BRACHII • Extends the forearm - ulna
scapula
BICEPS BRACHII • Flexes the forearm • Scapula - radius
BRACHIORADIALIS • Flexes the forearm • Humerus - radius
MUSCLES of the SHOULDER and ARM
MUSCLES of the HIP and LEG
MUSCLE FUNCTION ORIGIN INSERTION
• Ilium, lumbar
ILIOPSOAS • Flexes femur - femur
vertebrae
• Iliac crest, sacrum,
GLUTEUS MAXIMUS • Extends femur - femur
coccyx
GLUTEUS MEDIUS • Abducts femur • Ilium - femur
MUSCLES of the HIP and LEG
MUSCLE FUNCTION ORIGIN INSERTION
QUADRICEPS
FEMORIS GROUP:
• Flexes femur and
- rectus femoris • Ilium and femur - tibia
extends lower leg
- vastus lateralis
- vastus medialis
- vastus intermedius
HAMSTRING GROUP:
• Extends femur and
- bicep femoris • Ischium - tibia and fibula
flexes lower leg
- semimembranosus
- semitendinosus
MUSCLES of the HIP and LEG
MUSCLE FUNCTION ORIGIN INSERTION
ADDUCTOR • Adducts femur • Ischium and pubis - femur
• Flexes femur and
SARTORIUS • Ilium - tibia
lower leg
- calcaneus
GASTROCNEMIUS • Plantar flexes foot • Femur
(Achilles tendon)
- calcaneus
SOLEUS • Plantar flexes foot • Tibia and fibula
(Achilles tendon)
TIBIALIS ANTERIOR • Dorsiflexes foot • Tibia Matatarsals
MUSCLES of the HIP and LEG
MUSCLE FUNCTION ORIGIN INSERTION
ADDUCTOR • Adducts femur • Ischium and pubis - femur
• Flexes femur and
SARTORIUS • Ilium - tibia
lower leg
- calcaneus
GASTROCNEMIUS • Plantar flexes foot • Femur
(Achilles tendon)
- calcaneus
SOLEUS • Plantar flexes foot • Tibia and fibula
(Achilles tendon)
TIBIALIS ANTERIOR • Dorsiflexes foot • Tibia Matatarsals
MUSCLES of the HIP and LEG
MUSCLES of the PELVIC FLOOR
MUSCLE FUNCTION ORIGIN INSERTION
• Supports pelvic organs,
especially during fecation, - coccyx, anal
• Pubis and
LEVATOR ANI urination, forced exhalation;
ischium
canal, and
constricts anus, urethra, and urethra
vagina
• Supports pelvic organs,
- coccyx and
COCCYGEUS especially during fecation, • Ischium
sacrum
urination, forced exhalation.
• Erection of clitoris in female, • Ischium and - clitoris and
ISCHIOCAVERNOSUS penis male pubis penis
MUSCLES of the PELVIC FLOOR
MUSCLE FUNCTION ORIGIN INSERTION
• Assists urination; erection • Central - fasciae, pubic
BULBOSPONGIOSUS in female; erection and tendon of arch, clitoris, and
ejaculation perineum penis
TRANSVERSE • Assists urination; erection
- central tendon
PERINEUS in female; erection and • Ischium
of perineum
(superficial and deep) ejaculation
EXTERNAL ANAL • Annoccygeal - central tendon
• Closes anus
SPHINCTER ligaments of perineum
MUSCLES of the PELVIC FLOOR
ASSIGNMENT
SUBMISSION ON FRIDAY 11:30-12:00
LATE WIL NOT BE ACCEPTED!
TETANUS DEFINITION
BOTULISM CAUSES
MUSCULAR TREATMENT
DYSTROPHY
MYASTHENNIA GRAVIS