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HALF-COURSE REVIEW
1. Managing anxiety
2. Analyzing the audience
3. Selecting a topic
4. Gathering materials
5. Organizing and outlining
Presentation Skills - Session 5
USING
LANGUAGE
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CONTENTS
1. Using oral language style
2. Using words effectively
3. Adapting to diverse listeners
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1. USING ORAL LANGUAGE STYLE
Work in groups (3’). Answer this question.
What are the key differences between ORAL and
WRITTEN language use?
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1. USING ORAL LANGUAGE STYLE
Oral style vs. written style
More personal
Less formal
More repetitive
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1. USING ORAL LANGUAGE STYLE
Oral style vs. written style
More personal
Talk directly (active/passive voice?)
Make sure to
Use more first-person pronouns use personal
pronouns in
Address audience directly all sections
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Make it more personal
For people in high-stress jobs that take up the bulk of
their day, revenge bedtime procrastination is a way to
find a few hours of entertainment even though it
results in insufficient sleep.
If your job puts you under a lot of pressure, you
might sacrifice sleep just to get a few hours of
enjoyment—even when you know you’ll pay for it
tomorrow.
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1. USING ORAL LANGUAGE STYLE
Oral style vs. written style
Less formal
More contractions Depending
Less complex structures on topics,
audience,
Comment clauses (you know) and occasion
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Make it less formal
If the person giving the silent treatment person does not
respond, try asking questions that show a willingness to
listen and work things out, such as: “I care about you, and
I want to resolve this. Can we talk?”
"If the person giving you the silent treatment won’t/don’t
respond, you may try asking questions that show you’re
open to listening and fixing things, like: ‘I care about
you, and I wanna work this out. Can we talk?’"
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1. USING ORAL LANGUAGE STYLE
Oral style vs. written style
More repetitiveWhy?
Preview main ideas
Develop the ideas
Summarize these same ideas
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CONTENTS
1. Using oral language style
2. Using words effectively
3. Adapting to diverse listeners
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2. USING WORDS EFFECTIVELY
To make your message clear, accurate, and
memorable
Use specific, concrete words
Use simple words
Use words correctly
Use words concisely
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2. USING WORDS EFFECTIVELY
Use specific, concrete words
Appeal to our senses
Create memorable images
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2. USING WORDS EFFECTIVELY
Use specific, concrete words At the end of
Avoid clichés the day, action
speaks louder
than words.
Every coin has two sidesAnd this goes
both ways …
Using social media is a double-edged sword.
Consult a thesaurus
[Link]
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2. USING WORDS EFFECTIVELY
Use simple words
Don’t try to impress audience
Avoid jargon (the scaffolding technique, TPR)
Avoid long and formal words
Use immediately understandable language
Use everyday language equivalents
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Make it simpler
We’ve all had those mornings when we just can’t
shake a feeling of sluggishness, even when we’ve
technically gotten enough sleep. In an effort to perk
up on tired days, many of us load up on cup after cup
of coffee.
But over-caffeinating can leave us jittery and anxious
(not to mention perpetually running to the bathroom).
Perhaps there’s a better way to banish morning
fatigue and get on with your day with the energy you
need.
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Make it simpler
We all have those mornings when we feel tired and
slow, even after sleeping enough. To wake up, some
people drink a cup of coffee. But too much coffee can
make us nervous and shaky (and you’ll need the toilet
often!).
There’s a much better way to feel more energetic in
the morning.
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2. USING WORDS EFFECTIVELY
Use words correctly
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2. USING WORDS EFFECTIVELY
What does ‘knowing a word’ mean?
What it means;
How it is pronounced;
Which words it is used with; access
Its grammatical characteristics;
Whether it is (in)formal/neutral.
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2. USING WORDS EFFECTIVELY
Use words correctly
low in price
Grammatical rules
Pronunciation cheap vs.
high-quality
Meaning affordable
unique vs.
original
the only one of its
Denotation (literal) kind
creativity
Connotation (associated)
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2. USING WORDS EFFECTIVELY
Use words concisely
Eliminate phrases adding no meaning to your
message
And all that (meaningless)
As a matter of fact (just state the fact)
Before I begin, I’d like to say (you’ve already
begun - just say it)
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2. USING WORDS EFFECTIVELY
Use words concisely
Avoid narrating your speaking technique
Here’s an interesting story that I think you will
like. (Just tell the story)
I’d like to now offer several facts about this
matter. (Just state the facts)
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2. USING WORDS EFFECTIVELY
Use words concisely
Avoid long phrases when a short one will do
So
So, for that reason
But
However, at the same time
Toda
In today’s society
y
Becau
Due to the fact
se
Finall
Last but not least
y
To
In order to
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CONTENTS
1. Using oral language style
2. Using words effectively
3. Adapting to diverse listeners
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3. ADAPTING TO DIVERSE LISTENERS
Make your language …
understandable
appropriate
unbiased
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3. ADAPTING TO DIVERSE LISTENERS
Use language that the audience can
understand
Beware of English varieties
Minimize jargon
hypertension
=> high blood
pressure
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3. ADAPTING TO DIVERSE LISTENERS
Use appropriate (respectful) language
Ethnicity
The
Races
handicapped
Religions Blind people
Sexual orientations The old
Genders
Disabilities
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3. ADAPTING TO DIVERSE LISTENERS
Use unbiased language
No sexist language
In man the brain is highly developed.
He who laughs today may weep tomorrow.
A policeman arrested the suspect at the scene
of the crime.
He has a reputation as a shrewd businessman.
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CONTENTS
1. Using oral language style
2. Using words effectively
3. Adapting to diverse listeners
4. Using memorable word structures
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4. USING MEMORABLE WORD STRUCTURES
Creating figurative imagery
Creating drama
Creating cadence
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4. USING MEMORABLE WORD STRUCTURES
Creating figurative imagery
Metaphor (implied comparison)
The first of which is … life can be heavy, especially if you try to
carry it all at once.
You can’t carry all things, all grudges, all updates on your ex,
all enviable promotions your school bully got at the hedge fund
his uncle started.
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4. USING MEMORABLE WORD STRUCTURES
Creating figurative imagery
Simile (direct comparison)
I promise you, you’re probably doing or wearing something right
now that you will look back on later and find revolting and
hilarious. You can’t avoid it, so don’t try to. For example, … for
the entirety of 2012, I dressed like a 1950s housewife. But
you know what? I was having fun. Trends and phases are fun.
Looking back and laughing is fun.
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4. USING MEMORABLE WORD STRUCTURES
Creating figurative imagery
Personification
The flowers danced in the breeze.
The wind was whispering secrets in my ear.
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4. USING MEMORABLE WORD STRUCTURES
Creating drama
Short sentences
The flowers were dancing in the breeze, the wind was
whispering secrets in my ear, the sun was smiling down on us …
And a bomb exploded.
Omission
I came, I saw, I conquered.
Inversion
Suspension - putting key words/phrases at the end
Cokes go better with everything => Things go better with
Coke.
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4. USING MEMORABLE WORD STRUCTURES
Creating cadence/rhythm
Repetition (identical words) & Parallelism (identical grammatical
patterns)
Government of the people, by the people, for the people.
Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do
for your country.
Dogs make great pets; they show loyalty, they show obedience,
and they show love. (central idea)
Antithesis - opposition: contrast between two clauses
Alliteration - repetition of initial consonant sounds
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SCRIPTS VS. CUE CARDS
Cue cards
Easier to handle
Less likely to get damaged
Smaller and thicker (less noticeable if you’re
shaking)
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SCRIPTS VS. CUE CARDS
Three steps
1. Creating a text
2. Turning the text into a script
Spoken language
Cues for visual aids
3. Turning the script into cue cards
One main point on one cue card
Main points in big letters
Key words and phrases
Card numbers
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KEY TAKEAWAYS
1. Don’t plagiarize!
2. Adapt whatever you “steal”
3. Use language that is …
concrete, simple, correct and concise
understandable, respectful and non-sexist
4. Don’t read off slides/notes
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LANGUAGE USE CHECKLIST
Using Oral Language Style
Use a more personal, direct style
Use contractions and colloquialisms
Use simpler sentence structures
Repeat and summarize main ideas
Using Words Effectively
Use specific, concrete words
Use simple, everyday language
Use words correctly (grammar, pronunciation, meaning)
Be concise - avoid filler words
Adapting to Diverse Listeners
Use language the audience understands
Use respectful, appropriate language
Use unbiased, non-sexist language
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