INTELLIGENCE
Overview:
In line with the intention of successful criminal investigation,
intelligence is at par one requirement that needs to be satisfied and be given
attention. Even history, intelligence plays an important role in the success of
every war. In line manner, the success of every war demonstrates and shows
how information was gathered and collected correctly and precisely.
Objectives:
1. Explain the context of Inte
2. lligence
3. Recognize the historical setting of intelligence.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Intelligence- is the capacity for understanding and for other forms of
adaptive intellect of behaviour; the mind in operation.(Webster)
It means the collection, processing, collation, interpretation, evaluation
and dissemination of information, with references to national security.
Intelligence is the end product resulting from the collection, evaluation,
analysis, integration and interpretation of all available information which
may have immediate or potential significance to the development and
execution of plans, policies and programs of the other users.(Military term)
Police Intelligence- it is the end product resulting from collection,
evaluation, analysis, integration and interpretation of all available
information regarding the activities of criminal and other law violators for the
purpose of affecting their arrest, obtaining evidence, and forestalling plan to
commit crime.
National Intelligence – refers to the total product of intelligence
developed by all governmental agencies that covers the broad aspects of
national policy and security.
Military Intelligence – It is use in the preparation of military policies, plans
and programs. It includes the strategic and combat intelligence.
Strategic Intelligence – that knowledge pertaining to the capabilities
and probabilities and probable courses of action of foreign nation.
Combat Intelligence – is required by the commander in order to determine
the best use of his available firepower and maneuver forces, to accomplish
his mission, and to maintain the security of his command.
Counter Intelligence – an integral part of all intelligence operations and as
such can’t be separated from combat and strategic intelligence. Its objective
is to safeguard information against espionage, material and installations
against sabotage, and personnel against subversive.
Order of battle Intelligence – concern the manner in which military forces
are organized and disposed.
Technical Intelligence – concern foreign technical development, which
have a practical military application and the physical characteristics,
performance, capabilities, and limitations of material and installation, used
by and for foreign.
Area of Operation (AO) – those aspects of the operational environment
exclusive of the military forces involved. It concerns weather, economics,
politics, sociology, hydrographic, (study of seas, lakes, etc. ) and
characteristics of the environment of an area in which military operations are
taking place or planned.
Political Intelligence – deals with Domestic and Foreign affairs and relation
of government operations
Economic Intelligence – deals with the extent and utilization of Natural
and Human resources to the industrial potential of the Nations
Biographical Intelligence – deals with individual personalities who have
actual possession of power
Geographical Intelligence – deals with the natural as well as manmade
features of the physical environment of man considered from the point in
view of military operations
Scientific Intelligence – deals with the progress of the research and
development as it affects the economic and military potential of a nation.
Sociological Intelligence- It deals with the demographic and
psychological aspects of groups of people
HISTORICAL SETTINGS
Moses
One of the first recorded formalized intelligence can be found in the
Holy Bible (Number 13:17)
“ The Lord said to Moses, “ Choose one of the leaders from each of the
twelve tribes and send them as spies to explore the land of Canaan.
Rehab- Harlot of Jericho
Delilah- A biblical personality who was able to gain information by using her
beauty and charm.
Sun – Tzu, a Chinese philosopher takes a more practical view according to
him, what is called foreknowledge cannot be elicited from spirit, nor from
gods nor from/analogy with past events nor from calculation. He wrote, “It
must be obtain from men who knew the enemy situation”. It is no wonder
that Sun-Tzu’s book entitled “The Art of War” is the favorite readings of the
late Mao Tse Tung and is a required reading material for the Chinese
Communist Tacticians.
He further wrote the saying in which most people in the intelligence service
believe become a parlance in the world of intelligence.
“If you know thy enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the results of a
hundred battles”
“If you know yourself and not the enemy, for every victory, you suffer
defeat”
“If you know neither yourself nor the enemy you are a fool who will meet
defeat in every battle”.
Alexander the Great- he devised the first “ letter sorting ’’ and opening to
obtain information.
Gen. Romano Quintus Sertorius- the Roman commander in Spain who
possessed a white fawn and allowed it to become widely known that he
derived both secrets and guidance from the fawn.
Akbar- the “ Great Mogul ’’ and sagacious master of Hindustan employed
more than 4,000 agents for the sole purpose of bringing him the truth that
his throne might rest upon it.
Genghis Khan- a Mongol who used intelligence to conquer China and invade
Cathay. He instructed his Generals to send out spies and used prisoners as
sources of information.
RENAISSANCE PERIOD
Sir Francis Walsingham- under Queen Elizabeth, organized the first
National Intelligence Service. He employed spies on the staff of the Admiral
in Command of the Spanish Army as to their ships, equipment, forces and
stores. He protected Queen Elizabeth I from countless assassins.
Armand Jean du Plessis ( Richelieu ) – in France, he introduced the
network of covert collectors who transmitted prompt and accurate
information to Paris regarding the activities of the rebels and dissidents of
the kingdom.
Napoleon Bonaparte- “ one spy in the right place is worth 20,000 men in
the field
He organized two Bureau of Interest :
1. Bureau of Intelligence- consolidate all incoming information regarding the
enemy for presentation to the emperor and to obtain information as desired.
2. Topographic Bureau- maintains a large map, which covers the latest
information regarding both enemy and friendly forces.
Frederick the Great- He was known as the Father of Organized Military
Espionage.
He divided his agents into 4 classes:
1. Common spies- recruited among poor folk, glad to earn a small sum or to
accommodate a military officer.
2. Double spies- the low informers and unreliable renegades of value only for
chiefly spreading false information to the enemy.
3. Spies of consequences- courtiers and noblemen, staff officers and kindred
conspirators, invariably requiring a substantial bribe.
4. Intimidated spies- persons forced to undertake espionage missions against
their will.
Hannibal- considered as one of the brilliant military strategies in history.
He developed an effective intelligence system for 15 years in Rome, and he
usually roam around the City often disguise as a beggar to gather first
information.
JULIUS CEASAR
-during his time , the staff of each legion includes ten “speculators” who
served an information-collecting agency. The “speculators” were the first
intelligence personnel to appear definitely in a military organization.
-they also employed ciphers to ensure the communication.
KARL SCHULMEISTER
-Karl, Napoleon ‘s eye, Napoleon’s military secret, was born on August
5,[Link] began his career in offensive espionage. Under a cover role, he
was able to infiltrate the Austrian General Staff.
Alfred Redl
-one of the most brilliant intelligent agent ,though a homosexual.
Become chief of the Austro-Hungarian Secret Service, but in a fact a double
agent of Russia .In 1913, his treason was discovered and he was forced to
commit suicide.
Wilhem Johann Carl Eduard Stieber (1818-jan.29,1882)
-was Bismarck’s master spy ,director of the Bureaus. Stieber was both
an agent of domestic surveillance and a external agent.
The Brahma Kautilya
-in ancient India, he was overthrew the NANDA dynasty and
established the first MAYURYAN king in the Indian throne .He recommended
to his King that for the ruler to succeed, the ruler should strike at his
enemy’s weak points by means of spies.
Intrigues and Spies-Winning over enemy’s people –Siege and assault-
before beginning military operation, a conqueror should know the
comparative strength and weaknesses of himself and his enemy.
Mayuryan Spy System –rivaled the modern soviets and had the following
tasks:
1. Shadow the king Minister’s and officials and to attempt to determine their
very thoughts
2. Report wrong doing s of the people
3. Operate secretly in foreign countries
4. Spread unrest
[Link] act of Sabotage
6. Assasinate political and military leaders.
WILLIAM DONOVAN
A Major General, organizer of the OSS (Office of the Strategic Service, US),
builder of a central intelligence system. The OSS whose exploits become
legendary in World War II.
Joseph Fouche(1759-1820)
-the French statesman, who served as a minister of police under
Napoleon and was influential in the return of Louis XVIII to the throne in
1815.
-Bonaparte’s Head of Internal Security. He created a network of agent.
His assistance founded the modern system of spying on spies, w/c later
known as counter espionage.
Joseph Petrosino
-member, New York Police Department in early 1900, he was the head
of the Italian Squad. Through extensive intelligence network, he is credited
to smash the Black Society.
Sir Arthur Wellesly- Regarded as the "Greatest Military Spymaster at All
Time".
USA INVESTIGATIVE AGENCIES
Federal Bureau of Investigation – first established in 1908 as an
investigative arm of the U.S. Department of Justice and became what is
known FBI under its first director John Edgar Hoover in 1924. On September
6, 1939 by a presidential directive, it came to its responsibility the task of a
domestic intelligence.
Central Intelligence Agency- it was created under the US National
Security Act of 1947. It was established during the time of Pres. Truman.
PHILIPPINES SETTING
EO 246- law provides for the creation of the National Intelligence
Coordinating Agency. The National Intelligence Coordinating Agency (NICA)
(Pambansang Sangay para sa Pagsasamang Kaalaman) (PSPK) is the primary
intelligence gathering and analysis arm of the Philippine government, in
charge of carrying out overt, covert, and clandestine intelligence programs.
The NICA is also active in the Philippines' Anti-Terrorism Council,
established recently, in order to set guidelines in passing a proposed Anti-
Terrorism Law, known as the Human Security Act signed by President Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo on February 8, 2007
NATIONAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
The Philippines' Pambansang Kawanihan ng Pagsisiyasat (National Bureau of
Investigation), abbreviated as NBI, is an agency of the Philippine
government under the Department of Justice responsible for handling or
solving sensational cases that is in the interest of the nation
Organizational Structure
The NBI is a government entity that is civilian in character, and
national in scope which is under the Department of Justice
it is headed by a director and with an assistant director and six (6)
deputy-directors for– Special Investigation Services (SIS); Regional
Operations Services (ROS); Intelligence Services (IS); Technical Services (TS);
Administrative Services (AS); and Comptroller Services (CS).