Sewer Design

Objectives of Sewer
 Sewarage System
• The system of pipes used to collect and carry
rain, waste water and trade waste away for
treatment and disposal is called the Sewerage
System.
 Sewage
• Sewage is water-carried waste, in solution or
suspension, that is intended to be removed
from a community.
• Also known as wastewater, it is more than
99% water and is characterized by volume or
rate of flow, physical condition, chemical
constituents and the bacteriological organisms
that it contains.
Difference Betn Sewer & Water Conduits
 Design approach

• Where does the wastewater come from?

• How much wastewater flow is there going to

be?

• How is the wastewater going to be removed

and treated?
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMBINED AND SEPARATE
SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
Sl. Combined System Separate System
No.
1 Domestic sewage + Industrial Flows are carried in separate pipes
flow in one pipe
2 Simpler in its arrangements and There are two laterals in each street
its operation
3 Sewer size is big Main sewer is smaller
4 Possibility of settlement of solid Flushed daily automatically
in dry weather
5 Suitable for the countries where Suitable for arid countries
rainfall is distributed all over the
year.
6 Because high volume, cost of Cost of treatment is less.
treatment is high.
Infiltration to Sanitary Sewer System
Infiltration and Inflow
 Infiltration and Inflow
• Infiltration occurs when groundwater seeps into sewer pipes
through cracks, leaky pipe joints and/or deteriorated
manholes.
• Inflow is stormwater that enters the sewer system through
rain leaders, basement sump pumps or foundation drains
illegally connected to the sewer.
• Together, inflow and infiltration place a burden on collection
systems and wastewater treatment facilities.
Infiltration to Sanitary Sewer System
Sewer Hydraulics
Sewer Sections
Hydraulic Element Diagram
Check of Velocity: self-cleansing condition

Vpartial/VFS

• If 0.6 m/s ≤ Vpartial ≤ 2.5 to 3 m/s OK, keep pipe size

• If not The pipe size should be adjusted or the

slope should be slightly increased
 Sewer Design Approach
Design all the branch sewers, main sewers and trunk sewers, starting from the farthest point in
the network and based on the following considerations:
1. Estimation of wastewater design flow rates, Q (based on population, service
area, infiltration, peak factor etc)
--The sewer should run 0.8 full at the design ultimate peak flow
2. Selection of design parameters
(a) Hydraulic design equation- (i) Gravity Sewer-Mannings’, Chezy’s Eqn (V=
𝑪√(𝑹𝑺) etc,
(ii) Pressure Sewer- Hazen-William Eqn (V= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝑪𝑹𝟎.𝟔𝟑 𝑺𝟎.𝟓𝟒 )
(b) Alternative sewer pipe materials
(c) Minimum Sizes (i.e. 200 mm)
(d) Sewer Slope should be more than the minm practicable slope, 0.0008m/m
(e) Design life is 30 years
(f) Velocity of flow in Sewer
i) A self cleansing velocity (0.75m/s) is maintained at present peak flow to
prevent deposition
ii) Minimum velocity of 0.6 m/s is obtained to maintain flow in sewer
iii) Maximum velocity (Scouring velocity) should not be beyond 3 m/s to
avoid sewer damage
3. Selection of appropriate sewer appurtenances
4. Evaluation of alternative alignments
Minimum Sewer flow Velocity
 Estimation of Flow rate, Q

Design water consumption in Bangladesh = 150 LPCD (litre per

capita per day, BNBC,2020)

The dry weather flowrate is slightly less than the per capita
water consumption
In well-paved and well-developed areas, Conservative estimate is
80% of water consumption rate
Design wastewater flow = 120 LPCD
Variations in Flow and Peak Factor Time
 Sewer-Gravity Flow

• Least expensive method

of operation
• Gravity sewers are
never full
• More vulnerable to H2S
corrosion
 Conventional Gravity Sewer
• Manholes spaced 90-150 m
• Designed to transport solids
• Uniform Slope between manholes
– Sewer size Minimum slope (m/100 m)
– 8-inch (200) 0.40
– 10-inch (250) 0.28
– 12-inch 0.22
– 14-inch 0.17
– 16-inch 0.14
– 18-inch 0.12
– 24-inch 0.08
Conventional Gravity Sewer
 Conventional Gravity Sewer
Alignment: 24-inch sewers -600 (or smaller) should be laid
with straight alignment between manholes.

Changes in pipe size: When a smaller sewer joins a larger

one (at a manhole), the invert (bottom) of the larger sewer
should be lowered sufficiently to overcome head losses. An
approximate method is to place the 0.8 depth point of both
sewers at the same elevation.

0.8 depths are aligned

Sewer Materials: many types, materials and bedding shall

prevent damage from external loads, and joints shall prevent
leakage
 Manholes

* Located at changes in sewer size, direction, or slope

* Or every 90 – 150 m

* Provides access for maintenance (cleanout, etc.)

* Problematic because of Infiltration and Inflow (I&I)

Different Types of Sewer
 Small Diameter Gravity Sewer Systems

• Wastewater flows from home to interceptor

(septic) tank where settleable solids and
grease are removed
• Wastewater flows by gravity to central
collector pipe
• Central collector pipe can flow full in certain
areas
• Pipe sizes are typically 4 and 6-inch diameter
(100 – 150 mm)
Small Diameter Sewer Layout
Pipe will flow full, under pressure in these areas
 When will H2S develop in Sewer?
In warm areas, H2S (Hydrogen
Sulphide) will often develop as
wastewater is transported to
sewers laid at minimum slopes.
The development of H2S can
cause,
(i) odor problems,
(ii) lead to the deterioration of
materials containing cement, and
(iii) results in the precipitation as
sulfides of trace metals needed
for proper bacterial growth in
biological treatment systems.
 Sewer Corrosion
Sewer Corrosion is an Important Cause of Sewerage
Failure – Acid Attack
o Takes place when low pH waste, usually industrial wastewater
comes in contact with the concrete sewer structure.
o Corrosion is easily identifiable due to its propensity of
attacking below the wastewater level or anywhere the
wastewater contacts the cement structure on a regular basis.
 Sewer Corrosion – Hydrogen Sulfide
Sulfide attack, hydrogen sulfide corrosion or simply sulfide
corrosion.
– Extremely costly problem.
– Closely related to acid attack in that they both involve sulfuric acid
attacking the structures.
– However, hydrogen sulfide corrosion can be found above the
wastewater surface, usually in the crown of the pipe and is caused
mainly by biological processes.
– Slow moving sewage allows anaerobic bacteria to reduce sulfate ions
to sulfide ions.
– Corrosion occurs when the produced H2S gas condenses on the sewer
crown.
– Condensate oxidized by aerobic bacterium into H2SO4.
– The resulting sulfuric acid destroys the concrete above the
normal wastewater level in the pipe.
H2S/Sulphide Generation
H2S/Sulphide Generation
H2S/Sulphide Generation
H2S/Sulphide Generation
Example: H2S/Sulphide Generation
Example: H2S/Sulphide Generation
 Sewer Ventilation
• Ventilation in sewers is needed to avoid
(i) the danger of asphyxiation of sewer
maintenance employees,
(ii) the buildup of odorous gases, and
(iii) the development of mixtures of sewer gases,
principally methane and oxygen
Nomograph
 Sewer Design Using Manning equation
Many formulas are used to solve the flow parameters in sewers were discussed in the hydraulic
course. The most used formula for sanitary sewers is Manning equation:

2 1
1 …………………………………………………. …...(1)
V = R 3 S 2
n
8 1
0 . 312 ………………………………………………...(2)
Q = D 3 S 2
n
R = Hydraulic radius (Area/ wetted parameter) Note: Equation 1 is used for calculating the
S = slope. velocity in pipes either flowing full or
n = manning coefficient. partially full. Equation 2 same for flow rate.
D = pipe diameter.
Q = flow rate.
1
1 2
V = R 3 S 2 …………………………………………………………..…..(3)
f n f
Vƒ = velocity flowing full
1 VP = velocity flowing partially
1 2
Vp = Rp3 S 2 ………………………………………………………..…….(4)
n
Note: Equations 3 and 4 are the same as Equation 1, but they are written using the subscript (ƒ)
and (P), to indicate flowing full and partially full, respectively:
In sanitary sewers the flow is not constant; consequently the depth of flow is varying as
mentioned above. In this case it is difficult to find the hydraulic radius to apply Manning’s
equation. For partially full pipe the following relations are applied:
d 1   
=  1 − cos  ……………………… (5)
D 2  2 

Ap   Sin  
=  −  …………………… (6)
Af  360 2  D
Ө
Rp  360 Sin  
= 1 −  ……………………..(7)
Rf  2   d
2
V  R  3
=  
p p

V  R  …………………………… (8)
f  f 
Q  A V 
p
=  p p
 ………………………….(9)
Q  A V 
f  f f 
D
d = partial flow depth. Ө
R = Hydraulic radius (P = partial, ƒ = full) d
Ө = flow angle in degrees.
Maximum capacity of the pipe when d/D = 0.95
A = Flow area.
Maximum velocity in the pipe occurs at d/D=0.81
 Example 1
Find the diameter of the pipe required to carry a design flow of 0.186 m3/s when
flowing partially, d/D = 0.67, slope = 0.4%, n = 0.013 use the relations of partial flow.
Solution
1. Find the flow angle : ?
d 1   
=  1 − cos  = 0.67
D 2  2 

From this relation ? = 219.75o

2. Find Qp/Qƒ :
Rp  360 Sin    360 Sin 219 . 75 
= 1 −  =  1 −  = 1.167
Rf  2    2 (219 . 75 ) 

Ap   Sin    219 . 75 Sin 219 . 75 

D
=  −  =  − = 0.712 Ө
Af  360 2   360 2  d
2
V  R  3
=  
p p

V  R  = (1.167)2/3 = 1.1088
f  f 
Q  A V 
p
=  p p
 = 0.712*1.1088 = 0.789
Q  A V 
f  f f 
3. Calculate Qƒ:
Q
Qƒ = P = 0 . 186 = 0.2355 m3/s
0 . 789 0 . 789
4. Find the diameter of the pipe (D):

8 1 8 1
0 . 312 0 . 312 2
Q
f
= D 3 S 2
= D 3 (0 . 004 ) = 0.2355
n 0 . 013
D = (0.15517)3/8 = 0.497 ? 0.50m ? 20" (design pipe diameter)

5. Find the partial flow velocity (VP):

It is noticed that it is
1
1 2
1
1  0.497  3
2 quite long procedure to
(0.004)
2
V = R 3 S2 = V =   = 1.203 m/s go through the above
f n f f 0.013 4 
calculations for each pipe
Q in the system of large
f 0.2355  D2
A = = = 0.196 m (or A f =
2
) numbers of pipes. The
f V 1.203 4
f alternative procedure is
Ap = Aƒ *0.712 = 0.196* 0.712 = 0.139 m2 to use the nomographs of
Mannings equation and
the partial flow curves.
Vp = Vƒ *1.109 = 1.203*1.109= 1.33 m/s
 Example 2
Find the diameter of the pipe required to carry a design flow of 0.186 m3/s when
flowing partially, d/D = 0.67, slope = 0.4%, n = 0.013 using the nomographs and partial
flow curves .
Solution
From partial flow curves:
d
• Start from the Y-axis with  = 0 . 67 , and draw a
D
horizontal line until you intersect the Q curve (for n = constant,
the dashed line), then draw a vertical line to intersect the X-
Q
axis at  P = 0 . 78 .
Q
f
• Extend the horizontal line until it intersects the velocity curve,
then draw a vertical line to intersect the X-axis (for n =
V
constant, the dashed line) at  P = 1 . 12 .
V
f
Q
• Calculate Qƒ :  Q f = P = 0 . 186 = 0 . 238 m3/s
0 . 78 0 . 78
Ex 02: Using Partial Flow Curve
Using Nomograph
Use the nomographs for pipes flowing full to find D:
• Locate the slope ( 0.004) on the “S” axis.
• Locate the manning coefficient “n” ( 0.013) on the “n” axis.
• Draw a line connecting “S” and “n” and extended it until it intersects
the Turning Line.
• Locate the Qƒ ( 0.238 m3/s) on the “Q” axis.
• Draw a line connecting “Qƒ” and the point of intersection on the
Turning Line and find the diameter “D” by reading the value that this
line intersect the D axis at. D = 500 mm = 20”.
• find the Velocity “Vƒ” by reading the value that this line intersect the V
axis at. Vƒ = 1.2 m/s.
• Calculate Vp = Vƒ * 1.12 = 1.2*1.12= 1.34 m/s.
Example: Trunk Sewer Design
Partial Flow Theorem
Partial Flow Theorem
Partial Flow Theorem
For a Sewer of Diameter 300 mm, depth of flow is
0.3 times the full depth on a gradient ensuring a
degree of self-cleansing equivalent to that
obtained in a sewer of diameter 300 mm in which
full depth flow velocity is 0.9 m/s. Find the
required gradient and velocity at partial depth if
n=0.013.