DSMA 130/ CHAPTER 2

2.2 INTEGRAL

Integration is a branch of calculus which involved the reverse process of differentiation. In today’s
world of modern science and technology, integration is used in many fields in measuring areas and
volumes of objects which are difficult to be calculated using formulae, such as the surface area and
volume of a gemstone.

2.2.1 Introduction

The process of integration reverses the process of differentiation. Differentiation is a process of

dy
moving from f(x) or y (y is considered a function of x ) to f’(x) or . The reverse process of it,i.e.
dx
dy
integration, is moving from f’(x) or to f(x) or y.
dx

Integral Notation

dy x2 x2 x2
If  f ' ( x), we write y   f '( x)dx. Consider y   1, y   7, y   2.3, etc.
dx 2 2 2

dy
In each case,  x.
dx

The function x2 that is integrated

is known as integrand.
Thus, y   x dx

x2
y  c, where c is an arbitrary constant.
2

x2
is known as the the anti-derivative of x2 and c is the constant of integration.
2

2.2.2 General rule and notation

A. Constant Rule

 kdx  kx  c

Example 1

Evaluate

a)  3dx 3x  c
1 1
b)   2 dx   2 x  c

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DSMA 130/ CHAPTER 2

c)  dz  z  c
B. Power Rule

x n1 kxn1
 x dx   c, n  1  kx dx   c, n  1
n n
and
n 1 n 1

Example 2

Integrate with respect to x

a) 3x 5
3
2
b) 2x
6
c)
x

Solution:

 3x dx
5 3 1
a) 6 
b)  2 x 2 dx c)  x
dx   6 x 2 dx
6
3x
 c 3
2
1
Expressing in the form of
6 2x
 c negative index first.
3
1
x n 1 2
 x dx  c
n 1
 1
n 1 5x 2
 c
5 1
2x2  1
 x6  c  c 2
5
1
2 2
5x
 c
4
5 1
 x c
2
2
5
= 10 x  c

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DSMA 130/ CHAPTER 2

C. Indefinite integrals

Properties of the indefinite integral

d
dx 
Rule 1 f ( x) dx  f ( x)

Rule 2  m f ( x) dx  m f ( x)dx, where m is a real number

Rule 3  [ f ( x)  g ( x)]dx   f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx
x n1
 x dx   c, n  1
n
Rule 4
n 1

Example 3

Evaluate the integrals.

 (x  x  (5z  4 z
2 3
a. )dx b. )dz
Solution: Solution:

 ( x  x )dx  (5z  4 z )dz

2 3

  xdx   x 2
dx   5z dz   4 z dz 3
Rule 3 Rule 3
x x2 3
 5 z dz  4 z dz 3

 c Rule 2
= 2 3 Rule 4
5z 2 4 z 4
  c
2 4 ~ Simplify Rule 4

5z 2
  z4  c
2
t 2  4t 4 1
c.  t 4 dt
d.  x(4 x  x )dx
Solution: Solution:

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DSMA 130/ CHAPTER 2

Exercise 2

Find the indefinite integrals below.

 (x
1 4 1 5
1.
3
 x 4  2 x  5)dx ans : x  x  x 2  5x  c
4 5
3
1 2 2 2 1 1
2.
 ( x  x 2  x 3  4)dx ans : x   2  4x  c
3 x x
1 1 
  x  x  2 x x 4 dx 1 4 1 2 1 6
3. ans : x  x  x c

3
4 2 3
u 2  3u  1
4.  u 4 du ans : 
1

u 2u
3
2
1
 3 c
3u
(4  x)(4  x) 16
5.
 x2
dx ans: 
x
xc

D. The definite integral

Properties of the definite integral

 f ( x)dx  0
a

b b

 cf ( x)dx  c  f ( x)dx
a a

b a


a
f ( x)dx    f ( x)dx
b

If a <z < b,

z b b

 f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx

a z a

Example 4

8
Given  f ( x)dx  3,
2
find

8 8
a)  3 f ( x)dx  3 f ( x)dx  3(3)  9
2 2

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DSMA 130/ CHAPTER 2

E. Trigonometric rules

d
dx
(sin x)  cos x  cos xdx  sin x
d
dx
(cos x)   sin x  sin x dx   cos x
d
 sec x dx  tan x
2
(tan x)  sec 2 x
dx
d
dx
(sec x)  sec x tan x  sec x tan x dx  sec x
d
dx
(csc x)   csc x cot x  csc x cot x dx   csc x
d
 csc x dx   cot x
2
(cot x)   csc 2 x
dx
Example 5

Evaluate the integrals.

a)  (5x  4 sin x)dx b)  (4 sin x  sec x tan x)dx

Solution: Solution:

 (5x  4 sin x)dx

  5x dx   4 sin x dx

 (2 cos t  4 sec  (3 csc

2 2
c) t )dt d) x)dx
Solution: Solution:

ans :  2 sin t  4 tan t  c ans : 3 cot x +C

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DSMA 130/ CHAPTER 2

F. Integration with substitution

Procedure for integration with Substitution

Step 1: Make a choice for u, say u = g(x)

du
Step 2: Compute  g ' ( x)
dx
Step 3: Make the substitution u = g(x) , du =g’(x) dx
At this stage, the entire integral must be in terms of u : no x’s should remain. If this
not the case, try the different choice of u.
Step 4: Evaluate the resulting integral.
Step 5: Replace u by g(x) , so the final answer is in the terms of x.

Example 6.

Use an appropriate substitution to evaluate the indefinite integrals.

 (x  1)10 2 x dx  (8  2x)
2 5
a) dx
b)

Solution: Solution:

Step 1: Step 1:

Let u  x 2  1 Let u  8  2 x
du du
du
 2 x,
du
 dx  2,  dx
dx 2
dx 2x
Step 2:
Step 2:

 (8  2x)
5

 (x
2
 1)10 2 x dx dx
du
  u5 
du 2
u 2x 
10

2x
1
2
u 11  u 5 du
 c
11
1 u 6  u6
Step 3:      c
2 6  12
substitute back u  x 2  1

Step 3:
( x 2  1)11
= c
11 Substitute back u  8  2x

(8  2 x) 6
= c
12

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DSMA 130/ CHAPTER 2

G. Logarithmic Rules

d 1
(ln x) 
dx x
1
 x dx  ln x  c
1
 u du  ln u  c

Example 7:

Evaluate the following:

1 8x  2
a)
 4  3xdx b)
 4x 2
 2x  1
dx
Solution:
Solution:

Step 1 :

Let u = 4 -3x

du du
 3 ,  dx
dx 3
Step 2 :

1 du 1 1
 u   3   3  u du
1
= ln u  c
3

Step 3 :

Substitute back u =4-3x

1
=  ln 4  3x  c
3

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DSMA 130/ CHAPTER 2

H. Exponential Rules

 e dx  e c  e dx  e c
x x u u

ax au
 a dx  c  a du  c
x u

ln a ln a

Example 8:

Evaluate

e 1 u
3x

3
a) dx = e du
1
Solution: = eu  c
3
Step 1:
Step 3:
Let u = 3x
du Substitute back u = 3x
du/dx = 3, du = 3 dx  dx
3
1 3x
= e c
Step 2: 3

e
3x
dx

du

= eu 
3

2.2.3 Integration using partial fractions

This is a method of integrating the product of two functions. Let the two functions of x be u and v.

d dv du
(uv)  u v
dx dx dx

Integrating both sides, we have

dv du
uv   u dx   v dx
dx dx

Therefore, the formula of integration by parts is

dv du
 u dx dx  uv   v dx dx

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DSMA 130/ CHAPTER 2

Example 9

 4 xe
2x
Find dx.

Solution:

Using the formula:

dv du
 u dx dx  uv   v dx dx

Differentiation: Integration:

Let u  4x dv
Let  e 2 x dx
dx
du e2x
then 4 then v  
dv
dx   e dx 
2x
dx dx 2

u dv/dx u v v du/dx

 1 2x   1 2x 
    e     e   (4)dx
2x
4 xe dx. ( 4 x )
2  2 

= 2 xe
2x
  2e2 x dx

1 2x
= 2 xe 2 x  2  e c
2
= 2 xe 2 x  e2 x  c (simplify)

Exercise 3

Find each of the following indefinte integrals by using integration by parts.

 xe  x cos xdx
x
a) dx e)

 x ln xdx x e
2 2x
b) f) dx

1
c) x 2
ln xdx

d)  x sin 2 xdx

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DSMA 130/ CHAPTER 2

4.3 Definite integrals

b
The definite integral of a function f from a to b is denoted by  f ( x)dx. In this notation, the alongated
a

 is called an integral sign, f(x) is called an integrand, dx is called a differential of x, a is called the
lower limit of integration and b is called the upper limit of integration.

A definite integral can be evaluated using a part of the fundamental theorem of calculus as follows.

If a function f is continuous on [a,b] and F is any antiderivative of f, then the definite integral of f from
ato b is given by
b

 f ( x)dx.  F (b)  F (a)

a

Example:

Evaluate the following:

2 2
a)  xdx
0
b)  x  1dx
1
Solution: Solution:

2
2
 x2  22 02
0 xdx =  
 2 0

2

2
2

(ans: 6.979)

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