Course Code:
NPEC208
Course Title
Production Engineering - I
Course Instructor
Prof. Pawan
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Gupta
Course Code: NPEC208
Date: 5/1/2026
Well equipment: Christmas Tree, Valves, Hangers, Flow control device, Packers, Tubulars and flow lines, Surface and
Subsurface choke.
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Course Code: NPEC208
Date: 5/1/2026
T1) Christmas Tree
• A Christmas tree is an assembly of valves, spools, and fittings installed
on top of a well after drilling and completion.
• The main components of Christmas tree are swab valve, wing valve, master
valve and choke.
• Significance of Christmas tree:
1. Control and shut in the well
2. Regulate pressure and flow rate
3. Safely direct hydrocarbons to pipelines or facilities
4. Provide access for well interventions and monitoring
• Types of Christmas tree completion:
1. Dry tree completion.
2. Wet Tree completion.
Fig 1:Schematic of Christmas tree and wellhead assembly
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(Heriott watt)
Course Code: NPEC208
T2) Valves Date: 5/1/2026
Valves
Safety Valves Flow Valves
SCSSV
SSV Swab valve Master valve Kill valve Wing valve
SSCSSV
Flow Valves:
Swab Valve: Production Wing Valve:
•Provides vertical access to the wellbore Production wing valve directs flow to the pipeline or choke
•Used for wireline, slickline, coiled tubing, or swabbing
operations
Master Valve Kill Wing Valve:
•Primary safety valves that can completely shut in the well It is used to inject kill mud, workover fluids ,chemical
•Usually two: lower master (main barrier) and upper master etc. 4
(backup)
Course Code: NPEC208
Safety Valves Date: 5/1/2026
[Link] safety valve (SSV):
• A Surface Safety Valve (SSV) is a fail-safe valve installed on the surface production system to automatically shut in a well
• during abnormal or emergency conditions.
• It is located at downstream of production wing valve.
• It can be operated hydraulically, pneumatically and electrically.
• Main purpose is to isolate the surface facilities and protect it during abnormal flow condition.
2. Subsurface safety valve (SSSV):
Subsurface Safety Valves are installed inside the production tubing / upstream of Christmas tree to automatically shut off well
Flow.
a) SCSSSV (Surface controlled subsurface safety valve):
• Controlled from the surface using a hydraulic control line. Valve stays open with hydraulic pressure.
b) SSCSSSV (Sub-surface controlled subsurface safety valve):
• It mainly depends of well flowing pressure. No hydraulic control line needed.
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Course Code: NPEC208
Practice Problems: Date: 5/1/2026
1) Calculate the fail close setting depth of subsurface safety valve with hydraulic control line fluid (S.G=1.3) a recorded valve
Closure pressure of 1500 psi and a recommended safety margin of 150 psi.
2) A hydraulic line of subsurface safety valve has fluid specific gravity 1.2 to operate valve. The valve closing pressure is
1200 psia and recommended safety margin is 200 psia. The maximum depth valve can be positioned is ? (ft)
3) Required surface pressure to open the valve. Calculate the surface pressure to open the valve. If the opening pressure is 1800
psi. the opening margin is 500 psi, the setting depth 2000 ft. (assume SG=0.87) and the shut in pressure at this depth 4700 psi
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Course Code: NPEC208
T3) Hangers: Date: 5/1/2026
Hangers:
A components helps to suspend the casing or tubing from the well
head to designed depth.
1) Casing Hangers.
2) Tubing Hangers.
1) Casing Hanger:
•It sits in the casing head or wellhead housing.
•It carries the weight of the casing string and seals the annular space
between casing strings.
•Often includes pack-off seals to maintain pressure control.
2) Tubing Hanger:
•A tubing hanger is used to support and suspend the production tubing.
•It is installed inside the tubing head, above the casing hanger.
•Provides sealing between the tubing and casing annulus.
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Fig2: Schematic of Well head assembly
Course Code: NPEC208
Date: 5/1/2026
Fig 4: Schematic of Casing head assembly
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Fig 3: Schematic Tubing head assembly
Course Code: NPEC208
Solutions: Date: 5/1/2026
1. Given:
Calculate fail close depth=? (ft) 3. Given:
S.G of hydraulic fluid= 1.3 Tubing pressure= 4700 psi
Opening pressure= 1500 psi opening pressure= 1800 psi
Safety margin= 150 psi Opening margin = 500 psi
setting depth= 2000 ft
𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒−𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 S.G of hydraulic fluid= 0.87
Operating depth= 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 ∗0.433 Surface pressure=?
1350
Operating depth= 0.5629
Operating depth= 2398.294 ft Ptubing+ P opening+ P OM = Phydraulic + P surface
4700+ 1800+500 = 0.433*0.87*2000+ Psurface
2. Calculate fail close depth=? (ft) P surface= 6246.58 psi
S.G of hydraulic fluid= 1.2
Opening pressure= 1200 psi
Safety margin= 200 psi
𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒−𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛
Operating depth= 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 ∗0.433
1000
Operating depth= 0.5196
Operating depth= 1924.55 ft 9