Journal of Siberian Federal University.

Mathematics & Physics 2025, 18(1), 5–13

EDN: ACYSPC
УДК 517.5
Certain Integral Formulas Involving Products of Two
Incomplete Beta Functions
Ahmed Ali Atash∗
Department of Mathematics
Faculty of Education – Shabwah
Shabwah University
Yemen

Received 10.08.2024, received in revised form 11.09.2024, accepted 24.10.2024

Abstract. The aim of this paper is to obtain some integral formulas involving products of two incomplete
beta functions in terms of general triple hypergeometric series and Kampé de Fériet function. Some new
particular integral formulas involving the incomplete beta function are also calculated as an application
of our main results with the help of Whipple, Dixon and extension of Dixon summation theorems.
Keywords: incomplete beta function, Integral formulas, Kampé de Fériet function, General triple
hypergeometric series.
Citation: [Link], Certain Integral Formulas Involving Products of Two Incomplete
Beta Functions, J. Sib. Fed. Univ. Math. Phys., 2025, 18(1), 5–13. EDN: ACYSPC.

1. Introduction
The generalized hypergeometric function p Fq with p numerator parameters and q denominator
parameters (p and q are positive integers or zero and z is complex variable) is defined by (see
[10, 11])
[ ] ∑ ∞
a1 ,...,ap ; (a1 )n ...(ap )n z n
p Fq z = , (1)
b1 ,...,bq ; (b1 )n ...(bq )n n!
n=0
where (λ)n denotes the Pochhammer’s symbol defined by
{
1 , (n=0)
(λ)n =
λ(λ+1)(λ+2)...(λ+n−1) , (n∈N)

Γ(λ+n)
= , (λ ∈ C\Z−
0) (2)
Γ(λ)
and Γ(λ) is the gamma function defined by
∫ ∞
Γ(λ)= tλ−1 e−t dt, ℜ(λ)>0. (3)
0

The classical beta function B(a,b) is defined by (see [11])

∫ 1



 ta−1 (1−t)b−1 dt , ℜ(a)>0, ℜ(b)>0,
 0
B(a,b)= (4)



 Γ(a)Γ(b)
 , a,b̸= 0,−1,−2,... .
Γ(a+b)
∗ ah-a-atash@[Link]

⃝
c Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved

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 Ahmed Ali Atash Certain Integral Formulas Involving Products of Two . . .

The incomplete beta function is defined as follows [8]:

∫ z
Bz (a,b)= ta−1 (1−t)b−1 dt, 06z 61, a,b>0. (5)
0

Further, the substitution t=sin2 (θ) gives

∫ arcsin √z
Bz (a,b)=2 sin2a−1 (θ)cos2b−1 (θ)dθ. (6)
0
The hypergeometric representation of incomplete beta function is given by [8]
Bz (a,b)=a−1 z a 2 F1 [a,1−b;a+1;z]. (7)
Also, we recalling the following formulas for the incomplete beta function [7]:
Bz (a,b)=B(a,b)−B1−z (b,a), (8)
za
Bz (1,1)=z, Bz (a,1)= . (9)
a
p:q;k
The Kampé de Fáriet function of two variables Fl:m;n [x,y] is defined and represented as follows
[10, 11]:
 
p : q ; k (ap ) : (bq ) ; (ck ) ;
F  x , y
l : m ; n (αl ) : (βm ) ; (γn ) ;

∏
p ∏
q ∏
k
∞ (aj )r+s (bj )r (cj )s
∑ j=1 j=1 j=1 xr y s
= . (10)
r,s=0
∏
l ∏
m ∏
n r! s!
(αj )r+s (βj )r (γj )s
j=1 j=1 j=1

Furthermore, we recall that the general triple hypergeometric series F (3) [x,y,z] is defined by
[10, 11]:
 
(a) :: (b) ; (b′ ) ; (b′′ ) : (c) ; (c′ ) ; (c′′ ) ;
F (3) [x,y,z]=F (3)  x,y,z 
(e) :: (g) ; (g ′ ) ; (g ′′ ) : (h) ; (h′ ) ; (h′′ ) ;
∞
∑ xm y n z p
= Λ(m,n,p) , (11)
m,n,p=0
m! n! p!

where, for convenience,

∏A ∏B ∏B ′ ′ ∏B ′′ ′′
j=1 (aj )m+n+p j=1 (bj )m+n j=1 (bj )n+p j=1 (bj )p+m
Λ(m,n,p)= ∏E ∏G ∏G′ ′ ∏G′′ ′′ ×
j=1 (ej )m+n+p j=1 (gj )m+n j=1 (gj )n+p j=1 (gj )p+m
∏C ∏C ′ ′ ∏C ′′ ′′
j=1 (cj )m j=1 (cj )n j=1 (cj )p
× ∏H ∏H ′ ′ ∏H ′′ ′′ (12)
j=1 (hj )m j=1 (hj )n j=1 (hj )p

and (a) abbreviates the array of A parameters a1 ,a2 ,...,aA , with similar interpretations for
(b),(b′ ),(b′′ ) and so on.
Recently some works for the incomplete beta function with applications have been considered by
several authors, see [1,3,4]. In this paper, we obtain some integral formulas involving products of
two incomplete beta functions. Further, we apply these results with the help of Whipple, Dixon
and extension of Dixon summation theorems to compute some new particular integral formulas
involving incomplete beta function.

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 Ahmed Ali Atash Certain Integral Formulas Involving Products of Two . . .

2. Integral formulas for the incomplete beta function

In this section, we establish four integral formulas involving products of two incomplete beta
functions asserted by the following theorems:

Theorem 2.1. The following integral formula holds true:

∫ x
z k−1 (1−z)p−1 Bz (a,b)Bz (c,d)dz =
0
 
a+c+k a+c+k :: − ; − ; − : a,1−b ; c,1−d ; 1−p ;
x
= F (3)  x,x,x  . (13)
ac(a+c+k)
a+c+k+1 :: − ; − ; − : a+1 ; c+1 ; − ;

Proof. Denoting the left hand side of (13) by L, replacing the two incomplete beta functions
by their hypergeometric representations given in (7), expanding the two 2 F1 in a power series,
changing the order of summation and integration and using (5), we get
∫ x
L= z k−1 (1−z)p−1 Bz (a,b)Bz (c,d)dz =
0
∞
1 ∑ (a)m (1−b)m (c)n (1−d)n
= Bx (a+c+k+m+n,p). (14)
ac m,n=0 (a+1)m (c+1)n m!n!

Again, replacing the incomplete beta function in the right hand side of (14) by its hypergeometric
representation given in (7) and expanding 2 F1 in a power series we have
∫ x
L= z k−1 (1−z)p−1 Bz (a,b)Bz (c,d)dz =
0
∞
1 ∑ (a)m (1−b)m (c)n (1−d)n xm xn
= ×
ac m,n=0 (a+1)m (c+1)n m!n!

∞
∑ (a+c+k+m+n)s (1−p)s xs
xa+c+k
× . (15)
a+c+k+m+n s=0 (a+c+k+1+m+n)s s!

Finally, by using the following identities:

a (a)m
= , (16)
a+m (a+1)m

(a)m+n =(a)m (a+m)n , (17)

we get the right hand side of (13).This completes the proof of Theorem 2.1.

Corollary 2.1. For c=d=1 in Theorem 2.1 yields the following result:
∫ x
z k−1 (1−z)p−1 Bz (a,b)dz =
0
 
a+k 1:2;1 a+k : a,1−b ; 1−p ;
x 
= F x , x . (18)
a(a+k)
1 : 1 ; 0 a+k+1 : a+1 ; − ;

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 Ahmed Ali Atash Certain Integral Formulas Involving Products of Two . . .

Theorem 2.2. The following integral formula holds true:

∫ x
z k−1 (1−z)p−1 Bz (a,b)B1−z (c,d)dz =
0
 
1:2;1 a+k : a,1−b ; 1−p ;
B(c,d)xa+k 
= F x , x −
a(a+k)
1 : 1 ; 0 a+k+1 : a+1 ; − ;
 
a+d+k :: − ; − ; − : a,1−b ; d,1−c ; 1−p ;
xa+d+k
− F (3)  x,x,x  . (19)
ad(a+d+k)
a+d+k+1 :: − ; − ; − : a+1 ; d+1 ; − ;

Proof. Denoting the left hand side of (19) by L and then applying the result (8), we have
∫ x
L= z k−1 (1−z)p−1 Bz (a,b)B1−z (c,d)dz =
0
∫ x
= z k−1 (1−z)p−1 Bz (a,b)(B(c,d)−Bz (d,c))dz =
0
∫ x ∫ x
=B(c,d) z k−1 (1−z)p−1 Bz (a,b)dz− z k−1 (1−z)p−1 Bz (a,b)Bz (d,c)dz
0 0

Now, using (13) and (18), we obtain the desired result.

If we use the same technique as in the proof of the integral (13) asserted in the Theorem 2.1,
we have the following theorem:

Theorem 2.3. The following integral formula holds true:

∫ 1
z k−1 (1−z)p−1 Bz (a,b)B1−z (c,d)dz =
0
 
0:3;3 − : a,1−b,a+k ; c,1−d,c+p ;
B(a+k,c+p) 
= F 1 , 1 . (20)
ac
1 : 1 ; 1 a+c+k+p : a+1 ; c+1 ;

Corollary 2.2. For c=d=1 in Theorem 2.3 yields the following result:
∫ 1
z k−1 (1−z)p−1 Bz (a,b)dz =
0
 
a,1−b,a+k ;
B(a+k,p) 
= 3 F2 1 . (21)
a
a+1,a+k+p ;

Corollary 2.3. For a=b=1 in Theorem 2.3 yields the following result:
∫ 1
z k−1 (1−z)p−1 B1−z (c,b)dz =
0
 
c,1−d,c+p ;
B(k,c+p) 
= 3 F2 1 . (22)
c
c+1,c+k+p ;

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 Ahmed Ali Atash Certain Integral Formulas Involving Products of Two . . .

Theorem 2.4. The following integral formula holds true:

∫ 1
z k−1 (1−z)p−1 Bz (a,b)Bz (c,d)dz=
0
 
a,1−b,a+k ;
B(c,d)B(a+k,p) 
= 3 F2 1−
a
a+1,a+k+p ;
 
0:3;3 − : a,1−b,a+k ; d,1−c,d+p ;
B(a+k,d+p) 
− F 1 , 1 . (23)
ad
1 : 1 ; 1 a+d+k+p : a+1 ; d+1 ;

Proof. Denoting the left hand side of (23) by L and then applying the result (8), we have
∫ 1
L= z k−1 (1−z)p−1 Bz (a,b)Bz (c,d)dz =
0
∫ 1
= z k−1 (1−z)p−1 Bz (a,b)(B(c,d)−B1−z (d,c))dz =
0
∫ 1 ∫ 1
k−1 p−1
=B(c,d) z (1−z) Bz (a,b)dz− z k−1 (1−z)p−1 Bz (a,b)B1−z (d,c)dz
0 0

Now, using (20) and (21), we obtain the desired result.

Corollary 2.4. For k=p=1 in Theorem 2.4 yields the following result:
∫ 1
Bz (a,b)Bz (c,d)dz =
0
 
a,1−b,a+c+1 ;
B(d,a+c+1) 
=B(c,d)B(a,b+1)− 3 F2 1 . (24)
a(a+1)
a+2,a+c+d+1 ;

Remark 2.1. Note that

∫ 1
Bz (a,b)B1−z (c,d)dz =
0
 
a,1−b,a+d+1 ;
B(c,a+d+1) 
= 3 F2 1 . (25)
a(a+1)
a+2,a+c+d+1 ;

Corollary 2.5. For k=2, p=1 in Theorem 2.4 yields the following result:
∫ 1
1
zBz (a,b)Bz (c,d)dz= B(c,d)(B(a,b)−B(a+2,b))−
0 2
 
a,1−b,a+2,a+c+2 ;
B(d,a+c+2) 
− 4 F3 1 . (26)
a(a+2)
a+1,a+3,a+c+d+2 ;

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 Ahmed Ali Atash Certain Integral Formulas Involving Products of Two . . .

Remark 2.2. Note that

∫ 1
zBz (a,b)B1−z (c,d)dz =
0
 
a,1−b,a+2,a+d+2 ;
B(c,a+d+2) 
= 4 F3 1 . (27)
a(a+2)
a+1,a+3,a+c+d+2 ;

3. Some particular integrals with examples

In this section, we compute some particular integrals involving the incomplete beta function
as an applications of our main results given in Section 2.
I. Taking p=1 in (18) and using the following result [9]:
      
a,b,c ; a,b ; a,c ;
 1
3 F2 x = c 2 F1  x  −b 2 F1  x  , (28)
c−b
b+1,c+1 ; b+1 ; c+1 ;

thus, after considering the result (7) we obtain the following integral formula:
∫ x
1
z k−1 Bz (a,b)dz= [xk Bx (a,b)−Bx (a+k,b)]. (29)
0 k
1 3
Example 3.1. For x= , a=b= , k=2 in (29), we get
2 2
∫ 12 ( )
3 3 1 π
zBz , dz= − . (30)
0 2 2 48 512
1 3
Example 3.2. For x= , a=b= , k=3 in (29), we get
4 2
∫ 14 ( ) √
3 3 27 3 13π
2
z Bz , dz = − . (31)
0 2 2 5120 4608
Remark 3.1. For k=1 in (29), we get the well-known result [7]
∫ x
Bz (a,b)dz=xBx (a,b)−Bx (a+1,b). (32)
0

Remark 3.2. For x=1 in (29), we get

∫ 1
1
z k−1 Bz (a,b)dz= [B(a,b)−B(a+k,b)]. (33)
0 k
Further, using (8) in (33), we get
∫ 1
1
z k−1 B1−z (a,b)dz= [B(a,b+k)]. (34)
0 k
1
II. Taking a=b= in (29) and using the result (6), we get
2
∫ √x [ ∫ arcsin √ ]
2k−1 1 √ x
2k
t arcsin t dt= xk arcsin x− sin t dt . (35)
0 2k 0

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 Ahmed Ali Atash Certain Integral Formulas Involving Products of Two . . .

1
Example 3.3. For x= , k=2 in (35), we get
4
∫ 12 √
7 3 5π
3
t arcsin t dt= − . (36)
0 256 384
1
Example 3.4. For x= , k=3 in (35), we get
4
∫ 21 √
3 3 19π
t5 arcsin t dt= − . (37)
0 192 2304

Remark 3.3. For x=1 in (35), we get the well-known result [5]
∫ 1 [ ]
π (2k−1)!!
t2k−1 arcsin t dt= 1− . (38)
0 4k 2k k!

III Taking a=b, c=d in (24) and using classical Whipple theorem for 3 F2 (1) [2], we get
∫ 1
(a+c+ 21 )B(a+c+1, 21 )
Bz (a,a)Bz (c,c)dz=B(c,c)B(a,a+1)− . (39)
0 22(a+c) ac
3 1
Example 3.5. For a= , c= in (39), we get
2 2
∫ 1 ( ) ( )
3 3 1 1 π2 2
Bz , Bz , dz= − . (40)
0 2 2 2 2 16 9
5 1
Example 3.6. For a= , c= in (39), we get
2 2
∫ 1 ( ) ( )
5 5 1 1 3π 2 1
Bz , Bz , dz= − . (41)
0 2 2 2 2 256 25

Remark 3.4. Note that

∫ 1
(a+c+ 21 )B(a+c+1, 12 )
Bz (a,a)Bz−1 (c,c)dz= . (42)
0 22(a+c) ac
3 1
Example 3.7. For a= , c= in (42), we get
2 2
∫ 1 ( ) ( )
3 3 1 1 2
Bz , B1−z , dz= . (43)
0 2 2 2 2 9
5 1
Example 3.8. For a= , c= in (42), we get
2 2
∫ 1 ( ) ( )
5 5 1 1 1
Bz , B1−z , dz= . (44)
0 2 2 2 2 25

IV Taking a=c, b=d in (24) and using classical Dixon theorem for 3 F2 (1) [2], we get
∫ 1 ( )
B(a,b) B(a+ 21 ,b+ 12 )
[Bz (a,b)]2 dz= b B(a,b)− . (45)
0 (a+b) B(a+b+ 12 , 12 )

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 Ahmed Ali Atash Certain Integral Formulas Involving Products of Two . . .

3 1
Example 3.9. For a= , b= in (45), we get
2 2
∫ 1[ ( )]2
3 1 π2 1
Bz , dz= − . (46)
0 2 2 16 3

5 1
Example 3.10. For a= , b= in (45), we get
2 2
∫ 1[ ( )]2
5 1 3π 2 2
Bz , dz= − . (47)
0 2 2 128 15

V Taking a=c, b=d in (26) and using the extension of Dixon theorem for 4 F3 (1) [6], we get
∫ 1 ( )
2 B(a,b) 2 (2a+1)B(a+ 21 ,b+ 12 )
z[Bz (a,b)] dz= (b +2ab+b)B(a,b)− . (48)
0 2(a+b)(a+b+1) B(a+b+ 12 , 21 )

3 1
Example 3.11. For a= , b= in (48), we get
2 2
∫ 1 [ ( )]2
3 1 3π 2 2
z Bz , dz= − . (49)
0 2 2 64 9

5 1
Example 3.12. For a= , b= in (48), we get
2 2
∫ 1 [ ( )]2
5 1 39π 2 1
z Bz , dz= − . (50)
0 2 2 2048 10

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[7] [Link], [Link], [Link], An Atlas of Functions: with equator, the atlas function
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 Ahmed Ali Atash Certain Integral Formulas Involving Products of Two . . .

[8] [Link], [Link], [Link], [Link] (editors), NIST Handbook of Mathemat-

ical Functions, Cambridge University Press, 2010.

[9] [Link], [Link], [Link], Integrals and Series, Vol. 3, More Special
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Некоторые интегральные формулы, включающие

произведения двух неполных бета-функций
Ахмед Али Аташ
Кафедра математики
Факультет образования – Шабва
Университет Шабва
Шабва, Йемен

Аннотация. Целью данной статьи является получение некоторых интегральных формул, включа-
ющих произведения двух неполных бета-функций в терминах общих тройных гипергеометрических
рядов и функции Кампае́ де Фе́риета. Некоторые новые частные интегральные формулы, включа-
ющие неполную бета-функцию, также вычисляются как приложение наших основных результатов
с помощью теорем Уиппла, Диксона и расширения теоремы Диксона о суммировании.
Ключевые слова: неполная бета-функция, интегральные формулы, функция Кампа де Фье, об-
щий тройной гипергеометрический ряд.

– 13 –
Reproduced with permission of copyright owner. Further reproduction
prohibited without permission.