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ASIC CALCIUS
euAealine
ChAPTER1 LIMIrs AND CoNTINUTT9
Lesson 1 Limits 4 functions usino oablc of valyrs
04d qaphs
Limi4 of a:umchon c VCrsu
Nalue oE. aFunction. otC
.Limit. Laws
Limit of Aloebroic: Functiong
Lesson Limis o4 exponennal,.oqrithmic anc
. Teigono me tric fanction
.Limds of 1rdnscendcnialfuaction s
LecsOon continaity ot apoi n.
Con [Link]
CHAPTE F 2 DER IWATIVES#
sson The Tonoent Linc.. to. e , 6raph of a
Function at. aFbint:...
Deinition of erivatives.
LeSson 2piffarenthabiliy. Zmplies continuity
Derivativ«S .9 Alqeoronicxponental,
Loooritmic Triono me tric Functhion
appin pifferentiation Fules
ccson Extreme Valuc Thcovem
Opthmization
Lecson The Chonn Pulc
Lescon S mp licit Piff¢niation
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Felated ratcs
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Chapter 3nicdyaition
LesSon 1TItM6tration 04 Antiderivativc
ofa fun ch on
AntiderivativePolynomial adiol
et ponential nd 4rigonometric fnchons
Lesso 2 Anti ikerentiation by subsitu tion Rulc
CCsson 9 Sitational: obems inolving
and Deca problcmn
LCcson
icman Sums and Te De hinc
IA1eal, Mad anental Theortm of
Calcalu
tsson S DeAnike Ticoal f afncion
sin tht Pndamental Theorem
of Calculus.
Ces son e finic nicora of a fuction
sinSuhs titution kalc
Lesson Arcas. e* [Link] :using
Veiaitc Iorteanals
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CALCLS -is mc mathematical study of chan9e
LTMIT OF FANCTION
Linit The limdL,is The uniauc veal valuc that
)uill approach X approachcs C
lim fx) L tead as he imit of f¬x) as
approctehs Cig L
7 No1dtion
T Mo timid f(x) rom the le-f+ is NOT EGUAL
to Thc limit ffx) from c igh1 h a t i s
lim x ) im fCx then helimit does
x-7
and you wv ite
lin fx) DNE Cdocs oexist
(rmi f x), fromn
Exomplc 1 . cA is EQuAL Tht limit of ¬lx)
Testioatt lim The
X-71 rdat that
is lim fC) tin Ecx) =L
thA te limi4
0. .1 2 EXLSTS and ou
1.6
rit lim f«) zL
.ooo
righ
4Cx)x -9 4x)x-9
o.9 -.1 .
-3.39
.o1g 1-61
o.19 . 0019 1.0o1
.999
O.4411 00o
-?
THE TMIT EXISTS.
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5
N
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SOLNTNG LTMTTS OF A PTECEwTCE PUNCTIoN *
Exomplc 1
1x, . x 22
ind im fx)if f(x) 1
fCx) x f) 2
1. 2
2.1
1. 2.
.q 2.00 2
.91 [Link] 2
3Apt on h eçmos to SCE
x 4 2 : Ixl} 2.1)
:'
yoc m ple 2
e stiaic
im Cx)
x-74 -9 x 4
X 4Cx) 2x 3
Cx) 5x
.5
3. o . 4.o1 .OS
. 00f
l0os
3 1 O. 4 3 4.00o l. Ooss
x< 4 ax t 3}
{ x 2 4 f x -1}
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EYample 3
Tavestiort
timx) * +4 , x <o
Y-6
t x x20
C)x 4 x
6.1 4.61 O.3t
.Oo o.o 6.
0.00 4. boooo o.001 6.a3I
-0.00 4.0ocoood o.00ol o.o1
x 20
ONEIDE0 TMIT
iccessary indina the lim fcx)
considor obseruc te valatS or tAT behavio
t graph rom The eft and
4he righ+
BAT thot aar timcs u h i t is amissiblc *
investiaatc the limitet
C
sincCo are only inNCStiopina the timit from
On side. T+ is
imperchiv to ce h
APPropriottt n tation .
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LePT-HaND LIMIT T6H HAND LIMLT
im f(x) L
exomplc 1
Twe stiopte
fCx)
X71
ndefned o-3G
TAi aA 1.T Umdefined L.01
Kamlc of a 1. undefined 10o O.031
*iqht hdnd [Link] undesined 2.0oo o
undefied
tim 9 -x fCx) X
Y-77
2. 6 31 nde fned
This is a 2 14
3.o Andefned
eft hnd 2. 0-03l
3.00 ndefi ned
timt 2.11aa 3000 wnd eincd
unde inrd
9eterminc 2 - 5
Prom he iaht
DHE T. G.
s.01
.Oo
S.000 5od.07
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Con sidCr c qph: of fCx) helow
Determine e f
.lm DNE
x-71
c.¬Ct) =*2
[Link] f) DNE
. i m{Cx) »4
x72
c. tim fl) DNe
. -1)
t.f4) S
LTMTT LAWS:
The lin i4 f aconst an4 is tself
.lin k k hcrc E " a considant
x-
EKamples
-70 X-7T
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Limid oFc Tdetity Fnehion
xamplts
x-C x- x 71 m
x-
) Constmt ultiplc Theovcm
The init F Thc produc 4of ond canstant
fancti on 5<x) is cqual t the podact Mc
constant and htim4 fCx)
Provded o t lim x
C
i m ( k .fCx)) : im fx)1
Examles
Ay 8
X-7T
: 4 (imx)
Y-7-1
Tlim x
4-2)
4) Additon Thterem
The timi4 of sam ldiffercn+ functio^s is
eqnal t sum (difference 6 ciindividual
imits provided a4 heirmy cxist .
tm[fx) 1 Cx)1 im fCx)4im x)
X-7
ti -gC¥)1 lm C*)-
limCx)
x-C
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Exples
x-5
lim a im lim x
-7-S
2 m x ) t im. 1
2
SuDSTI TUTION PRINCIPLE*
oum hWe notice it, thatgcti he timit
ofafuNcfon be do bu) substitution
Thi S mani fcsted inetimit oficdentituy
FuncfioOn where limi x
In mDs ca4ts, the imi9. FCx) is
of
cqual
40 the vatlae of fCo) Hoeve i s is
NOT
TH tal ction
6) Multiplieation, Thcorem
Th imt -of he
product df tuo functiong
is cqual t h
produc f e ir, limits
Provided ho1
eir mit erist
im [cx) 9Cx)01 lim tcx) ] lim 9Cx))
x-C Y-7
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Exampes
48
im ax (x-5) 49 lim (x -»)(x-S) »
im 2x) tim¥-S) (lim
-
4)(-*) o)(-3)
4 4r
AOTE
Thc additi on and thpicah on +heorcM is
mu 0t imitcd
to funothions. These eorens may be pplied
sumldffercncc nd mu [hplioinon oF..morK
than tuo unctoAS .
2 Division Theorem
The imit f Thcqotien4..o fActions is eq
wo
qoient f their
mits. provdtd toat e i r
imi cxi54 ad the limit of e derominotjor is
i fCx)
limCx)
tim Ex)-
lim 9(*)O
ExOmplcs
lim 2x in 2 *
x-3 Y-79
DNE
imx-3
5
XS
x-1ox* 25
I6indctevminat
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other cxdm plec
X-7
linx- 2 S indeter
-1Ox t 25 x5 mi n o t
im lin (x)**3)2
x5
x-75
x5
C (x-5)
x3
x-25 x S x-75
:St
DNE
d ical Thcorcm
Thi hcorm Says hat the limit o he root
0f aaNCT On is c a u a l t o T c Ah rot of
lini4 fthe fncton provided hat te limit
of func-ion
a
rca numbe
a rtal
mit of c functiom is osTH ve. ifA is evcn
lim Cx) fCx)
x-7C
exompkc s POwe heovem
x in t Cax-).
Y
lim
:i ay 3)
)
-25
4)Power Tncorm
Thc imit of
Mh powcr of a
fancho
is Them po t of the imit of funeion
provided tt heic. Kmit exist
.m Cx)J : im ¬c*)7^
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Examples Radical Theovem
fi tim
X
lim ax +a lim x-5
DNE
LIMIT EXPONENTIAL, LO GRRITA ATC AND TRtgoNOMeTRIC
FuNCTIONS USING TABLE OF VALUEs
Limi of Exponentical Functio n
XPoNENTIAL FNCTI
function inthe orm fCx) b", whee in the
ePponct c ppreesion i Avariabk nd,
any real number such a b>[Link] 6 1.
X: an rcal aumbor
To et hc imi ot the fuction tabc of voales is
needed. A grapk of his rction w
Moke
nderiond ts bchowio
xample 1
Com ptC lim .* TO
fC)
otuot he table 8f
a con 3 0 0o m
find he orrCs ondi ng
Yalucs of fCx) S
c. wha did ypn olos r ve ?. 35
AS A_dpprochc , he 5 B125
AAWTi-
valu dx) incrtagCs thout
bonds,and it s approachin to +0o
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DATE
tKampe 2
TNCetigie km 4 ) TO
se4 the tqsle of *alurs 4
hen d * corrcspsdi ng 4
valcs of fCx).
whot did upu observc? o.25
oIS 15
[Link] to o. 5
NAT4PAL XPOENTIAL
FU NC TIO
Th haturdAL exponental fnchon o e
he form of fCx) e , her C
[Link] ule ambtr equal
Examp
TnvCCtiaic im c (in raleulato shif+ In
T0-o
a Describe he table
I4shoUS TE behawiorf
49.413 Iq
he funetia
RPvotohes 20.695SD
0 0 34 is de creaging i
bound m e" 0
.whg did .go oo serve?
0.13s395
olr3. 1
T eramplC , you can - G 6:oo 24T3
alsd concude hot}
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Exomple xronctial Funcfion fCx):b
Nata Cx ponchia
Tnyestiga1c: e fCx)cX*
functio
a.
DescrisC Thc 4ble BottK ic ieft- hdnd dhc
ioht hand. limid agproach 1,
TO O
To o
X
0.1 0.go4 3 o.1
0.0) .0.0049
[Link] oo0d [Link] Ob 600
-6. oool 6.994900 O. O0ol
O 000of| o. 4q4qgo
0.o000I| Oooolo
L0GARITHME FUANE TIGN
The
The inver sC of
Cxponenhal funchon fCx): *
9 6 is x : 69 which is ho
cauivalen4
of the ooarith mic function
ya,X whcre x>o.
SrECIAL LO6ARTTHMS
. common looarimm
[Link] looarithm when
NO TE hat fooeX nx
xmpl
evaluate: lim loc,X Cto sate i s sind he loqax
X-7O
ouw colcu aki?)
a. c0nstuc the Able of
Yatucs Cmemben hat X >0 , so
alues tho areavater thoan 0.
. Evaluaie helnit ky custifuting
he x valucs to e function
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TO
Describ The tadC 0.00 - G. g 200
- 2 . 0 q SA0
Through 1 iMcvCaC in O.
valuS shods a He inercage
infCx), it s l clcar 3 1
that R incrCasc is 5 . 4 423
ithout bounds. 1hercforc 791243
m
2.99124
komplc
Evauaic im n x Arom he lef+
x f(x)
Tdonhify hcxvolaes 0ol4.q017sS LS 0.4o54 CGs
fom e lef4 and D. 2.302s
11 0.09531o
o m the r g t df 2.
101
Solue tc covres pondi o.9 o.0toosd o .o0m
Nala fCx) 0.9q9 o.001o0.1-Oo)occo0-
aUh upu about The tablc 2
CyidenH the table f va \ues
The qraph
The of Thc funchon RAt as
X
AoaohES P 1 Cx)
qcis closer a r
closcr to 1ero. hknC,
lim X O
Solu tior Thc ata lcopri thmic fanetioh )
In x
her cX0 , cauuolcH
h Ch i s e invrcc Of
ANTi- y¢"_
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LIMIT OF TRI GONOMETRIC-
FUNCTTON
evaluadc .thc limiof. tionometric,
funchon aluayS membCr to cwteh gouk
scientiic calcalator to adidn mode
Exampc
valuat c lim s i n
t0
Constru he 4able of valuTJ
rom the eft
PrOM Re ight
Cx)
0.S o..q5 3S1 o$ [Link] 99gsi
- 0.1
.94 3334 0- b9q9334
o.0 O. 4q483 o.61 .qoaq $3
- [Link] O. 4aaqa
DEseribC he nph
hat Can pu so
ou t s fimit ?
O
m
4-70
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cONTINUrT9
Learnina 0jeetives
A e ad of tis cscon,pu are expectcd to
a funchon, dCAetmi ne is
oninuous a certo POLn4 uc
three crvtena forCom auitu .
b. Tlustrate cotinurty. of a function
nounGer in1erval,
. Jdentify which coditon is o . m e4ahe n
agiveth nehon i disconinuods t a point.
CONTNUITYT NAMDER
lastroafion 1L
CSnsider theoraph, Is hc function continuus
contninuAs
fx2:
Solution
T e
oien oroph, upu were alole
tac< itvi thout ifti -
par P e . I4 mton fhc
fnction is
Cohnuous 4
tldstraion a
Consider he oroph
be lo. T< +Ac fwnchion
continuoUC ov X 2in
1 rpicture A; In
pictmt . Is i* cohinuos
- a x 0
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THO THIS !
Gien the ghagh bclo, dcterminc if Mc fcthon
conhihuou s odiscontiauou s at the iven poit
X -
* disco tnuous
ontauous
3 6ONDITIONS OFcONTINtTTY
A fnction fcx) is soaid to oe coN tINUOUS
if all hvee condi tons e t i stied.
[Link]) exists
. . lim fCx) cxists
e. lim fC) fCc)
X-7C
NOTE: If rt ltds+ of the se oni tions iS
NoT met, hen te fanction is. DT SCONTINOUS t
txample 1
De 1cr minc whe e r fCx) 2y' 3xi coniauos
at
x-2 ? solution
a. 4(-2) =
a(-2)9 -
5-a)? . im
a(3 304)
- - 12
-2 exst s
29, exist s V
C. fC-2) lim Cx)
TherCore fmen on 1s
continuous AANTi
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Deter mine is ctin uo is
a4 2
Soluhion
f2) =
2-2
3-2
oloIrdeterminate , does Dt
Cxi st
It does
o ati ofy
the firs condi tion
thereore ths unchion is DIScONTTUUous
tkamplc 3
DeAermine if Cx) x +Ix 4
is
conhnuOs atx4.
a.fC4 4) 4 i x+
4 4)
S,cxi lim (x-4) 3 3
T+ des ot satisfy te
conditions so i s fanchon he imit does ot xists
is 01s CoNTIHYOus
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CONTINuITy AT AN TNTERVAL
Coninuity on an intervolmcans t a function
S Coninaous at cveY pi
pint o an
de fval, sr,
be ablt to trace he oroph of hc function
withoutt interrption o ohout i n g p u r pe
sCfic iterva
Exom ple 1
C6nside* c
Conside ap e ioht. d¢4cvminc f he
function is contfinmous the follo wwing intcvals
a C-2,0) continuous
b. Cl) discontinous
. ( ) continouS
txetuded
C1 indudcd
OptN INTEEVAAfa,b9-
fnnchion fCx i continuouE an oPCn
iderval (a,6) f i t i ntinu0u oeve
the tcvyal (a , b)
Exam ple
DHerm inc £(x) x x 2 cntinuos
ot - o T0)
conhnuou
D: - , t ° )
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txcmplc 2
Decminc if f(x) Vq x Atinuous
(-3, )
conhauous
.D t-9 .31
x3
CtosED INTE-VAL Ca, bl
A function f(x) is ontinuod t
oloce
inte va a b]f
a.(*) is conthrous n Ca,b)
o. lim ( x ) ¢¬a)
C lim_
Examlc 1
Deiermint f(x x * s continunous a
- 3 . (-.)
a.C- ) confnMOYS
.tin -xt
[Link]
in - 0
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txamglc 2
DettrminC if f(x) t -4 s continuon s
t L 2 2]
p , 2] UCa, 10) disconthinuous
a x 2 1
TYPES OR DISCONTINUTTY
emovabe Disconti nuity
t i occushen thcre i a hole in the 9raph of
e nction. RatHonal functions)
Jump D scontinuity
hioccur hen
te graph of the funohon stops
at 0ne Point and secms t JAmp onother point.
at
Picee se unction)
.As)npttic /znfinite Diecotinuit
-his occus hn ot lcosi of tuo imile is
infinite
(ttgoncmtial
function
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