HEAT TRANSFER

ENGAGE
How is heat transferred?

How do you explain the heat transfer processes in cooking using an electric stove?

Cite simple situations where you can observe heat transfer.

What do you think happens to objects when they transfer heat?

HEAT TRANSFER
- The movement of energy from a warmer object to a cooler object.
HEAT
- Form of energy transferred from one body to another due to difference in temperature
- usually measured by the temperature (Celsius, C; Fahrenheit, F; Kelvin, K)

FACTORS that affect Energy gained or lost by an object during heat transfer:
o Mass
o specific heat
o change in temperature

*3 Processes by which heat is being transferred from one body to another:

1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
CONDUCTION
 The transfer of thermal energy between neighboring molecules in a substance
due to a temperature gradient.
 Temperature gradient – is the rate of change of temperature with distance.
 It is a process by which heat energy is transferred from particle to particle by
collisions or direct interactions.
** For example, if you hold one end of a long metal bar and insert the other end into
a flame, you will find that the temperature of the metal in your hand soon increases.
The energy reaches your hand by means of conduction.

INSULATORS VS CONDUCTORS:
INSULATORS – these are materials that do not transfer heat well
e.g. Air, wood, wool
CONDUCTORS – materials that transfer heat well
e.g. Silver, fiberglass, tile

EQUATIONS FOR CONDUCTION:

𝐤𝐀(𝐭 𝐡 − 𝐭 𝐜 )𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐤𝐀∆𝐓𝐭

𝐐= =
𝐝 𝐝
Q kA∆T
P= =
t d
where: Q = heat conducted (cal,J)
A = area (cm2, m2)
∆T = temperature difference (°C) = 𝑇ℎ𝑜𝑡 − Tcold
t = time (sec)
d = thickness (cm, m)
cal J
k = coefficient of thermal conductivity ( , )
sec−cm℃ sec−m℃
P = power (watts)

CONVECTION
 It is the transfer of heat by the motion of a volume of hot fluid from one place to
another.
 Heat transfer by the actual movement of the heated material itself.
** 2 Process:
Force Convection – if the heated substance is forced to move by a fan or pump.
Natural Convection - the change in density that takes place when a fluid is heated.
*example: Airflow at a beach
EQUATIONS for CONVECTION:
𝐐
𝐏= = 𝐡𝐀∆𝐓
𝐭
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
where: ℎ = heat transfer coefficient ( )
𝑚2 𝐾
𝐴 = area (m2)
∆𝑇 = temperature difference between the surface and the bulk of the fluid away
from the surface (K)
𝑃 = rate of convective heat flow (watts)

Value if h applies to natural convection of air at atmospheric pressure:

1. Horizontal plate with air passing the top surface
𝟏
𝐡 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟗(∆𝐓)𝟒
2. Horizontal plate with air passing the bottom surface
𝟏
𝐡 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟏(∆𝐓)𝟒
3. Vertical plate
𝟏
𝐡 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟕(∆𝐓)𝟒
4. Horizontal plate or vertical pipe of diameter D
𝟏
∆𝐓 𝟒
𝐡 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟗 ( )
𝐃

RADIATION
 It takes place by means of electromagnetic waves which require no material
medium for their passage.
 It consists of electromagnetic waves which transmit energy from a source to an
absorber.

EQUATION for RADIATION

𝐐
𝐏= = 𝛔𝐄𝐚𝐓𝟒
𝐭
watt
where: σ = Stefan Boltzmann constant = 5.67 × 10−8 m2 K4
e = emissivity = 0, ideal reflector; 1, ideal absorber
T = surface temperature (K)
A = area (m 2)
P = power (watts)
 Figure 10.1 In a fireplace, heat transfer occurs by all three
methods: conduction, convection, and radiation. Radiation is
responsible for most of the heat transferred into the room. Heat
transfer also occurs through conduction into the room, but at a
much slower rate. Heat transfer by convection also occurs
through cold air entering the room around windows and hot air
leaving the room by rising up the chimney.

ELABORATE
CONDUCTION:
1. when you hold one end of an iron rod while the other end is in direct contact with a
flame. Heat will transfer through the metal by conduction.

2. The knives and forks use a wooden handle to break with the conduction of heat.

3. When you pour hot coffee to the cup containing it. Hot liquids transfer the heat to the
container containing them, causing the latter to warm up a bit.

4. Compresses (hot water bags) used to relax muscles. The heat is transferred from the
compress to the skin and from there to the muscles.

5. An ice cube melts when placed on a person’s hand. The heat from the skin is transferred
to the ice cube causing it to melt.

CONVECTION:

1. The heat transfer of a stove.

2. Hot air balloons, which are held in the air by hot air. If it cools, the balloon immediately
begins to fall.

3. When the water vapour fogs the glass of a bath, by the hot temperature of the water
when bathing.

RADIATION
1. The transmission of electromagnetic waves through the microwave oven.

2. The light emitted by an incandescent lamp.

3. The emission of gamma rays by a nucleus.

COMPUTATION EXAMPLES:

CONDUCTION:
1. The wall of shed in which ice is stored consists of an outer layer of wood 2cm and an inner
layer of rock wool 3cm thick. Find the heat conducted through 50m 2 of the wall in 1hr.
When the outer wood surface is at 20°C and the inner rock wool surface is at 5°C, find
cal
the temperature of the wood-rock wool interface. (kwood = 3 x 10-4
[Link]℃
; krock wool = 9 ×
cal
10−5 [Link]℃)

Solution
Let T be the temperature of the interface. The heat conducted through both layers is
the same, so that:
kA∆Tt kA∆Tt
Q=[ ] = [ ]
d wood d rock wool

cal
3 × 10−4 (50 × 104 cm2 )(20𝑜 𝐶 − 𝑇)(3600 𝑠)
[Link]℃
2
cal
9× 10−5 (50 × 104 cm2 )(𝑇 − 5𝑜 𝐶)(3600𝑠)
[Link]℃
=
3
𝐓 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟓℃

For 𝑇yields 𝑇 = 17.5℃, the temperature of the interface. If we put this value into the
equation for 𝑄 , we obtain:
cal
kA∆Tt 3 × 10−4 (50 × 104 cm2 )(20𝑜 C − 17. 5𝑜 C)(3600s)
[Link]℃
Q= = Q=[ ]
d 2
wood
𝑸 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟓 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒄𝒂𝒍

CONVECTION:
1. A Bathroom is heated by a floor-to-ceiling steam pipe that is 10cm in diameter. The ceiling
height is L=3.0m and the temperature of the bulk of air in the room is 22°C. If the pipe
surface is at 90°C, what is the rate of convective heat transfer?

Solution:

A = πDL = π(0.10m)(3m) = 0.9425m2

∆T = (90 + 273) − (22 + 273) = 68K

 Rate of convection, P = hA∆T

 For vertical pipe of diameter D

𝟏
∆𝐓 𝟒
𝐡= 𝟒. 𝟏𝟗 ( )
𝐃

1
68 4 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
𝑃 = [4.19 ( ) ] 2 (0.9425m2 )(68K)
0.1 𝑚 𝐾

𝑷 = 𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟏. 𝟐𝟗𝟕𝟎 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

RADIATION:
1. A copper ball 2cm in radius is heated in a furnace to 400°C. If the emissivity is 0.3, at what
rate does it radiate energy?
Solution

The surface area of the ball is

A = 4πr 2 = 4π(0.02m)2 = 0.005m2
and its absolute temperature is T = 400 + 273 = 673 K
watt
σ = Stefan Boltzmann constant = 5.67 × 10−8 2 4
m K
watt
P = σeAT 4 = (5.67 × 10−8 2 4 ) (0.3)(0.005m2 )(673K)4
m K
𝑷 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟒𝟒𝟕𝟔 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

2. The sun’s surface has a temperature of about 5800K, and the radius of the sun is about
7x108m. Calculate the total energy radiated by the sun each day, assuming the emissivity
is e=1. By way of comparison, the total energy consumed worldwide each year by
humans is about 1021J.
Solution

𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 = 4𝜋(7 × 108 )2 = 6. .1575 × 1018 𝑚2

watt
𝑃 = 𝜎𝑒𝐴𝑇 4 = (5.67 × 10−8 ) (1)(6.1575 × 1018 𝑚2 )(5800𝐾)4
m2 K 4
𝐽
𝑃 = 3.9509 × 1026 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑟
𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑥1026 𝐽 𝑠 24ℎ𝑟
𝐸 = 𝑃𝑡 = 3.9509 ∗ 3600 ∗
𝑠 ℎ𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑬 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟏𝟑𝟔 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟏 𝑱𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒆/𝒅𝒂𝒚

 𝐸 𝐽 24ℎ 3600𝑠
𝑃= ; 𝐸 = 𝑃𝑡 = 3.9509 × 1026 × 365𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 × ×
𝑡 𝑠 𝑑𝑎𝑦 ℎ

𝑬 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟒 𝑱/𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓