UNIT 1
Explain with neat block diagram of internal architecture of ARM processor?
INTRIDUCTION:
1983 developed by Acorn computers
1990 ARM (Ad d RISC Machin) d b 1990 ARM (Advanced RISC Machine), owned by Acorn,
Apple and VLSI
It is used in cell phones, multimedia players, digital tv and game console.
ARM7: I PAD
ARM 9: SONY ERICSSON AND BENQ
ARM11: APPLE IPHONE, NKIA N9, N800.
Design philosophy:
small processor for low power consumption
High code density for limited memory
Ability to use slow and low-cost memory
Reduced manufacturing cost
Accommodate more peripherals.
It is a 32bit microcontroller.
ARM ARCHITECTURE:
ARM (Advanced RISC Machine) uses a Reduced Instruction Set
Computing architecture.
It focuses on simple, highly optimized instructions for faster
performance and energy efficiency.
ARM is known for its low power consumption, making it ideal for
mobile devices, IoT, and embedded systems.
Only load and store instructions access memory directly.
All other operations are performed on registers, improving execution
speed.
ARM processors use a large set of general-purpose registers (typically
16 or more).
This reduces the number of memory accesses, enhancing speed.
Thumb provides 16-bit instructions for improved code density.
Thumb-2 extends this with some 32-bit instructions, blending compact
code with full performance.
Most ARM instructions can be conditionally executed using flags.
Reduces branching and enhances performance.
ARM processors use pipelining to improve instruction throughput.
Common pipelines are 3-stage, 5-stage, or deeper in modern cores.
ARM supports different operating modes (User, FIQ, IRQ, Supervisor,
etc.).
Allows efficient interrupt handling and privilege separation.
ARMv8 introduced AArch64, a 64-bit architecture.
Provides larger registers, more addressable memory, and better
performance for modern systems.
Dominates the mobile and embedded market (smartphones, tablets,
smartwatches, etc.).
Also used in servers, laptops (e.g., Apple M-series chips), and
automotive systems.
APPLICATONS OF ARM:
1. Portable media players, camcorders: apple I pod Nano, original Zune 30gb,
Juice, mini player etc.
2. GPS Navigation Systems: Tom Tom 300, Zarlink GPS receiver, Sun SPOT,
Garmin Navigation Devices etc.
3. Portable Games Consoles: Nintendo 3DS, 3DO Interactive Multiplayer,
Game Boy Advance.
4. Mobile Phone PDAS, Cameras; Nokia N93, Samsung Moment, Sony
CLIENX60.
5. Set Top Boxes, TVs, Hard Discs, Routers: Asus Tinker Board, Zipit
Wireless Messenger, Acorn RPC, Gumstix basix & connex etc.
ADVANCE FEATIRES PF ARM PROCESSOR:
In this designed processor there are only 25 basic instruction types.
Through registers most of operations are implemented.
Here every instruction as it own conditions with registers.
This processor offers multiple. modes of addressing.
Manual stack manipulation is done here.
Stack addressing and subroutines consist of explicitly program techniques.
Because of 32 bits micro-processor, it is possible to have access to me and data
manipulation saved in these 32 bits.
The address range of this processor is widely 20 bit.
For direct access it allows 64 megabytes of memory.
It consists of single cycle execution method.
ARVANTAGES OF ARM PROCESSOR:
They are cheaper as compared to other processors.
It consumes less power.
Better battery life than other processors.
It works faster because it performs one operation at a time.
Disadvantages of ARM Processor:
You cannot run windows on very soon because it is not binary compatible with x86
The speeds and memory bandwidths are limited in such cases because of ARM
processor's clock frequencies.
Debugging is difficult because of scheduling of instructions.
The performance of these processors totally depend on execution so if programmer
does not execute properly then it can take a long time to work properly.