REVIEWING
The Literature
Part 1
By: Ma’am Sheng
Objectives
• selects relevant literature
(CS_RS11-IIIfj-1);
• cites related literature using
standard style
(CS_RS11-IIIfj-2);
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
LITERATURE
Baraceros (2016) mentioned in her Practical
Research 1 book that it is as an oral or written record of
man’s significant experiences that are artistically conveyed
in a prosaic manner. Embodied in any literary work like an
essay, novel, journal, story, biography, etc. are man’s best
thoughts and feelings about the world. These recorded or
preserved world perceptions of man are expressed directly
and indirectly.
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
- is an analysis of man’s written or
spoken knowledge of the world. It is a form of
learning from others even though the
interaction is different. This is to obtain
background knowledge of your research and
to relate your study to the current conditions
or situation of the world.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The review of literature provides
practically all the information and data
which are authoritative and relevant to the
topic of the study as in the case of the
researcher and similar scholarly
undertakings. In doing the RRL, you deal
with both formal or direct and informal or
indirect expressions of man’s knowledge.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In doing the Review of Related Literature,
it needs a wide range of sources such as
• articles from journals
• theses and dissertations
• government reports
• historical records
• monographs
• books/magazines/newspaper
• statistical handbooks
• empirical studies
WHY DO A LITERATURE
REVIEW?
• To indicate the research that has been
conducted in the area before, to ensure
that you are not “reinventing the wheel.”
• To demonstrate that you’re aware of important and recent
studies in your study area. This way, you ensure that you
haven’t missed an important study that makes your research
idea seem less brilliant than you first imagined.
WHY DO A LITERATURE
REVIEW?
• To ensure that you haven’t missed
literature detailing a novel way for you to
conduct your study, or point you to a
data-collection tool that is most appropriate for your study.
• To explain the theoretical background of your proposed
research project.
WHY DO A LITERATURE
REVIEW?
• To demonstrate your ability to
critically analyze the literature in your
study area. This indicates that your research idea is based
on a good understanding of previous research in the area.
KINDS OF LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Traditional
- also referred to as a narrative
literature review, it provides a quick
recovery of current studies. It helps
explain why your study is important in
the context of the literature and can also
help you identify areas that need further
research.
KINDS OF LITERATURE REVIEW
2. Integrative
- this review synthesizes
findings from different approaches.
(Whittemore and Knafl, 2005). This
approach allows for the integration of
qualitative with quantitative studies.
3. Syntactic
- this review synthesizes high-quality
empirical information to answer a given
research question.
4. Scoping
- this review involves a broad research question that explores
the current evidence base (Armstrong, Hall, Doyle & Waters,
2011). It can help inform areas that are appropriate for a
systematic review.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
A GOOD LITERATURE
[Link] must be as recent as
possible. This is important because of
the changes that are going on. Sources
to be investigated must give
information that is attuned to the time
frame indicated in the study.
[Link] must be as objective and
unbiased as possible. Avoid data and
materials which are extremely one-sided.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
A GOOD LITERATURE
3. Materials should be relevant to the study.
Whatever kind of material is needed to
explain or support the study must have a
bearing on the topic.
4. Materials must not be too few but nor
too many. Use your discretion on how
much or many to include but there should
be enough materials included for the
researcher to be able to offer insights on
the study.
SOURCES IN
LITERATURE REVIEW
• Primary Sources – publications in which researchers report
the results of their studies. Findings are communicated by the
authors directly to the readers.
Examples are journals that are published monthly,
quarterly or bi-annually.
• Secondary Sources – publications in which authors
describe the work of others (Fraenkel &Wallen, 2008).
Examples: Textbooks, encyclopedias, research reviews,
and yearbooks.
CITES RELATED LITERATURE
USING STANDARD STYLE
• Books – A collection of books that
provides information about a certain topic.
• Magazines – a popular work published periodically
Focusing on a specific subject of interest.
• Newspaper – a periodical publication containing news,
events, interviews, and opinion articles.
CITES RELATED LITERATURE
USING STANDARD STYLE
• Computer – a collection of electronic materials that
provides information about a certain topic.
• Journal – a scholarly work published periodically
containing highly classified research.
• Film – a motion picture or movie. Can be fictional,
documentary or even YOUTUBE videos.
(Source: [Link] [Link]/apa/cite-a book)
REFERENCING STYLES
• APA (American Psychological Association) is an
author/database style. This means the emphasis is
placed on the author and the date of a piece of work to
uniquely identify.
• MLA (Modern Language Association) is most often
applied in the arts and humanities, particularly in the
U.S.A.
REFERENCING STYLES
• HARVARD is very similar to APA. It is the most well-
used referencing style in the UK and Australia, and it
is encouraged for use with the humanities.
• CHICAGO AND TURABIAN are two separate styles
but very similar. They are also widely used in history
and economics.
WAYS IN CITING
RELATED LITERATURE
•By the author or writer
Example: According to Garcia, S. (2015) …
•By topic Example:
It has been found out that……(Garcia, S. 2015)
According to Garcia, (2015)
WAYS IN CITING
RELATED LITERATURE
• By Chronology –according to the year, the literatures were
written, usually from earliest to the latest.
Only the major findings, ideas, generalizations,
principles, or conclusions in related materials relevant to
the problem should be cited. A material may be quoted if
the idea conveyed is so perfectly stated and is not too long.
WAYS IN CITING
RELATED LITERATURE
Example:
According to Felipe, “pregnancy is a condition
where women should take extra care of themselves,
there is also a need to consult whit a doctor to check
if everything if both the mother and the baby is doing
fine” (Felipe, 2015).
SAMPLE CITATIONS
• Books
Last name, First name (year). Book Title. Subtitle,
(edition) Place: Publisher
Example:
Corpus B. & Salandanan G. (2013). Teaching Methodology.
Principles of Teaching 1, Quezon City: LORIMAR
Publishing Inc.
SAMPLE CITATIONS
• In-Text:
Example:
Vega, Prieto, Carreon, 2009: Corpuz and Salandanan,
Vega, Prieto, Carreon et al., 2009 20
O’Reilly (as cited in Bryme, 2008) argues that…
SAMPLE CITATIONS
• Reference List
Bryme, A. (2008) web 2.0 strategies in libraries and
information services. The Australia Library Journal,
57(4), 365-376
SAMPLE CITATIONS
•Websites
For a passing reference to a website in text, the
URL is sufficient. No reference list is needed.
([Link]/learn/[Link])
SAMPLE CITATIONS
Examples:
Gussie-Fink-Nottie has set up a discussion forum for
the new financiers. ([Link]
Author (date). Title of document [(formal description)].
Retrieved from [Link]
SAMPLE CITATIONS
• E-Books
Whole e-book:
Author, Initial (date). Title of book. Retrieved from
[Link] Chapter in an e-book:
Author, Initial (date). Title of Chapter. In E. Editor (Ed.) Title of
Book (pp xx-xx) Retrieved from [Link]
SAMPLE CITATIONS
• YouTube Video:
Author’s Last Name, First Initial (Screen Name) (Year, Month,
day of upload) Title of Video. [Video Title] Retrieved from
[Link]
Example:
Greenland, B. [bryangreenland] (2012, January 13).
Funny library montage, (year) [video file] Retrieved from
[Link]
SAMPLE CITATIONS
•Audio book or CD
Author’s Last Name, First Initial (year). Book Title. Place:
Publisher
Example:
Eide, B.E. & Eide, F.F. (2011). The dyslexic advantage:
Unlocking the hidden potential of the dyslexic brain.
(CD audiobook), Old Say brook CT: Tantor Audio
SAMPLE CITATIONS
• Encyclopedia Entry, Print
Author’s last name, First Initial (year) Article title:
Editors’ 1st initial. Last name (Ed); Encyclopedia Title: (#ed; Vol.#
pp#-#) place: Publisher
Example:
Melzshack, R. (2010) Pain theories. In I.B. Weiner & W.E.
Craighead (eds.), The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology
(4th ed.) Vol. 3, pp 1139-1141 Habeoken, N.J., Wiley.
SAMPLE CITATIONS
•Magazine Article
Entry sample:
White, C. (2008, April). The spirit of disobedience, Atlantic,
312 (1871), 31-40.
SAMPLE CITATIONS
• Journal Article
Entry Sample:
Knotts, H.G. & Haspel, M. (2006). The impact of
gentrification on voter turnout. Social science
quarterly, 87(1), 110-121 .
SAMPLE CITATIONS
In using secondary sources, try to keep their use
to a minimum by getting hold of and reading the primary
source. Primary sources contain more information which
allows you to critically evaluate and interpret the
information yourself rather than relying on another’s
author’s second-hand and possibly biased account
(Dempster and Hanna, 2016). They further added that too
many secondary sources can give the impression that you
have not really engaged with the process of researching and
reviewing the literature available.
Direct Quotations
•If you use your own words to express the
ideas or opinions of other writers (i.e.
paraphrase or summarize the work of another
author), the result is an indirect quote which
must also be referenced.
•Indirect quotes are included in the text and
quotation marks are NOT used.
X NEVER end a paragraph with a block quote
X NEVER let a quote stand alone; instead, join the
quote to your text in a way that is grammatically
correct, and explain its significance
X NEVER alter the text or punctuation of a direct
quote UNLESS you follow the set guidelines (see
rule 3)
X NEVER use a quote without acknowledging the
source
Let’s Try!
Directions: Re-write the given information based on the APA
format of citing/referencing a book. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Let’s Try!
[Link] Publishing, Inc/2017/Practical Research 1
Qualitative for Senior High School/ Nelia G. Prieto;
Victoria C. Naval; Teresita G. Carey/Quezon City
Last name, (year). Book Title. Subtitle, (edition) Place: Publisher
Prieto, Victoria, & Carey (2017).Practical Research 1.
Qualitative for Senior High School, Quezon City:
Lorimar Publishing Inc.
Prieto et al., (2017).Practical Research 1.
Qualitative for Senior High School, Quezon City:
Lorimar Publishing Inc.
Let’s Try!
2. Practical Research 1/ Esther L. Baraceros/First
Edition/REX Book Store/2016/Manila
Last name, (year). Book Title. Subtitle, (edition)
Place: Publisher
Baraceros (2016). Practical Research 1.
(First Edition). Manila: REX Book Store
Let’s Try!
3. Quezon City/2017/Sibs Publishing House, Inc./Practical
Research 1: An Introduction to Qualitative Research/
Hiyas S. Clamor-Torneo; Ador R. Torneo
Last name, First name (year). Book Title. Subtitle, (edition)
Place: Publisher
Clamor-Torneo, Hiyas S; Torneo, Ador R. (2017). Practical
Research 1: An Introduction to Qualitative Research.
Quezon City: Sibs Publishing House, Inc.
Assignment
DIRECTIONS: Visit a Library or go online to search for at
least two (2) of each related literature
presents in class. References must be related
to your research title/ topic.
1. journal articles
2. books and textbooks
3. magazines, and
4. these, dissertations, or conference proceedings
THANK YOU
FOR ATTENTION