Unit - I Environment and climate change

1.1 Environment and its components, Types of Environments, Need of

environmental studies
1.2 Environmental Issues- Climate change, Global warming, Acid rain,
Ozone layer depletion, nuclear accidents. Effect of population growth and
industrialization
1.3 Concept of 5R, Individuals’ participation in i) 5R policy, ii)
segregation of waste, and iii) creating manure from domestic waste
1.4 Impact of Climate change, Factors contributing to climate change,
Concept of Sustainable development, Sustainable development Goals
(SDGs), Action Plan on Climate Change in Indian perspectives
1.5 Zero Carbon footprint for sustainable development, (IKS-Enviornment
conservation in vedic and pre-vedic India)

Unit - II Sustainability and Renewable Resources

2.1 Natural Resources: Types, importance, Causes and effects of depletion.
(Forest Resources, Water Resources, Energy Resources, Land resources,
Mineral resources), (IKS-Concepts of Panchmahabhuta)
2.2 Impact of overexploitation of natural resources on the environment,
optimum use of natural resources
2.3 Energy forms (Renewable and non-renewable) such as Thermal
energy, nuclear energy, Solar energy, Wind energy, Geothermal energy,
Biomass energy, Hydropower energy, biofuel
2.4 Green Solutions in the form of New Energy Sources such as Hydrogen
energy, Ocean energy & Tidal energy

Unit - III Ecosystem and Biodiversity

3.1 Ecosystem - Definition, Aspects of ecosystem, Division of ecosystem,
General characteristics of ecosystem, Functions of ecosystem
3.2 Biodiversity - Definitions, Levels, Value, and loss of biodiversity
3.3 Biodiversity Assessment Initiatives in India
3.4 SWOT analysis of biodiversity hot spot in India
3.5 Conservations of biodiversity - objects, and laws for conservation of
biodiversity

Unit - IV Environmental Pollution

4.1 Definition of pollution, types- Natural & Artificial (Man- made)
4.2 Soil / Land Pollution – Need of preservation of soil resource, Causes
and effects on environment and lives, preventive measures, Soil
conservation
4.3 Water Pollution - sources of water pollution, effects on environment
and lives, preventive measures, BIS water quality standards for domestic
potable water, water conservation
4.4 Air pollution - Causes, effects, prevention, CPCB norms of ambient air
quality in residential area
4.5 Noise pollution - Sources, effects, prevention, noise levels at various
zones of the city
4.6 Pollution Control Boards at Central and State Government level:
Norms, Roles and Responsibilities

Unit - V Enviornmental legislation and sustainable practices

5.1 Article (48-A) and (51-A (g)) of Indian Constitution regarding
environment, Environmental protection and prevention acts
5.2 Public awareness about environment. Need of public awareness and
individuals’ participation. Role of NGOs
5.3 Green technologies like solar desalination, green architecture, vertical
farming and hydroponics, electric vehicles, plant-based packaging
5.4 Role of information technology in environment protection and human
health
UNIT – I: Environment and Climate Change
1.1 Environment and Its Components
Definition of Environment

Environment refers to everything that surrounds us, including natural and man-made
components which influence our life, growth, and activities.

Components of Environment

Environment consists of four major components:

1. Lithosphere
o Solid portion of the Earth
o Includes land, rocks, minerals, soil
2. Hydrosphere
o Water on Earth
o Oceans, rivers, lakes, groundwater, rainwater
3. Atmosphere
o Layer of air surrounding Earth
o Contains gases like Nitrogen, Oxygen, CO₂
4. Biosphere
o Part of Earth where life exists
o Includes plants, animals, microorganisms

Types of Environments

1. Natural Environment
o Created by nature
o e.g., Forests, rivers, mountains, deserts
2. Artificial or Built Environment
o Created by humans
o e.g., Buildings, industries, dams, cities
3. Social Environment
o Social conditions around us
o e.g., Culture, beliefs, communities

Need for Environmental Studies

 To understand nature and its processes

 To protect natural resources
 To control environmental degradation
 To manage pollution and waste
  To achieve sustainable development
 To create awareness and responsibility

1.2 Environmental Issues

Major environmental problems are:

a) Climate Change

 Long-term change in temperature and weather patterns

 Caused mainly due to human activities like burning fossil fuels, deforestation

b) Global Warming and Green house Effect

 Increase in Earth’s average temperature

 Due to excessive greenhouse gases like CO₂, methane

c) Acid Rain

 Rainwater becomes acidic due to pollutants like SO₂ and NOx from factories/vehicles
 Damages crops, buildings, rivers, soil

d) Ozone Layer Depletion

 Ozone (O₃) protects Earth from UV radiation

 CFCs and aerosols damage the ozone layer
 Causes skin cancer, eye diseases

e) Nuclear Accidents

 Leakage of radioactive materials

  e.g., Chernobyl, Fukushima
 Affects human health and environment for years

Effect of Population Growth and Industrialization

 More resource consumption (water, land, energy)

 Increase in pollution (air, water, soil)
 Over-use of natural resources
 Deforestation
 Waste generation increases

1.3 Concept of 5R
5R is a waste management technique to reduce pollution and save resources.

5R Policy

1. Refuse – Say no to unnecessary products (plastic bags)

2. Reduce – Use fewer products (power saving)
3. Reuse – Use items again (glass bottles)
4. Recycle – Convert waste into new products
5. Recover – Recover energy/materials from waste

Individual Participation

i) Participation in 5R Policy

 Follow 5R in daily life

 Use eco-friendly products
 Reduce energy consumption

ii) Segregation of Waste

 Separate wet waste (food waste) and dry waste (plastic, glass)
 Helps in recycling

iii) Creating Manure from Domestic Waste

 Use wet waste in composting

 Converts waste into organic fertilizer
1.4 Impact of Climate Change
Climate change has serious effects:

Impacts

 Rise in temperature
 Melting glaciers and ice caps
 Floods and droughts
 Loss of biodiversity
 Extreme weather conditions
 Sea level rise
 Impact on agriculture and food security

Factors Contributing to Climate Change

 Burning fossil fuels (coal, petroleum)

 Industrial emissions
 Deforestation
 Vehicle pollution
 Increase in greenhouse gases
 Urbanization

Concept of Sustainable Development

Development that meets present needs without harming the environment and without
compromising the future generations.

Principles

 Use renewable energy

 Reduce waste
 Protect natural resources
 Develop eco-friendly technologies
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

United Nations created 17 SDGs to achieve sustainable development by 2030.

Examples:

 No Poverty
 Zero Hunger
 Good Health and well -being
 Quality Education
 Gender Equality
 Clean Water & Sanitation
 Affordable and Clean Energy
 Decent Work and Economic Growth
 Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
 Reduced Inequalities
 Affordable and Clean Energy
 Sustainable Cities and communities
 Responsible Consumption and Production
 Climate Action
 Life Below Water
 Life on Land Peace
 Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
 Partnerships for the Goals

Action Plan on Climate Change (Indian Perspective)

India has made several plans:

 National Solar Mission

 National Mission for Green India
 National Water Mission
 National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture
 Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
 Clean Ganga Mission
 Waste to Energy projects
1.5 Zero Carbon Footprint
Definition

Carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases released due to human activities.

Zero Carbon Footprint means:

 No net emission of carbon dioxide

 Balance between emission and absorption

Methods to Achieve Zero Carbon Footprint

 Use renewable energy (solar, wind)

 Electric vehicles
 Tree plantation
 Energy-efficient appliances
 Reduce, Recycle, Reuse
 Carbon offset projects

IKS – Environment Conservation in Vedic and Pre-Vedic India

In ancient Indian knowledge system:

 Nature was worshipped (Sun, Water, Forests)

 Concepts like Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (world as a family)
 Vedic texts encouraged:
o Protection of forests
o Organic farming
o Water conservation
o Sustainable living
 Kings planted trees, maintained lakes and canals

Conclusion
 Environment is essential for life
 Human activities are harming nature
 Climate change is a major global issue
 Sustainable development is the solution
50 MCQs – Environment & Climate
Change (With Answers)

1. Environment includes
a) Only living things
b) Only non-living things
c) Both living and non-living things
d) Only humans
Answer: c

2. Solid part of the Earth is called

a) Atmosphere
b) Biosphere
c) Lithosphere
d) Hydrosphere
Answer: c

3. Which sphere contains water bodies?

a) Hydrosphere
b) Atmosphere
c) Lithosphere
d) Biosphere
Answer: a

4. Which gas is highest in the atmosphere?

a) Oxygen
b) Nitrogen
c) CO₂
d) Methane
Answer: b

5. Biosphere refers to
a) Land
b) Air
c) Water
d) Region where life exists
Answer: d

6. Forests and rivers are part of

a) Natural environment
b) Social environment
c) Artificial environment
d) Mixed environment
Answer: a

7. Buildings and industries belong to

a) Natural environment
b) Social environment
c) Artificial/Built environment
d) Lithosphere
Answer: c

8. Culture and beliefs are part of

a) Lithosphere
b) Social environment
c) Hydrosphere
d) Atmosphere
Answer: b

9. Environmental studies are needed to

a) Harm nature
b) Increase pollution
c) Protect natural resources
d) Waste resources
Answer: c
10. Long-term change in temperature is called
a) Ozone depletion
b) Climate change
c) Acid rain
d) Carbon footprint
Answer: b

11. Excess greenhouse gases cause

a) Global warming
b) Acid rain
c) Earthquake
d) Flood
Answer: a

12. Acid rain is caused by

a) Oxygen
b) Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
c) Helium
d) Hydrogen
Answer: b

13. Ozone layer protects us from

a) Infrared rays
b) UV rays
c) Radio waves
d) X-rays
Answer: b

14. CFCs cause

a) Soil pollution
b) Water pollution
c) Ozone layer depletion
d) None
Answer: c
15. Example of nuclear accident
a) Amazon fire
b) Fukushima
c) Bhopal gas tragedy
d) Kedarnath flood
Answer: b

16. Increasing population leads to

a) Less pollution
b) More resource consumption
c) More forests
d) More rainfall
Answer: b

17. Deforestation is mainly due to

a) Industrialization
b) Rain
c) Soil fertility
d) Ozone layer
Answer: a

18. "Refuse" in 5R means

a) Say no to unnecessary products
b) Use again
c) Convert into new items
d) Remove energy
Answer: a

19. Using cloth bags instead of plastic is an example of

a) Refuse
b) Reduce
c) Recycle
d) Recover
Answer: a

20. Using an item multiple times is called

a) Reuse
b) Reduce
c) Recover
d) Refuse
Answer: a

21. Converting waste into new products is

a) Reduce
b) Recycle
c) Recover
d) Refuse
Answer: b

22. Making compost from kitchen waste is

a) Recycling
b) Recovering
c) Reusing
d) Reducing
Answer: b

23. Segregation of waste means

a) Mixing all waste
b) Separating wet and dry waste
c) Burning waste
d) Storing waste
Answer: b

24. Climate change causes

a) Lower temperature
b) Melting glaciers
c) More ozone
d) Less rainfall
Answer: b

25. Sea-level rise is due to

a) Melting of ice caps
b) Earthquakes
c) Volcanoes
d) Deforestation
Answer: a

26. One major greenhouse gas is

a) Nitrogen
b) Oxygen
c) Carbon dioxide
d) Argon
Answer: c

27. Sustainable development means

a) Careless use of resources
b) Meeting present needs without harming future
c) Cutting all trees
d) Increasing pollution
Answer: b

28. SDGs were launched by

a) UNESCO
b) WHO
c) United Nations
d) UNICEF
Answer: c
29. Total SDGs are
a) 10
b) 12
c) 15
d) 17
Answer: d

30. Clean Water & Sanitation is

a) SDG 4
b) SDG 6
c) SDG 10
d) SDG 2
Answer: b

31. National Solar Mission belongs to

a) India
b) China
c) USA
d) Japan
Answer: a

32. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan relates to

a) Cleanliness
b) Solar energy
c) Wildlife
d) Agriculture
Answer: a

33. Zero Carbon Footprint means

a) High emissions
b) No net carbon emissions
c) Stopping tree plantation
d) Increased pollution
Answer: b
34. Planting trees helps reduce
a) Oxygen
b) CO₂
c) Nitrogen
d) Helium
Answer: b

35. Carbon footprint refers to

a) Carbon in soil
b) Total greenhouse gas emissions
c) Black color of carbon
d) Carbon inside Earth
Answer: b

36. Electric vehicles help in

a) Increasing pollution
b) Reducing air pollution
c) Increasing CO₂
d) Acid rain
Answer: b

37. "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam" means

a) Nature is dangerous
b) World is one family
c) Animals are enemies
d) Use all resources
Answer: b

38. Ancient Indians worshipped

a) Soil
b) Nature
c) Machines
d) Robots
Answer: b

39. Ozone layer is found in

a) Troposphere
b) Stratosphere
c) Mesosphere
d) Exosphere
Answer: b

40. Which is a renewable energy source?

a) Coal
b) Petroleum
c) Solar energy
d) Natural gas
Answer: c

41. Compost is an example of

a) Chemical fertilizer
b) Organic manure
c) Plastic waste
d) Hazardous waste
Answer: b

42. Hydropower uses

a) Wind
b) Water
c) Coal
d) Sunlight
Answer: b

43. Global warming mainly increases

a) Earth's temperature
b) Earth’s rotation
c) River flow
d) Wind speed
Answer: a

44. Deforestation reduces

a) Oxygen
b) CO₂
c) Traffic
d) Mountains
Answer: a

45. Waste-to-energy plants work on

a) Burning waste to generate electricity
b) Growing crops
c) Filtering water
d) Storing plastics
Answer: a

46. Melting ice is because of

a) Air pressure
b) Global warming
c) Noise pollution
d) Soil erosion
Answer: b

47. Which is NOT a greenhouse gas?

a) CO₂
b) Methane
c) Nitrogen
d) Nitrous oxide
Answer: c
48. Which practice reduces waste?
a) Burning waste
b) Recycling
c) Dumping plastic
d) Cutting trees
Answer: b

49. Clean Ganga Mission aims to

a) Build roads
b) Clean the river Ganga
c) Plant trees
d) Increase tourism
Answer: b

50. The main aim of sustainable development is

a) Profit only
b) Environment only
c) Present + future needs balance
d) Industrial growth only
Answer: c

UNIT – II: Sustainability and Renewable

Resources
2.1 Natural Resources
Definition

Natural resources are materials or substances that occur in nature and are used by humans for
survival and development.

Types of Natural Resources

Natural resources are classified into:

[Link] Resources [Link] Resources 3. Energy Resources 4. Land /soil resources

[Link] resources

Importance of Natural Resources

 Basic requirements of life (food, water, shelter)

 Industrial growth
 Energy production
 Agricultural development
 Economic development
 Maintaining ecosystem balance

Depletion of Soil Resources

Meaning

Depletion of soil resources refers to the loss of soil fertility, structure, and productivity
due to natural processes and human activities. When soil is overused or mismanaged, it loses
essential nutrients and its ability to support plant growth.
Causes of Soil Depletion

1. Soil Erosion
o Removal of top fertile soil by water, wind, or ice
o Caused by deforestation, floods, and improper farming
2. Deforestation
o Cutting trees exposes soil to erosion
o Roots that bind soil are lost
3. Overgrazing
o Excessive grazing by animals removes vegetation cover
o Leads to soil compaction and erosion
4. Overuse of Chemical Fertilizers & Pesticides
o Continuous use reduces natural soil nutrients
o Harms beneficial microorganisms
5. Improper Irrigation
o Causes waterlogging and salinization
o Salt accumulation makes soil infertile
6. Shifting Cultivation
o Land is repeatedly cleared and burned
o Soil does not get time to recover
7. Urbanization & Industrialization
o Construction activities destroy fertile land
o Soil is covered with concrete and waste

Effects of Soil Depletion

 Reduction in crop yield

 Loss of soil fertility
 Increased desertification
 Food scarcity and economic loss
 Ecological imbalance

Measures to Prevent Soil Depletion

1. Afforestation & Reforestation

2. Contour Ploughing and Terracing
3. Crop Rotation
4. Organic Farming
5. Controlled Grazing
6. Proper Irrigation Techniques
7. Use of Bio-fertilizers
Conclusion

Soil is a valuable natural resource essential for agriculture and life. Sustainable soil
management and conservation practices are necessary to prevent soil depletion and ensure
food security for future generations.

Depletion of Water Resources

Meaning

Depletion of water resources refers to the reduction in quantity and quality of available
water (surface water and groundwater) due to excessive use, pollution, and poor
management. It results in water scarcity and affects humans, agriculture, industries, and
ecosystems.

Causes of Water Resource Depletion

1. Over-extraction of Groundwater
o Excessive use of borewells and tube wells
o Water is withdrawn faster than natural recharge
2. Population Growth
o Increased demand for drinking, domestic, and industrial water
3. Agricultural Activities
o Water-intensive crops (rice, sugarcane)
o Inefficient irrigation methods like flood irrigation
4. Urbanization & Industrialization
 o High water consumption in cities and industries
o Discharge of untreated wastewater pollutes freshwater sources
5. Deforestation
o Reduces rainfall and groundwater recharge
o Increases surface runoff
6. Climate Change
o Irregular rainfall, droughts, and reduced snowfall
o Glaciers melting affects river flow
7. Water Pollution
o Sewage, industrial waste, and agricultural runoff make water unfit for use

Effects of Water Depletion

 Water scarcity and drought conditions

 Decline in agricultural productivity
 Lowering of groundwater table
 Loss of aquatic life
 Conflicts over water sharing
 Health problems due to lack of clean water

Measures to Prevent Water Depletion

1. Rainwater Harvesting
o Collect and store rainwater for reuse
2. Efficient Irrigation Methods
o Drip and sprinkler irrigation
3. Water Recycling & Reuse
o Treat wastewater for agriculture and industry
4. Afforestation
o Improves rainfall and groundwater recharge
5. Public Awareness
o Reduce wastage of water in daily life
6. Strict Water Management Policies
o Regulation of groundwater extraction

Conclusion

Water is a limited and precious natural resource. Sustainable use, conservation techniques,
and responsible management are essential to prevent depletion and ensure water availability
for future generations.

Depletion of Mineral Resources

5

Meaning

Depletion of mineral resources refers to the exhaustion and reduction of naturally

occurring minerals due to excessive mining, over-consumption, and improper management.
Since minerals are non-renewable resources, once exhausted they cannot be replaced within
a human lifetime.

Causes of Depletion of Mineral Resources

1. Over-extraction
o Continuous mining to meet industrial and energy demands
o Minerals are removed faster than discovery of new reserves
2. Rapid Industrialization
o Increased use of minerals in factories, machinery, and construction
3. Population Growth
o Higher demand for housing, transport, electricity, and consumer goods
4. Wastage During Mining & Processing
o Poor mining techniques cause loss of useful minerals
5. Export of Minerals
o Large-scale export reduces national mineral reserves
6. Illegal and Unscientific Mining
 o Causes rapid exhaustion and environmental damage

Effects of Mineral Resource Depletion

 Scarcity of essential minerals

 Increase in cost of mineral-based products
 Land degradation and soil erosion
 Air and water pollution
 Loss of biodiversity
 Economic imbalance and unemployment in mining regions

Measures to Prevent Depletion of Mineral Resources

1. Conservation of Minerals
o Use minerals judiciously and avoid wastage
2. Recycling and Reuse
o Recycle metals like iron, aluminum, and copper
3. Use of Alternative Materials
o Substitute scarce minerals with renewable or synthetic materials
4. Scientific Mining Methods
o Adopt modern, eco-friendly mining techniques
5. Strict Government Regulations
o Control illegal mining and exports
6. Research and Exploration
o Discover new mineral deposits and improve extraction efficiency

Conclusion

Mineral resources are limited and non-renewable. Sustainable utilization, recycling, and
scientific management are essential to prevent their depletion and ensure availability for
future generations.

IKS – Concept of Panchamahabhuta

According to Indian Knowledge System (IKS), everything in nature is made up of:

 Earth (Prithvi)
 Water (Jal)
 Fire (Agni)
 Air (Vayu)
 Space (Akash)
This concept shows the interconnectedness between humans and nature and promotes
sustainable living.

2.2 Impact of Over-Exploitation of Natural Resources

Over-exploitation means using resources beyond their natural limit.

Impacts

 Water scarcity
 Deforestation and loss of wildlife
 Soil degradation
 Climate change
 Pollution of air and water
 Reduction in energy resources
 Disturbance in food chain

Optimum Use of Natural Resources

 Use resources responsibly

 Recycling and reusing materials
 Energy conservation
 Afforestation (planting trees)
 Rainwater harvesting
 Sustainable agriculture
 Using renewable energy sources
 Waste management

2.3 Energy Forms

Energy resources are mainly classified into:

1. Renewable Energy

Energy that can be naturally replenished.

Examples:

 Solar Energy
o Energy from sunlight
o Used in solar panels, solar heaters
Solar Collectors and Photovoltaic Cells

🔶 1) Solar Collectors
Meaning

A solar collector is a device used to collect and absorb solar radiation and convert it into
heat energy. This heat is then used for various thermal applications.

Types of Solar Collectors

(a) Flat Plate Collector

 Consists of a flat absorber plate painted black

 Covered with a transparent glass sheet
 Heat is absorbed and transferred to water or air flowing through tubes

Uses:

 Solar water heaters

 Space heating
 Industrial water heating

(b) Concentrating Solar Collector

 Uses mirrors or lenses to concentrate sunlight at a point or line

 Produces very high temperatures

Uses:

 Solar furnaces
 Solar power plants
 Industrial heating

Advantages of Solar Collectors

 Simple construction
 Low maintenance
 Non-polluting
 Suitable for domestic and industrial heating
Limitations

 Cannot produce electricity directly

 Depends on sunlight availability

🔶 2) Photovoltaic (PV) Cells

Meaning

A photovoltaic cell is a semiconductor device that converts solar energy directly into
electrical energy using the photovoltaic effect.

Construction of a PV Cell

 Made from silicon semiconductor

 Consists of:
o p-type layer
o n-type layer
 A junction is formed between p-type and n-type layers
 Metal contacts are provided to collect current

Working Principle

 When sunlight falls on the PV cell:

o Photons strike the silicon atoms
o Electrons are freed from atoms
o An electric current flows through the external circuit
 This process is called the photovoltaic effect

Applications of Photovoltaic Cells

 Solar panels
 Calculators
 Satellites
 Street lighting
 Solar power plants
 Rural electrification

Advantages of PV Cells
  Direct conversion of solar energy to electricity
 No moving parts
 Silent operation
 Eco-friendly
 Long life

Disadvantages

 High initial cost

 Low efficiency
 Requires large area
 Power output depends on sunlight

o
o
 Wind Energy
o Energy from wind

Produced using wind turbines

Wind Energy
Meaning

Wind energy is the energy obtained from the movement of air (wind). It is a renewable and
non-polluting source of energy. Wind energy is converted into electrical energy using wind
turbines.

Source of Wind Energy

 Uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the Sun causes air to move from high-
pressure regions to low-pressure regions.
 This moving air is called wind, and its kinetic energy is harnessed.

Working of a Wind Energy System

1. Wind blows and strikes the turbine blades

2. Blades rotate due to wind force
3. Rotation turns the shaft connected to a generator
4. Generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy

Main Parts of a Wind Turbine

  Blades
 Rotor
 Shaft
 Gearbox
 Generator
 Tower

Types of Wind Energy Systems

1. Onshore Wind Turbines – Installed on land

2. Offshore Wind Turbines – Installed in seas or oceans

Applications of Wind Energy

 Electricity generation
 Water pumping (windmills)
 Charging batteries
 Power supply to rural and remote areas

Advantages of Wind Energy

 Renewable and unlimited

 Environment-friendly
 No fuel cost
 Low operating cost
 Reduces dependence on fossil fuels

Disadvantages of Wind Energy

 Wind is not constant

 High initial installation cost
 Noise pollution
 Requires large land area
 Can affect birds

Importance of Wind Energy

 Reduces air pollution and greenhouse gases

 Supports sustainable development
  Helpful in meeting energy demand

 Hydropower
o Electricity from water flow
o Dams, waterfalls

💧 Hydropower Energy (Hydroelectric Energy)

Meaning

Hydropower energy is the energy obtained from flowing or falling water. It is a renewable
and clean source of energy. The potential energy of stored water is converted into electrical
energy in a hydroelectric power plant.

Source of Hydropower Energy

 Water stored at height in dams has potential energy

 When water flows down, it gains kinetic energy
 This energy is used to rotate turbines and generate electricity

Working of a Hydroelectric Power Plant

1. Water stored in a dam is released through a penstock

2. Flowing water rotates the turbine
3. Turbine drives the generator
4. Generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
5. Electricity is transmitted to consumers

Main Parts of a Hydropower Plant

 Dam
 Reservoir
 Penstock
 Turbine
 Generator
 Powerhouse
 Tailrace

Types of Hydropower Plants

1. Storage type (Dam-based)

 2. Run-of-the-river plant
3. Pumped storage plant

Applications of Hydropower Energy

 Large-scale electricity generation

 Irrigation support
 Flood control
 Drinking water supply

Advantages of Hydropower Energy

 Renewable source of energy

 No air pollution
 Low operating cost
 Reliable and efficient
 Long life of power plants

Disadvantages of Hydropower Energy

 High initial construction cost

 Large areas get submerged
 Displacement of people
 Affects aquatic life
 Depends on rainfall

Importance of Hydropower Energy

 Reduces dependence on fossil fuels

 Helps in sustainable development
 Provides clean and cheap electricity

o
 Geothermal Energy

Heat energy from Earth’s interior

🌋 Geothermal Energy
Meaning
Geothermal energy is the heat energy obtained from the interior of the Earth. This heat
comes from hot rocks, magma, and underground steam. It is a renewable and eco-
friendly source of energy.

Source of Geothermal Energy

 The Earth’s interior has very high temperature

 Heat comes from:
o Natural radioactive decay
o Molten magma beneath the Earth’s crust
 Hot water and steam rise through cracks to the surface

Working of a Geothermal Power Plant

1. Wells are drilled deep into the Earth

2. Hot water or steam comes to the surface
3. Steam rotates a turbine
4. Turbine drives a generator
5. Electricity is produced
6. Cooled water is pumped back underground (re-injection)

Types of Geothermal Power Plants

1. Dry Steam Plant – Uses steam directly

2. Flash Steam Plant – Uses high-pressure hot water
3. Binary Cycle Plant – Uses moderate-temperature water and a secondary fluid

Applications of Geothermal Energy

 Electricity generation
 Heating buildings
 Greenhouses
 Drying crops
 Hot water supply

Advantages of Geothermal Energy

 Renewable and sustainable

 Low pollution
  Reliable (not dependent on weather)
 Low operating cost
 Small land requirement

Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy

 High initial cost

 Limited to specific locations
 Possible release of harmful gases
 Risk of land subsidence

Importance of Geothermal Energy

 Reduces dependence on fossil fuels

 Provides continuous power supply
 Helps in sustainable development

Exam-Oriented Short Note (2–3 Marks)

o
 Biomass Energy
o Energy from organic waste, wood, crops
 Biofuel
o Fuel from biological materials (ethanol, biodiesel)

2. Non-Renewable Energy

Energy that cannot be renewed in a short period.

Examples:

 Thermal Energy

Produced by burning coal

🔥 Thermal Energy
Meaning
Thermal energy is the energy possessed by a body due to the motion of its particles. It is
commonly produced by burning fuels such as coal, petroleum, natural gas, or biomass.
Thermal energy is widely used to generate electricity in thermal power plants.

Sources of Thermal Energy

 Coal
 Petroleum
 Natural gas
 Biomass
 Nuclear fuels (produce heat energy)

Thermal Power Plant – Working Principle

Thermal power plants work on the principle of conversion of heat energy into electrical
energy.

Working Steps

1. Fuel (coal/gas/oil) is burnt in a boiler

2. Heat converts water into high-pressure steam
3. Steam rotates the turbine
4. Turbine drives the generator
5. Generator produces electrical energy

Main Parts of a Thermal Power Plant

 Boiler
 Furnace
 Steam turbine
 Generator
 Condenser
 Cooling tower

Applications of Thermal Energy

 Electricity generation
 Cooking and heating
 Industrial processes
 Steam engines
Advantages of Thermal Energy

 Can produce large amount of electricity

 Fuel availability is easy
 Power generation is continuous
 Well-developed technology

Disadvantages of Thermal Energy

 Causes air pollution

 Uses non-renewable resources
 Contributes to global warming
 High maintenance cost
 Produces ash and waste

Importance of Thermal Energy

 Major source of electricity in many countries

 Supports industrial development
 Meets base load power demand

☢️Nuclear Energy
Meaning

Nuclear energy is the energy released from the nucleus of an atom during nuclear
reactions such as nuclear fission or nuclear fusion. In power plants, nuclear energy is
mainly obtained by fission of uranium or plutonium to generate electricity.

Source of Nuclear Energy

 Uranium-235
 Plutonium-239
These elements release a large amount of energy when their nuclei split.

Principle of Nuclear Energy

 Nuclear power plants work on the principle of nuclear fission.

  When a heavy nucleus (like uranium-235) is bombarded with a neutron, it splits into
smaller nuclei, releasing:
o Heat energy
o More neutrons
 The released heat is used to produce electricity.

Working of a Nuclear Power Plant

1. Nuclear fission occurs in the reactor core

2. Heat produced converts water into steam
3. Steam rotates the turbine
4. Turbine drives the generator
5. Electrical energy is produced
6. Steam is cooled in the condenser and reused

Main Parts of a Nuclear Power Plant

 Nuclear reactor
 Fuel rods
 Moderator
 Control rods
 Heat exchanger
 Steam turbine
 Generator
 Cooling system

Advantages of Nuclear Energy

 Produces a huge amount of energy

 Requires very small amount of fuel
 No air pollution during operation
 Continuous power supply
 Low greenhouse gas emission

Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy

 Radioactive waste disposal problem

 High installation cost
 Risk of radiation leakage
 Limited availability of nuclear fuel
 Safety concerns
Applications of Nuclear Energy

 Electricity generation
 Medical field (radiotherapy)
 Research and space missions
 Nuclear submarines

Importance of Nuclear Energy

 Meets large-scale electricity demand

 Reduces dependence on fossil fuels
 Helps in controlling global warming

🌱 Biomass Energy
Meaning

Biomass energy is the energy obtained from organic matter such as plants, agricultural
waste, animal dung, and organic waste. It is a renewable source of energy because
biomass can be re-grown.

Sources of Biomass Energy

 Firewood
 Crop residues (straw, husk)
 Animal dung
 Food and organic waste
 Energy crops

Methods of Producing Biomass Energy

1. Direct Combustion
o Biomass is burnt to produce heat energy
o Used for cooking and heating
2. Biogas Production
o Biomass is decomposed by bacteria in the absence of oxygen
o Produces biogas (mainly methane)
3. Biomass Power Plant
o Biomass is burnt to produce steam
o Steam rotates turbine to generate electricity
Biogas Plant – Working

1. Biomass is mixed with water and fed into the digester

2. Anaerobic bacteria decompose the waste
3. Biogas is produced and collected
4. Gas is used for cooking or electricity
5. Slurry is used as manure

Applications of Biomass Energy

 Cooking fuel
 Electricity generation
 Heating
 Production of biofuels

Advantages of Biomass Energy

 Renewable and sustainable

 Reduces waste
 Low cost
 Produces useful manure
 Suitable for rural areas

Disadvantages of Biomass Energy

 Produces smoke and pollution

 Requires large amount of raw material
 Low efficiency
 Storage and transportation problems

Importance of Biomass Energy

 Helps in waste management

 Reduces dependence on fossil fuels
 Provides energy in rural areas
2.4 Green Solutions (New Energy Sources)
Green solutions help reduce pollution and protect the environment.

Examples:

Hydrogen Energy

 Clean fuel
 Only water is produced during combustion

Ocean Energy

 Uses ocean currents, waves, temperature difference

Tidal Energy

 Generated from the movement of tides

 Renewable and predictable

Conclusion
 Natural resources are limited and essential
 Overuse causes environmental damage
 Renewable energy is the future

Sustainable living ensures resources for future generations

50 MCQs – Unit-2: Sustainability &

Renewable Resources

A. Natural Resources
1. Which of the following is a renewable natural resource?

a) Coal
b) Petroleum
c) Wind energy
d) Natural gas
Answer: c) Wind energy
2. Natural resources are classified into how many types based on
renewability?

a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
Answer: b) Two

3. Forest is an example of:

a) Non-renewable resource
b) Renewable resource
c) Artificial resource
d) Mineral resource
Answer: b) Renewable resource

4. Which is a non-renewable resource?

a) Sunlight
b) Biomass
c) Coal
d) Wind
Answer: c) Coal

5. Biotic resources come from:

a) Air
b) Rocks
c) Living organisms
d) Water
Answer: c) Living organisms

6. Which of the following is an abiotic resource?

a) Animals
b) Plants
c) Soil
d) Microbes
Answer: c) Soil
7. Which natural resource is most important for all life forms?

a) Iron
b) Plastic
c) Water
d) Gold
Answer: c) Water

8. Mineral resources include:

a) Silver
b) Crops
c) Trees
d) Fish
Answer: a) Silver

9. The concept of Panchamahabhuta includes how many elements?

a) Three
b) Four
c) Five
d) Six
Answer: c) Five

10. Which of the following is NOT part of Panchamahabhuta?

a) Water
b) Fire
c) Air
d) Plastic
Answer: d) Plastic

B. Importance of Resources & Depletion

11. Natural resources are important because they provide:

a) Luxury products
b) Basic needs and energy
c) Toys
d) Cement
Answer: b) Basic needs and energy

12. The major cause of resource depletion is:

a) Population growth
b) Tree planting
c) Water harvesting
d) Recycling
Answer: a) Population growth

13. Deforestation leads to:

a) Soil erosion
b) Clean rivers
c) Less pollution
d) More oxygen
Answer: a) Soil erosion

14. Over-exploitation means:

a) Using resources efficiently

b) Using resources beyond limit
c) Not using resources
d) Saving resources
Answer: b) Using resources beyond limit

15. Industrialisation has led to:

a) Resource conservation
b) Resource depletion
c) More forests
d) Less pollution
Answer: b) Resource depletion

16. A major cause of water depletion is:

a) Rainwater harvesting
b) Excessive groundwater use
c) River cleaning
d) Afforestation
Answer: b) Excessive groundwater use

17. Conservation of resources means:

a) Saving and managing resources

b) Using resources carelessly
c) Wasting resources
d) Mining more
Answer: a) Saving and managing resources

18. Optimum use of resources means:

a) Scientific use of resources

b) Using more resources
c) Stopping use of resources
d) Mining only
Answer: a) Scientific use of resources

19. Soil erosion is caused due to:

a) Afforestation
b) Deforestation
c) Recycling
d) Water conservation
Answer: b) Deforestation

20. Recycling helps in:

a) Increasing waste
b) Saving natural resources
c) Cutting trees
d) Wasting energy
Answer: b) Saving natural resources

C. Energy Forms (Renewable & Non-Renewable)

21. Which of the following is a renewable energy source?
a) Natural gas
b) Coal
c) Solar energy
d) Nuclear fuel
Answer: c) Solar energy

22. Fossil fuel among the following is:

a) Wind
b) Coal
c) Tidal
d) Biomass
Answer: b) Coal

23. Nuclear energy is produced using:

a) Iron
b) Uranium
c) Wood
d) Oxygen
Answer: b) Uranium

24. Biomass energy comes from:

a) Solar radiation
b) Organic waste
c) Coal
d) Iron ore
Answer: b) Organic waste

25. Wind energy is converted to electricity using:

a) Boilers
b) Turbines
c) Engines
d) Generators only
Answer: b) Turbines

26. Hydropower uses:

a) Coal power
b) Water flow
c) Wind
d) Solar heat
Answer: b) Water flow

27. Biofuel is produced from:

a) Rocks
b) Plant and animal waste
c) Sand
d) Metal ores
Answer: b) Plant and animal waste

28. The largest source of renewable energy in the world is:

a) Nuclear
b) Hydropower
c) Diesel
d) LPG
Answer: b) Hydropower

29. Geothermal energy originates from:

a) Ocean water
b) Earth’s internal heat
c) Sunlight
d) Wind
Answer: b) Earth’s internal heat

30. Renewable energy is:

a) Polluting
b) Limited supply
c) Non-polluting
d) Expensive always
Answer: c) Non-polluting

31. Non-renewable resources get exhausted because:

a) They are unlimited
b) They are used faster than formed
c) They are created by humans
d) They are stored in oceans
Answer: b) They are used faster than formed

32. Example of non-renewable energy:

a) Wind
b) Solar
c) Coal
d) Tidal
Answer: c) Coal

33. One major disadvantage of nuclear energy is:

a) No electricity
b) Radioactive waste
c) Low power
d) No heat
Answer: b) Radioactive waste

34. Fuel obtained from plants is known as:

a) Diesel
b) Biofuel
c) Kerosene
d) LPG
Answer: b) Biofuel

35. Solar panels convert energy into:

a) Food
b) Electricity
c) Fuel
d) Coal
Answer: b) Electricity

D. New & Green Energy Solutions

36. Green energy mainly helps in reducing:

a) Pollution
b) Water
c) Trees
d) Soil
Answer: a) Pollution

37. Hydrogen energy leaves which by-product?

a) Smoke
b) Water
c) Carbon
d) Ash
Answer: b) Water

38. Tidal energy is generated from:

a) River flow
b) Ocean tides
c) Wind movement
d) Rainwater
Answer: b) Ocean tides

39. Ocean energy includes:

a) Wave and tidal energy

b) Wind energy
c) Coal energy
d) Solar energy
Answer: a) Wave and tidal energy

40. Which of the following is a clean fuel?

a) Diesel
b) Hydrogen
c) Coal
d) Petrol
Answer: b) Hydrogen
41. Which is a future energy solution?

a) Coal
b) Hydrogen energy
c) Diesel
d) Kerosene
Answer: b) Hydrogen energy

42. Biofuel is mostly used in:

a) Transport vehicles
b) Toys manufacturing
c) Construction
d) Furniture
Answer: a) Transport vehicles

43. Green energy can be obtained from:

a) Fossil fuels
b) Renewable resources
c) Plastic waste
d) Metals
Answer: b) Renewable resources

44. Growing plants for fuel production is called:

a) Afforestation
b) Biomass energy
c) Mining
d) Geothermal
Answer: b) Biomass energy

45. Ocean energy is called renewable because:

a) Oceans dry up
b) It is continuously available
c) It is man-made
d) It is expensive
Answer: b) It is continuously available
E. Sustainability
46. Sustainability means:

a) Wasting resources
b) Responsible use of resources
c) Stopping development
d) Using more resources
Answer: b) Responsible use of resources

47. Sustainable development aims at:

a) Only present generation

b) Both present and future
c) Only future
d) No generation
Answer: b) Both present and future

48. Resource conservation can be achieved through:

a) Recycling
b) Burning waste
c) Mining more
d) Deforestation
Answer: a) Recycling

49. Reusing products helps in:

a) More waste
b) Less resource use
c) Extra mining
d) High pollution
Answer: b) Less resource use

50. Planting trees helps in:

a) Soil erosion
b) Afforestation
c) Pollution
d) Resource depletion
Answer: b) Afforestation
UNIT – III: Ecosystem and Biodiversity

3.1 Ecosystem
Definition

An ecosystem is a functional unit of nature where living organisms (biotic) interact with
non-living components (abiotic) to form a balanced system.

Example: Pond ecosystem, Forest ecosystem, Desert ecosystem

Aspects of Ecosystem

Ecosystem has two main aspects:

A) Biotic Components

These are living components:

 Plants (producers)
 Animals (consumers)
 Microorganisms (decomposers)

B) Abiotic Components

These are non-living components:

 Air
 Water
 Soil
 Temperature
 Light
 Minerals

Division of Ecosystem

1. Natural Ecosystem
o Exists naturally without human interference
 o Examples: Forest, Desert, Ocean
2. Artificial Ecosystem
o Created and maintained by humans
o Examples: Garden, Crop fields, Aquarium

General Characteristics of Ecosystem

 Energy flow from sun to plants to animals

 Nutrient cycling (water cycle, carbon cycle)
 Presence of food chains and food webs
 Balance between biotic and abiotic components
 Self-regulating system

Functions of Ecosystem

1. Production Function
o Plants convert solar energy into food (photosynthesis)
2. Consumption Function
o Animals consume plants and other animals
3. Decomposition Function
o Decomposers recycle nutrients back to soil
4. Energy Flow
o Energy flows in one direction (Sun → Plants → Animals)
5. Nutrient Cycling
o Reuse and recycling of nutrients
6. Habitat Function
o Provides shelter to organisms

3.2 Biodiversity
Definition of Biodiversity

Biodiversity refers to the variety of life found on Earth, including all plants, animals, and
microorganisms.

Levels of Biodiversity

1. Genetic Diversity
o Variation within species
o Example: Different breeds of dogs, varieties of rice
2. Species Diversity
 Diversity of species in an area
o
Example: Forest has deer, birds, insects, plants
o
3. Ecosystem Diversity
o Variety of ecosystems on Earth
o Example: Forests, grasslands, oceans, deserts

Value of Biodiversity

1. Ecological Value
o Maintains ecosystem balance
o Supports food chain and nutrient cycle
2. Economic Value
o Provides food, medicine, wood, fibers
o Tourism and recreation
3. Aesthetic Value
o Beauty of nature, landscapes
o Inspiration for culture and art
4. Scientific Value
o Research for new medicines and products
5. Ethical Value
o Every organism has a right to exist

Loss of Biodiversity

Causes

 Deforestation
 Pollution
 Climate change
 Over-exploitation
 Habitat destruction
 Invasive species (non-native species)

Effects

 Loss of ecological balance

 Extinction of species
 Reduction in natural resources
 Food chain disturbance

3.3 Biodiversity Assessment Initiatives in India

India has many programs to protect and assess biodiversity:
Important Initiatives

1. Biosphere Reserves
o Protected areas to conserve biodiversity
o Example: Nilgiri, Gulf of Mannar
2. National Parks
o Strict protection of wildlife
o Example: Kaziranga, Jim Corbett, Gir
3. Wildlife Sanctuaries
o Habitat protection for animals
o Example: Periyar, Kanha
4. Project Tiger
o Special project to protect tigers
5. Project Elephant
o Protects elephant population
6. Indian Biodiversity Act (2002)
o Legal framework to conserve biodiversity
7. Botanical Gardens & Zoological Parks
o Preserve plant and animal species

3.4 SWOT Analysis of Biodiversity Hotspots in India

Hotspot: Region with high biodiversity and many endangered species.

India has 4 biodiversity hotspots:

 Western Ghats
 Eastern Himalayas
 Indo-Burma region
 Sundaland (Nicobar Islands)

SWOT Analysis

Strengths

 High diversity of species

 Rich medicinal plants
 Favorable climate
 Presence of endemic species (unique species)

Weaknesses

 Poor enforcement of laws

 Human interference
 Deforestation
 Pollution
Opportunities

 Eco-tourism
 Research opportunities
 Community conservation
 International support and funding

Threats

 Urbanization
 Climate change
 Illegal wildlife trade
 Poaching and hunting

3.5 Conservation of Biodiversity

Meaning

Conservation of biodiversity means protecting and managing species and ecosystems to

maintain biological diversity.

Objectives

 Protect endangered species

 Preserve natural habitats
 Maintain ecological balance
 Promote sustainable use of resources

Methods of Conservation

A) In-situ Conservation

Conservation in the natural habitat.

 National parks
 Wildlife sanctuaries
 Biosphere reserves

B) Ex-situ Conservation

Conservation outside natural habitat.

 Zoos
  Botanical gardens
 Seed banks
 Tissue culture

Laws for Conservation of Biodiversity

 Wildlife Protection Act (1972)

 Forest Conservation Act (1980)
 Biological Diversity Act (2002)
 Environmental Protection Act (1986)

These laws aim to protect species, restrict hunting, and protect forests and ecosystems.

Conclusion
 Ecosystem is the interaction of organisms with their environment
 Biodiversity is essential for ecological balance
 India is rich in biodiversity
 Conservation ensures sustainable development and protects future generations

50 MCQs – Unit III: Ecosystem and

Biodiversity
A. Ecosystem (3.1)
1. An ecosystem includes:

a) Only plants
b) Only animals
c) Biotic and abiotic components
d) Only microorganisms
Answer: c) Biotic and abiotic components

2. The term ‘ecosystem’ was coined by:

a) Darwin
b) Linnaeus
c) A.G. Tansley
d) Aristotle
Answer: c) A.G. Tansley
3. Which is a biotic component of an ecosystem?

a) Sunlight
b) Soil
c) Animals
d) Water
Answer: c) Animals

4. Which is an abiotic component?

a) Plants
b) Animals
c) Fungus
d) Air
Answer: d) Air

5. Producers in an ecosystem are:

a) Animals
b) Plants
c) Microbes
d) Fungi
Answer: b) Plants

6. Consumers in an ecosystem are:

a) Plants
b) Herbivores
c) Sunlight
d) Soil
Answer: b) Herbivores

7. Decomposers are:

a) Tiger
b) Cows
c) Bacteria and fungi
d) Birds
Answer: c) Bacteria and fungi
8. The main source of energy in an ecosystem is:

a) Earth
b) Sun
c) Wind
d) Water
Answer: b) Sun

9. A food chain starts with:

a) Decomposer
b) Consumer
c) Producer
d) Predator
Answer: c) Producer

10. Interconnected food chains form:

a) Food web
b) Population
c) Habitat
d) Biosphere
Answer: a) Food web

11. Energy flow in ecosystem is:

a) Cyclic
b) Reversible
c) One-way
d) Two-way
Answer: c) One-way

12. Nutrient cycling in ecosystem includes:

a) Water cycle
b) Carbon cycle
c) Nitrogen cycle
d) All of these
Answer: d) All of these
13. Which is a natural ecosystem?

a) Aquarium
b) Forest
c) Crop field
d) Garden
Answer: b) Forest

14. Which is an artificial ecosystem?

a) Desert
b) River
c) Ocean
d) Aquarium
Answer: d) Aquarium

15. Function of an ecosystem is:

a) Energy flow
b) Nutrient cycling
c) Decomposition
d) All of these
Answer: d) All of these

16. Primary consumers eat:

a) Plants
b) Animals
c) Only insects
d) Rocks
Answer: a) Plants

17. Tertiary consumers are:

a) Plants
b) Herbivores
c) Top predators
d) Decomposers
Answer: c) Top predators
18. Habitat means:

a) Food chain
b) Living place of organisms
c) Sunlight
d) Soil nutrients
Answer: b) Living place of organisms

19. Ecosystem is a unit of:

a) Factory
b) Nature
c) Industry
d) Machine
Answer: b) Nature

20. Abiotic factors determine:

a) Climate
b) Cell growth
c) Blood pressure
d) Metals
Answer: a) Climate

B. Biodiversity (3.2)
21. Biodiversity means:

a) Variety of minerals
b) Variety of life on Earth
c) Variety of soil
d) Variety of gases
Answer: b) Variety of life on Earth

22. Genetic diversity is variation within:

a) Soil types
b) Ecosystems
c) Species
d) Genes within a species
Answer: d) Genes within a species

23. Species diversity refers to:

a) Variation in land
b) Variation among species
c) Variation in oceans
d) Variation in metals
Answer: b) Variation among species

24. Ecosystem diversity refers to:

a) Variation in ecosystems
b) Variation in genes
c) Variation in human body
d) Variation in clouds
Answer: a) Variation in ecosystems

25. Value of biodiversity does NOT include:

a) Ecological value
b) Economic value
c) Ethical value
d) Destructive value
Answer: d) Destructive value

26. Aesthetic value means:

a) Beauty and enjoyment

b) Industry use
c) Economic benefit
d) Construction
Answer: a) Beauty and enjoyment

27. Biodiversity loss is caused by:

a) Afforestation
b) Recycling
c) Deforestation
d) Water harvesting
Answer: c) Deforestation

28. Invasive species means:

a) Native species
b) Non-native species
c) Endemic species
d) Rare species
Answer: b) Non-native species

29. Endemic species means:

a) Found everywhere
b) Found only in a specific region
c) Not found anywhere
d) Found in oceans only
Answer: b) Found only in a specific region

30. Biodiversity supports:

a) Eco-balance
b) Pollution
c) Waste increase
d) Resource depletion
Answer: a) Eco-balance

C. Biodiversity Initiatives (3.3)

31. Project Tiger was launched in:

a) 1970
b) 1973
c) 1980
d) 1999
Answer: b) 1973

32. Nilgiri is a:
a) National Park
b) Wildlife sanctuary
c) Biosphere reserve
d) Zoo
Answer: c) Biosphere reserve

33. Wildlife Protection Act was passed in:

a) 1972
b) 1980
c) 2002
d) 2010
Answer: a) 1972

34. Botanical gardens help in:

a) Mining
b) Ex-situ conservation
c) In-situ conservation
d) Deforestation
Answer: b) Ex-situ conservation

35. Which is a part of In-situ conservation?

a) Seed banks
b) Zoos
c) Wildlife sanctuary
d) Tissue culture
Answer: c) Wildlife sanctuary

36. Kaziranga National Park is famous for:

a) Tigers
b) Elephants
c) One-horned rhinoceros
d) Lions
Answer: c) One-horned rhinoceros

37. The Biological Diversity Act was passed in:

a) 1975
b) 1980
c) 2002
d) 2000
Answer: c) 2002

38. Project Elephant was started for:

a) Protecting elephants
b) Protecting plants
c) Protecting water resources
d) Industry
Answer: a) Protecting elephants

39. Zoo is an example of:

a) In-situ conservation
b) Ex-situ conservation
c) Natural habitat
d) Forest reserve
Answer: b) Ex-situ conservation

40. Biosphere reserves protect:

a) Wildlife only
b) Both flora and fauna
c) Industries
d) Buildings
Answer: b) Both flora and fauna

D. SWOT Analysis of Hotspots (3.4)

41. Biodiversity hotspot means:

a) Area with low biodiversity

b) Area with high biodiversity and endangered species
c) Area with no trees
d) Area in cities
Answer: b) Area with high biodiversity and endangered species
42. Western Ghats is a:

a) Desert
b) Hotspot
c) Sea
d) Glacier
Answer: b) Hotspot

43. A strength of biodiversity hotspot is:

a) Rich species diversity

b) No living organisms
c) Pollution
d) Industrial area
Answer: a) Rich species diversity

44. A major threat to hotspots is:

a) Poaching
b) Tree planting
c) Water harvesting
d) Conservation
Answer: a) Poaching

45. Eco-tourism is an:

a) Opportunity
b) Weakness
c) Threat
d) None
Answer: a) Opportunity

46. Climate change is a:

a) Opportunity
b) Threat
c) Strength
d) Weakness
Answer: b) Threat
47. Deforestation is a:

a) Strength
b) Weakness
c) Threat
d) Opportunity
Answer: c) Threat

48. International funding for conservation is an:

a) Opportunity
b) Threat
c) Weakness
d) Problem
Answer: a) Opportunity

E. Conservation of Biodiversity (3.5)

49. Conservation means:

a) Protecting biodiversity
b) Cutting trees
c) Mining
d) Pollution
Answer: a) Protecting biodiversity

50. In-situ conservation means protecting species:

a) In a laboratory
b) In their natural habitat
c) In seed banks
d) In zoos
Answer: b) In their natural habitat

UNIT – IV: Environmental Pollution

4.1 Definition of Pollution

What is Pollution?
Pollution is the unwanted change in the environment caused by harmful substances
(pollutants) that affect living organisms and natural systems.

Example: Smoke from vehicles, plastic waste, chemical discharge in rivers.

Pollutants

Pollutants are substances that cause pollution.

They may be:

 Solid
 Liquid
 Gas
 Noise
 Radiation

Types of Pollution
Pollution is classified into Natural and Artificial (Man-made) types.

A) Natural Pollution

Pollution caused by natural processes.

Examples:

 Volcanic eruptions → emits ash and gases

 Forest fire (natural) → smoke and heat
 Earthquake → dust
 Storm → soil erosion

B) Artificial (Man-made) Pollution

Pollution caused due to human activities.

Examples:

 Industrial waste
 Vehicle emissions
 Burning fossil fuels
 Plastic pollution
 Chemical fertilizers & pesticides
4.2 Soil / Land Pollution
Need for Preservation of Soil Resource
Soil is important because:

 Supports agriculture (food production)

 Habitat for organisms (worms, insects, microbes)
 Source of minerals & nutrients
 Helps in forest growth
 Maintains ecological balance

Soil formation takes thousands of years, so preserving soil is essential.

Causes of Soil Pollution

1. Excessive chemical fertilizers
2. Pesticides and insecticides
3. Industrial solid waste
4. Plastic waste
5. Mining activities
6. Deforestation
7. Improper waste disposal
8. Oil spills in land

Effects of Soil Pollution

 Reduced soil fertility
 Loss of useful microorganisms
 Decrease crop productivity
 Soil erosion
 Groundwater contamination
 Desertification
 Health problems through food chain

Preventive Measures
 Use of organic fertilizers (compost, manure)
 Reduce chemical pesticides (use bio-pesticides)
  Proper waste management
 Afforestation (planting trees)
 Land treatment of industrial waste
 Recycling of solid waste
 Soil testing and monitoring

Soil Conservation Methods

1. Contour ploughing
2. Terrace farming
3. Crop rotation
4. Mulching
5. Afforestation
6. Check dams
7. Organic farming

4.3 Water Pollution

Definition

Water pollution is the presence of harmful substances in water bodies (rivers, lakes,
groundwater) that degrade water quality.

Sources of Water Pollution

1. Domestic sewage
o Soap, detergents, kitchen waste
2. Industrial effluents
o Chemicals, dyes, acids
3. Agricultural runoff
o Fertilizers, pesticides
4. Oil spills
5. Plastic waste
6. Heavy metals (mercury, lead)
7. Religious waste
o Flowers, idols, rituals in rivers

Effects on Environment and Lives

Environmental Effects

 Eutrophication (excess nutrients)

 Loss of aquatic life
 Reduced oxygen level in water
 Pollution of groundwater

Effects on Humans

 Diseases: cholera, typhoid

 Poisoning (heavy metals)
 Unsafe drinking water
 Food contamination (fish)

Preventive Measures
 Sewage treatment plants (STP)
 Treating industrial waste before discharge
 Organic farming
 Reduce use of detergents
 Cleaning rivers and lakes
 Awareness programs
 Plastic ban near water bodies
 Rainwater harvesting

BIS Water Quality Standards

BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) sets the standards for safe drinking water.

Key Parameters:

 pH: 6.5–8.5
 Total dissolved solids (TDS)
 Hardness
 Presence of fluoride, nitrate
 No harmful bacteria (E. Coli)

Importance:
Ensures that domestic potable water is safe for drinking and cooking.

Water Conservation
Methods to save water:

 Rainwater harvesting
 Drip irrigation
 Using low flow taps
 Leak repair
 Recycling wastewater
 Awareness programs

4.4 Air Pollution

Definition

Air pollution occurs when harmful gases, particles, and smoke contaminate the air,
affecting health and environment.

Causes of Air Pollution

1. Vehicle emissions
2. Industrial smoke
3. Burning fossil fuels
4. Construction dust
5. Crop residue burning
6. Mining dust
7. Household smoke
8. Fireworks

Effects of Air Pollution

On Health

 Asthma
 Lung diseases
 Eye irritation
 Skin allergies
 Heart disease

On Environment

 Acid rain
 Ozone layer depletion
 Smog formation
  Global warming
 Damage to plants

Prevention Measures
 Using public transport
 Using electric vehicles
 Afforestation
 Cleaner fuels (CNG)
 Pollution control devices in industries
 Banning stubble burning
 Green building practices

CPCB Norms for Ambient Air Quality

CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) sets standards for residential areas.

Main Parameters:

 PM2.5 & PM10 (particulate matter)

 SO₂ (Sulphur dioxide)
 NO₂ (Nitrogen dioxide)
 O₃ (Ozone)
 CO (Carbon monoxide)

Example Limits:

 PM2.5: 60 µg/m³
 PM10: 100 µg/m³
(For 24 hours in a residential area)

4.5 Noise Pollution

Definition

Noise pollution is excessive and unwanted sound that affects human health and
environment.

Sound above 80 dB is considered harmful.

Sources of Noise Pollution
 Vehicles (horns)
 Construction activities
 Loudspeakers
 Industrial machines
 Aircrafts
 Household appliances

Effects of Noise Pollution

 Hearing loss
 Stress and anxiety
 Sleep disturbance
 High blood pressure
 Reduced concentration
 Irritation

Prevention Measures
 Use of silencers in vehicles
 Ban on loudspeakers at night
 Green belt development
 Maintaining noise standards
 Awareness campaigns
 Soundproofing industries

Noise Levels in Different Zones

According to CPCB standards:

Zone Day (dB) Night (dB)

Residential 55 45
Commercial 65 55
Industrial 75 70
Silent Zone (Hospitals/Schools) 50 40

4.6 Pollution Control Boards

A) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
Roles

 Monitors pollution in India

 Sets national standards (air, water)
 Controls industrial pollution
 Prepares policies and guidelines
 Coordinates with State Boards
 Publishes air quality index (AQI)

B) State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB)

Roles

 Implements CPCB norms within the state

 Issues licenses to industries
 Monitors local air and water quality
 Takes action against polluting industries
 Awareness among citizens
 Regular inspections

Norms & Responsibilities

 Maintain clean environment
 Protect water bodies
 Regulate waste discharge
 Enforce environmental laws:
o Water Act (1974)
o Air Act (1981)
o Environment Protection Act (1986)

Conclusion
Environmental pollution is a major global issue that affects human health, ecosystems, and
climate.
Understanding pollution types and adopting preventive measures like waste treatment,
green energy, water conservation, and strict pollution control is essential for a clean and
sustainable future.
50 MCQs – Unit IV: Environmental
Pollution

A. Introduction to Pollution (4.1)

1. Pollution is defined as:

a) Clean environment
b) Addition of harmful substances to the environment
c) Growth of plants
d) Pure water
Answer: b) Addition of harmful substances to the environment

2. Substances that cause pollution are called:

a) Minerals
b) Pollutants
c) Vitamins
d) Nutrients
Answer: b) Pollutants

3. Pollution caused by natural activities is called:

a) Artificial pollution
b) Man-made pollution
c) Natural pollution
d) Soil pollution
Answer: c) Natural pollution

4. Pollution caused by industries and vehicles is:

a) Natural
b) Artificial (man-made)
c) Organic
d) Domestic
Answer: b) Artificial (man-made)
5. Which of the following is a natural pollution example?

a) Plastic waste
b) Oil spill
c) Volcanic eruption
d) Factory smoke
Answer: c) Volcanic eruption

6. Which is NOT a type of pollution?

a) Water pollution
b) Soil pollution
c) Food pollution
d) Noise pollution
Answer: c) Food pollution

7. The most harmful pollutant for ozone depletion is:

a) Oxygen
b) CFCs
c) Nitrogen
d) Water vapour
Answer: b) CFCs

8. Man-made pollution is also called:

a) Natural
b) Artificial pollution
c) Eco-friendly
d) Domestic
Answer: b) Artificial pollution

9. Pollution affects:

a) Humans only
b) Plants only
c) Animals only
d) All living organisms
Answer: d) All living organisms
10. Excessive use of pesticides causes:

a) Clean environment
b) Soil pollution
c) Freshwater
d) Rainfall
Answer: b) Soil pollution

B. Soil / Land Pollution (4.2)

11. Soil pollution mainly affects:

a) Soil fertility
b) Air pressure
c) Oxygen formation
d) Rainfall
Answer: a) Soil fertility

12. Main cause of soil pollution in agriculture:

a) Organic manure
b) Chemical fertilizers
c) Rainwater
d) Soil microbes
Answer: b) Chemical fertilizers

13. Mining activities lead to:

a) Soil formation
b) Soil erosion
c) Clean air
d) Forest growth
Answer: b) Soil erosion

14. Land pollution occurs due to:

a) Plastic waste
b) Composting
c) Recycling
d) Rainwater harvesting
Answer: a) Plastic waste

15. Soil testing is important for:

a) Fertility management
b) Noise pollution
c) Food chain control
d) Wind speed
Answer: a) Fertility management

16. Soil degradation means:

a) Increase in soil nutrients

b) Loss of soil quality
c) More rain
d) Crop growth
Answer: b) Loss of soil quality

17. Excessive chemical pesticides harm:

a) Soil organisms
b) Mountains
c) Air
d) Sea water
Answer: a) Soil organisms

18. Preventive measure for soil pollution:

a) Afforestation
b) Deforestation
c) Burning farmland
d) Plastic dumping
Answer: a) Afforestation

19. Best method to protect soil resources:

a) Waste dumping
b) Organic farming
c) Coal mining
d) Acid rain
Answer: b) Organic farming

20. Soil conservation helps in:

a) Desertification
b) Increasing soil fertility
c) Removing rivers
d) Melting glaciers
Answer: b) Increasing soil fertility

C. Water Pollution (4.3)

21. Water pollution means:

a) Adding pure water

b) Contaminating water bodies
c) Harvesting rainwater
d) Treating water
Answer: b) Contaminating water bodies

22. Main source of water pollution:

a) Rainfall
b) Domestic sewage
c) Wind energy
d) Forest
Answer: b) Domestic sewage

23. Eutrophication occurs due to:

a) Excess nutrients in water

b) Lack of sunlight
c) Forest fire
d) Noise
Answer: a) Excess nutrients in water
24. BIS sets standards for:

a) Air pollution
b) Domestic drinking water
c) Soil treatment
d) Noise control
Answer: b) Domestic drinking water

25. Water pollution spreads diseases such as:

a) Asthma
b) Cholera
c) Cancer
d) Diabetes
Answer: b) Cholera

26. Industrial waste should be treated:

a) After discharge
b) Before discharge
c) In the river
d) In the ocean
Answer: b) Before discharge

27. Water can be conserved by:

a) Open taps
b) Drip irrigation
c) Waste dumping
d) Flooding fields
Answer: b) Drip irrigation

28. Oil spills pollute:

a) Desert
b) Ocean
c) Mountain
d) Forest
Answer: b) Ocean
29. Wastewater treatment plant is known as:

a) WTP
b) STP
c) FTP
d) HTP
Answer: b) STP

30. Excess use of detergents causes:

a) Clean rivers
b) Water pollution
c) Pure groundwater
d) Fresh air
Answer: b) Water pollution

D. Air Pollution (4.4)

31. Main cause of urban air pollution:

a) Walking
b) Vehicle emissions
c) Dancing
d) Singing
Answer: b) Vehicle emissions

32. Smog is formed by:

a) Smoke + Fog
b) Snow + Rain
c) Fog + Soil
d) Water + Light
Answer: a) Smoke + Fog

33. Acid rain is caused by:

a) CO₂ and O₂
b) SO₂ and NO₂
c) N₂ and O₂
d) H₂ and O₂
Answer: b) SO₂ and NO₂

34. CPCB stands for:

a) Central Pollution Control Board

b) Community Pollution Control Board
c) Clean Population Control Board
d) Central Population Census Board
Answer: a) Central Pollution Control Board

35. Particulate matter which is more harmful:

a) PM100
b) PM2.5
c) PM50
d) PM150
Answer: b) PM2.5

36. Air pollution causes:

a) Asthma
b) Colour blindness
c) Broken bones
d) Hair growth
Answer: a) Asthma

37. Smog reduces:

a) Visibility
b) Noise
c) Rainfall
d) Population
Answer: a) Visibility

38. Clean fuel for vehicles:

a) Coal
b) CNG
c) Kerosene
d) Diesel
Answer: b) CNG

39. Burning of fossil fuels increases:

a) Oxygen
b) Greenhouse gases
c) Rainwater
d) Soil fertility
Answer: b) Greenhouse gases

40. Tree plantation helps reduce:

a) Air pollution
b) Sports
c) Music
d) Earthquakes
Answer: a) Air pollution

E. Noise Pollution (4.5)

41. Noise pollution refers to:

a) Pleasant sound
b) Unwanted loud sound
c) Clean sound
d) Music
Answer: b) Unwanted loud sound

42. Unit of sound is:

a) Kg
b) dB
c) m
d) Watt
Answer: b) dB
43. Main source of city noise:

a) Books
b) Vehicles
c) Plants
d) Rivers
Answer: b) Vehicles

44. Long-term noise pollution causes:

a) Better sleep
b) Hearing loss
c) Strong muscles
d) Sharp eyesight
Answer: b) Hearing loss

45. Industrial area daytime noise limit is:

a) 55 dB
b) 65 dB
c) 75 dB
d) 40 dB
Answer: c) 75 dB

46. Silent zone includes:

a) Railway station
b) Hospital
c) Market
d) Factory
Answer: b) Hospital

47. Prevention of noise pollution:

a) Use silencers
b) Blow horn
c) Use large speakers
d) Break walls
Answer: a) Use silencers
48. Night noise limit in residential area:

a) 45 dB
b) 75 dB
c) 80 dB
d) 100 dB
Answer: a) 45 dB

F. Pollution Control Boards (4.6)

49. CPCB monitors pollution at:

a) National level
b) State level
c) Local level
d) City level
Answer: a) National level

50. State Pollution Control Boards monitor pollution at:

a) World level
b) National level
c) State level
d) Village level
Answer: c) State level

UNIT – V: Environmental Legislation and

Sustainable Practices

5.1 Article 48-A and Article 51-A(g) of the Indian

Constitution
India has included environmental protection as a duty of both the Government and
Citizens in the Constitution.

A) Article 48-A (Directive Principles of State Policy)

Text: “The State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and safeguard the
forests and wildlife of the country.”

Meaning:

 The Government must take actions to protect the environment.

 The State should create laws and policies for environmental protection.
 It promotes conservation of forests and wildlife.

Importance:

 Gives a legal basis for Government actions like forest protection, pollution control,
wildlife acts.
 Helps in forming environmental laws like Forest Act, Environment Protection Act,
etc.

B) Article 51-A(g) (Fundamental Duties of Citizens)

Text: “To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and
wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.”

Meaning:

 It is the responsibility of every citizen to protect the environment.

 Every person must care for trees, animals, water bodies, and nature.

Examples of citizen duty:

 Not littering
 Saving water
 Planting trees
 Caring for animals
 Stopping pollution

Environmental Protection and Prevention Acts

Some important environmental laws in India:

1. Environment Protection Act, 1986

o Gives power to control pollution
o Takes action against polluters
2. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
o Controls air pollution
o Set standards for air quality
3. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
o Controls water pollution
 o Regulates discharge of waste water
4. Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
o Protects animals, birds, and forests
5. Forest Conservation Act, 1980
o Protects forests from deforestation

5.2 Public Awareness about Environment

Why Awareness is Needed?

Environmental problems like pollution, climate change, deforestation, and waste are
increasing.
Awareness helps people understand:

 Importance of a clean environment

 How to reduce pollution
 How to save natural resources
 Sustainable lifestyle practices

Methods to Create Public Awareness

1. Education in schools & colleges

2. Social media campaigns
3. TV programs & documentaries
4. Government advertisements
5. Cleanliness drives (Swachh Bharat)
6. World Environment Day celebration

Individuals’ Participation

Everyone must take part in protecting the environment:

 Segregating waste at home

 Saving electricity & water
 Using reusable products
 Reducing plastic
 Using public transport
 Planting trees

Role of NGOs
NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) work to protect the environment.

Activities:

 Conduct awareness campaigns

 Organize tree plantation drives
 Clean rivers and beaches
 Protect wildlife
 File complaints against polluters
 Work with local communities

Examples of famous NGOs:

 WWF India
 GreenPeace
 Centre for Science and Environment (CSE)
 TERI (The Energy & Resource Institute)

5.3 Green Technologies & Sustainable Practices

Green technologies use eco-friendly methods to reduce pollution and save resources.

1) Solar Desalination

 Uses solar energy to convert seawater into freshwater

 Useful in coastal and drought areas
 Uses solar stills or solar desalination plants

Benefits:

 Provides drinking water

 Zero pollution
 Uses renewable energy

2) Green Architecture

 Designing buildings to reduce energy consumption and resource use

 Features:
o Natural lighting
o Rainwater harvesting
o Solar panels
o Energy-efficient appliances
o Eco-friendly building materials
Benefits:

 Saves energy
 Keeps homes cooler
 Reduces carbon footprint

3) Vertical Farming & Hydroponics

Vertical Farming

 Growing crops in vertical layers instead of fields

 Saves land space
 Ideal for cities

Hydroponics

 Growing plants without soil using nutrient-rich water

 Saves water
 No pesticides

Benefits:

 High yield
 Less water use
 Can grow anywhere

4) Electric Vehicles (EVs)

 Run on electric batteries

 Do not use petrol or diesel

Examples: e-scooters, e-cars, e-buses

Benefits:

 Zero tailpipe emissions

 Reduces air pollution
 Saves fossil fuels
 Low noise

5) Plant-Based Packaging

 Natural eco-friendly packaging materials made from plants

 Materials: paper, bamboo, banana leaves, sugarcane fiber, corn-starch
Benefits:

 Biodegradable
 Reduces plastic waste
 Safe for food use

5.4 Role of Information Technology (IT) in Environment

Protection & Human Health
Information Technology helps in monitoring, analyzing, and solving environmental issues.

Role of IT in Environment Protection

1. Environmental Monitoring Systems

o Sensors measure air & water quality
o Helps in real-time pollution tracking
2. GIS & Remote Sensing
o Mapping deforestation, floods, land use
o Satellite images for analysis
3. Online Awareness
o Websites, apps spread environmental knowledge
4. Data Analysis
o Identifies pollution patterns
o Helps decision making
5. Waste Management Apps
o Smart collection system
o Recycling apps

Role in Human Health

 Tracking disease spread (like COVID-19 tracking apps)

 Health monitoring devices (smart watches)
 Early warning systems (floods, cyclone alerts)
 Telemedicine (online health consultations)
 Real-time data for hospitals
 Apps for fitness and mental health

Conclusion
 The Indian Constitution recognizes the importance of environmental protection.
 Government and citizens both have responsibility to protect nature.
 Green technologies and IT are essential tools for sustainable development.
 Public awareness and NGO participation help in building a clean and eco-friendly
society.

 50 MCQs – Unit 5: Environmental

Legislation and Sustainable Practices


 A. Constitutional Provisions (Article 48-A & 51-A(g))

 1. Article 48-A belongs to which part of the Indian Constitution?

 a) Fundamental Rights
b) Fundamental Duties
c) Directive Principles of State Policy
d) Preamble
Answer: c) Directive Principles of State Policy


 2. Article 48-A directs the State to:

 a) Increase population
b) Protect and improve the environment
c) Use more fossil fuels
d) Promote pollution
Answer: b) Protect and improve the environment


 3. Article 51-A(g) deals with:

 a) Duties of citizens towards environment

b) Rights to free education
c) Voting rights
d) Property rights
Answer: a) Duties of citizens towards environment


 4. Article 51-A(g) is part of:

 a) Fundamental Rights
b) Fundamental Duties
c) Preamble
d) Schedules
Answer: b) Fundamental Duties


 5. Article 48-A mentions conservation of:

 a) Water only
b) Forests and wildlife
c) Buildings
d) Money
Answer: b) Forests and wildlife


 6. The duty of citizens regarding environment includes:

 a) Waste more water

b) Protect natural environment
c) Increase pollution
d) Use more plastic
Answer: b) Protect natural environment


 7. The Constitution encourages citizens to show compassion to:

 a) Only humans
b) Living creatures
c) Machines
d) Vehicles
Answer: b) Living creatures


 8. Environmental Protection Act was passed in:

 a) 1972
b) 1986
c) 1980
d) 1995
Answer: b) 1986


 9. Article 48-A provides power to the Government to:

 a) Protect forests
b) Print currency
c) Increase pollution
d) Sell land
Answer: a) Protect forests


 10. Fundamental duty related to environment was added by:

 a) 42nd Amendment
b) 10th Amendment
c) 1st Amendment
d) 15th Amendment
Answer: a) 42nd Amendment


 B. Environmental Laws in India

 11. The Air Act was introduced in:

 a) 1972
b) 1981
c) 1986
d) 1974
Answer: b) 1981


 12. Water Pollution Act was passed in:

 a) 1974
b) 1972
c) 1980
d) 1999
Answer: a) 1974


 13. Wildlife Protection Act was enacted in:

 a) 2010
b) 1980
c) 1972
 d) 1990
Answer: c) 1972


 14. Forest Conservation Act aims at:

 a) Deforestation
b) Protection of forests
c) Mining
d) Pollution
Answer: b) Protection of forests


 15. Environment Protection Act provides:

 a) Legal framework for environment protection

b) Rules for banking
c) Education policies
d) Tax policies
Answer: a) Legal framework for environment protection


 16. CPCB stands for:

 a) Central Pollution Control Board

b) Centre for Pollution Control Bill
c) Certified Pollution Check Board
d) Clean Population Control Board
Answer: a) Central Pollution Control Board


 17. SPCB is responsible at:

 a) National level
b) State level
c) Global level
d) District level only
Answer: b) State level


 18. Which act controls water pollution?

 a) Environment Act
b) Water Act 1974
c) Wildlife Act
 d) GST Act
Answer: b) Water Act 1974


 19. Which act controls air pollution?

 a) Air Act 1981

b) Water Act
c) BIOS Act
d) Food Act
Answer: a) Air Act 1981


 20. Environment Day is celebrated on:

 a) June 5
b) October 2
c) August 15
d) November 14
Answer: a) June 5


 C. Public Awareness & NGOs

 21. Public awareness means:

 a) Lack of knowledge
b) Educating people about environment
c) Playing games
d) Buying products
Answer: b) Educating people about environment


 22. Individuals can help environment by:

 a) Wasting water
b) Segregating waste
c) Burning waste
d) Using plastic
Answer: b) Segregating waste

 23. Public participation means:

 a) No involvement
b) Involvement of people in environmental activities
c) Only government work
d) Only NGO work
Answer: b) Involvement of people in environmental activities


 24. NGOs stand for:

 a) Non-Gas Organization
b) Non-Governmental Organization
c) National Group Organization
d) New Government Organization
Answer: b) Non-Governmental Organization


 25. NGOs mainly work to:

 a) Increase pollution
b) Spread awareness
c) Sell products
d) Stop education
Answer: b) Spread awareness


 26. One example of NGO related to environment:

 a) WWF
b) IRCTC
c) SBI
d) LIC
Answer: a) WWF


 27. Awareness can be created through:

 a) Social media
b) Burning forests
c) Increasing pollution
d) Illegal hunting
Answer: a) Social media

 28. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is related to:

 a) Clean India mission

b) Space mission
c) Defence
d) Tourism
Answer: a) Clean India mission


 29. Beach cleanup drives are organised by:

 a) NGOs and volunteers

b) Army
c) Banks
d) Hospitals
Answer: a) NGOs and volunteers


 30. Community participation means:

 a) Only govt. action

b) People together working for environment
c) Private action
d) None
Answer: b) People together working for environment


 D. Green Technologies & Sustainable Practices

 31. Solar desalination converts:

 a) Freshwater to seawater
b) Seawater to freshwater
c) Air to water
d) Electricity to sound
Answer: b) Seawater to freshwater


 32. Which energy is used in solar desalination?

 a) Fossil fuel
b) Solar energy
c) Hydro energy
d) Nuclear energy
Answer: b) Solar energy


 33. Green architecture aims to:

 a) Increase energy use

b) Reduce environmental impact
c) Promote plastic
d) Destroy forests
Answer: b) Reduce environmental impact


 34. Vertical farming grows plants:

 a) Horizontally only
b) In stacked layers
c) In oceans
d) On trees
Answer: b) In stacked layers


 35. Hydroponics grows plants without:

 a) Water
b) Soil
c) Air
d) Sunlight
Answer: b) Soil


 36. Electric vehicles run on:

 a) Petrol
b) Diesel
c) Electricity
d) Oil
Answer: c) Electricity


 37. Electric vehicles reduce:

 a) Air pollution
b) Water pollution
c) Soil fertility
d) Forest area
Answer: a) Air pollution


 38. Plant-based packaging is:

 a) Biodegradable
b) Toxic
c) Metallic
d) Plastic
Answer: a) Biodegradable


 39. Green technologies aim to:

 a) Increase pollution
b) Reduce pollution and waste
c) Harm environment
d) Promote fossil fuels
Answer: b) Reduce pollution and waste


 40. Green buildings use:

 a) Solar panels
b) Broken materials
c) Plastic walls
d) Toxic paints
Answer: a) Solar panels


 E. Role of IT in Environment & Health

 41. IT helps in environment protection through:

 a) Remote sensing
b) Cutting trees
c) Burning waste
d) Pollution
Answer: a) Remote sensing


 42. GIS is used for:

 a) Mapping environmental data

b) Playing songs
c) Making clothes
 d) Selling products
Answer: a) Mapping environmental data


 43. AQI stands for:

 a) Air Quality Index

b) Air Quantity Information
c) All Quality Inputs
d) Automatic Query Indicator
Answer: a) Air Quality Index


 44. IT can be used to:

 a) Track pollution levels in real-time

b) Cut forests
c) Increase carbon emission
d) Stop recycling
Answer: a) Track pollution levels in real-time


 45. Which technology helps monitor air quality?

 a) Sensors
b) Mining machines
c) Tractors
d) Ships
Answer: a) Sensors


 46. Wearable devices help in:

 a) Tracking health
b) Increasing disease
c) Spreading pollution
d) Cutting trees
Answer: a) Tracking health


 47. Telemedicine means:

 a) Online medical consultation

b) Online gaming
c) Food delivery
 d) Banking
Answer: a) Online medical consultation


 48. Flood warning systems use:

 a) Information technology
b) Plastic
c) Cars
d) Paper
Answer: a) Information technology


 49. Health data monitoring helps:

 a) Early diagnosis
b) Increase disease
c) Hide facts
d) Spread pollution
Answer: a) Early diagnosis


 50. IT applications make environmental protection:

 a) Easier and effective

b) Hard and expensive
c) Impossible
d) Illegal
Answer: a) Easier and effective