Deum my defi , Defo

Defi necw date (); Date Defi = nec datec);

tme Defa =ne co dimeC);,
Defa ne co dime ();

Defi dup c);

Def cusp
33
Super
Sapea i's a o ference Uasable which is wed do durcdlq
&efen dthe Comstrue dors o sapen tlass
class Bex
int

Box(int n q)
this ac * thui y ia

class Box? etends Boc

nt y3
Boxa ( in i n y int 2
Supen ( T, Y);

class Supen do mo
PS VM CSting aC)

BocI b =necw Boct 0 );

Boc ha = new Box3 C too , ta0, 2oo)

packaqes
Packages a condaunvs Ja class . that paclcaqes
ane Sdor ed in a huenan chical annen md ane
erpiuy
ioposted into netw class deJeoidtons Packages Com be
dodind as a named Coll ecdiom clases The pwpose
 make id easg to
Loupin9 classes in a pa ckoge 13 to
add dne classu into odhea progrom ode have
We may have

gD bulc O owm clas ses fog homd ung oun data omd

Cesee*i'Sding classu'branies fov dasignig usen ibtenJar

Java packoges ano dheufore classifted i'nto dwo types.

The ds Categoay is knouwn as usen dodined pactages amd
dho Se comd is knom as java APt packaqes
Java APT packaqes
Java APT p30Vedes a lanqe numben classes rouped
tmto diddount packages acordipg do dunchonalud
eg java lornq
Java to
3houdd
Java a wt edc
Finst leten of package
be small

The Jaua lomq packoge is a utorocticaly available

do al! proqroms od not
aqured to mpost Into dhe paogmn
expliady
CaRadtin9 package2
we mus dirsd doclovu dhe nme a dhe packa ge
using dho package keywoad dollowed by a packoqe name
ho we deJine a class

packoge tiasi package;

pubue class elassfirst

Heu dhe pack a9e nama is fiospackage. hr class

clascdirst ts mot Constded apadh dhu' packad

atu n oun ocw

packa9 Involves dhe dollo cwng
9deps
Declane dhe packoqe ad dhe
beginning e a dil as

gAep
lep1
 dhe derm
package package nme;
9Hep Dedine dhe class Jhat ai do be put lo dhe package mcd dleclar

d publue
SHep 3 Cieate a sScebdirecdo umden dhe dui cdorg whe ve tho main
9
Scunce diles ane Sores
iep 9 to ed using as dhe class name java du io dhe subdui
cdey crated.
Heps Cempik dhe dile This ceates .class ile in dhe subdiantdrr
The Subdune
edora nam musd match Jh
[Link]
exacd
Accessinq A packaqe
AJten dhu packoge Sdateme n t , a yava dik may mdain
aset e import Sdatemsnt Impant sdatemsnts ar used to
biung centaun classesor endire into
package ou
prog*aro
Since we a u classes md midheds
ipordng we cdo net
nad o w Ate a tomoplet java program. The genenal fom

impot Sdole ment 's

Impert packogettpackage a- class. name/*

He
Hee packogetis Ohe name
ea top luvel package
Packaqe a is h e opdtonal inien packages, Sepanatud be a

[Link] a
speutc [Link] dhuth we want to fmpovt
Coi t spe cify ox a* CStan) cohich indu'tats dhat dhe
java
Compin shoudd use dhe endize packaqqe
Impet java util nate,
Impod Java to
Advantaqes o_usinq packades
They allow organi i n classes into unds
 Theu &e diuce problenms widh Comt'cds in na mes
3 They allnw
prodecdingding class e md medhods ina langen
auys howo on a class b class bas1g
OSing A package

package pack1
pabuc vclass class A
p ublue Void olus play A )

s P C'class A)
3
Thus 8ocnce die Showd be named clats A Ja va

nd 9doved in dhe Subeluvcde7y Ciolclen) packt Vow

Compile dhs java dile . The Res wW dapt class A class cwill

be sdoved to dhe Same

Subduucdoy Now Coms icdun
Jhe codo belveo.

tm
pot packl-classA ;
elass packTes+

PSVM CS4ring ati)

class A objA = necw class AC);

oiA duploq A C);

Thus co de Shows a Stmm im

posts dhe c lass classA Jre
dhe paclkage packt The Sonce dilk
Ahouud be sawd as
packTestljava omd dhon
Compiled Now we coo sun the
p7oq rom omd obdain dhe aesul ts

Durung Jhe Comptlatian

packTest1 -.java Jhe
Conopilen checes do dhe dile class A class in dhe
pack
pack1
 daridony tor iofovm ation Id needs. when dhe pack Test
is Aun fava loots tov dho dile packTest class md
proqram
loads it using elass loaden

V'stbiu'd Copd ollen

Access
Access Mocufrin pubuè |protecled7endyPivare, Pvate
locatbn Cdedaa t Pr oteced

Same class Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Subclas s in
Same package
Yes Yes Yes Yes Wo

cdhcn classes in
Yes Yes Yes No No
Sam pacEage

Subclass in Yes
odhen packoge Yes No
Ye No

on-Subclass
in odhn Yes No No No No
package3
he visibiidy modu dens ou also knotw as access
mo
d dieu Jaua provicu 5
dqpes visibilid modi'de
thy
They pro vicle olidieunt evels g protecdion.

pubuc
Anyvauèble oa mudhod ai vsible do dh entoa class
in cohith id is de dined d hes dhu wdut possible uerbilJ
oot a cres
sibiludy eveywhne
frendly
When no access moouiten is 6pei'jed dhe mumben
known as driendle lovel of access The $otendy aecess
makes dielda vsible omly n dhe same packg but not i
odhun [Link]
3
Protecded
 omd tie
Ths til Ges bttween thu public
access

3 crus Tnad dhu prciecied modide makes r i dieid

giblnai cmy do md u b classes I Tra

all u ilasss
Som
**Gpact oqe but also t sub classs io odhur packgs
Tr keegn- Sub classes Iodh package Can no+ actus

Prird ed mediles
p7vat
a i occess
h dhu hahut dsgret f prctedio. dhy
mywIh dhun cwn class They connct be inhiuBed o m
dhauire nei accesible m Subclasstss

pTVab prctecied

Thus s a vsbiudy lae in betuween dhe pxtected

Ccess ornd pvat acces Ths mcdidier maku he delds
ISbls all subclause ugan dlass what package th
inTruse frvds not
au
occes bs by thu classu
In Th Sam packaqe
Ruls fev Applang Apprcpma Access Mediteis
C'SE publuc if ha dreld rs do be usible
eueyuohu
se pctected t dha deld is do-be usible
tutyuwhuu in
h Cursnt pockoge also 5ubclasses odhan
pacleanes
Use dideuwt Cdruendy) i dha deld
rs de be vsible
ovey whau in dhe cununt packaqe onle
tvat piciec #ed dhaield is do be
usible onu
1Subclasses,gandless e packoges.
Use private 1 dhs eld is ntd be vsible tuvey uwhau
zept in i6 cuwm cbss
 Inierfoces Multiple (nheuda nce
jaua prourdis an altennat apprcach know
madple inhuu dorr
I74en dacu do suppt h i Concept e
of mere dhem ans
A Jaua chus cannoi be o Auh class
Bud id impkmint mcis Than cne
upe class co

inienace
Defning Tdenfore
An inten tace rs a krnd ct class Like clas ses, inten-
aces n d a i mu dheds omd varua bls but widh a majon

dhs d 1feumce dh at inHentace Conioins

odsdtuum cc 1s om

obsdaa ci me dhecds ond tina vauoblas. Thas is,

Cny
uhods 1n om iniajace j t em imple mented omd dhs
Vauoblu ajiga Cns dont valu a class iople mo nts

intenface dhat c lass must prevwcde dhe impls mundabon

fer the mdhed dodine in the mtenjace The ymda
Pe de drning om miata ce
1otenjace tmienjaceno me

pubuc absdzatt midhods

pubue imol vauoblls;

3
Im pumed1ng Intentaces
A closs dnat
Iopl ment om intendace has a
gene a
fe
class class name eziends supenrossno ma mpuments
otnfocy nome

IJ a a class tmp mends mORL dhom cne iden Jace

dhy o
bepanaird wrsh a
Comma ()1ha keq ccad
kcacad
mpome nts is used do intei ace md
mpument
widh dho class declanazon
.

utd in Covmjuncdion
Exfending Inteta ces
An Inlendace com be Sub iniedacerl f r o o t h

Hengaces The new sub inten dace will inherit a l gn

ms beS dhe sape intenlace

intenface aame tem const 3

nt Code -101
SHaing no me " Fav

Imten dace Ltem extenc

Itemo s t /
voied dusplay );
3
Im pomenHing Tntefaces-pT
ntendace A nea
final static float pt =
3-14
float oomputo C float z,floct q)3
class Recdorngle implomen Arua ?
floot Compute loat *,float y)
aeedom
udern C
**y); 3
class Circle implemenb Aua
?
float Compute Jloah * ,
floot
e dunn CPi * *A T); }.

elass Tntenface Test

PsVM CStaing ac)I
Recdomqle R neco Recdoole c;
 CincleC new Cn cle (

S 0 P C"Anta q Recdoogle + +R-Compub Cto, 2);

S OP C "Aea ot circle = "+ C^ Coopute C0,0)

Caatnq An Asna

tnvolues 3 Sdeps
dsclaning dhe aOY
CA atung momaH Locaisans
3 puthing Valuns into dho memoy locathan
Declanung he anRaq
toms

tov dype anay nomeTI;

do a pe C] annauncum
C e atio o Avray
Coaung dhe aAoy using ned opnator as

aname = new qype [size

3 Tnidaluzaturò g anay
hs co be dlome using dhe avnay ubs cipds as

anay nameSobscaipt =valu

: a Ce =1o
we co also intdralize avvan Qtomatica ohen
ll dhey
Qe declane d as

dgpe aayname C) :bst of values

int aC]= o i 3 45 ene:s
S o adomotic alle
noy s1ze ts 6 nes
P o t o Soat a ust o nurobens
 Vuable Si 2e aIAaYs
14 Java 4u ats mcldr odeimens ional anko as an
iays

avnays. 1d is possible do de claa a dwo cu'monsional

amy as sollocws

tnt oc C C) new int [3]C J

c [o) new intCD

C neco i'nt CA];

C] new int C3]:
These Sdateme nts C atesa dwo olimonslmal arnay
as having duidderent longdh fo7 each Aow as

c Co]Co]

P sont ust onumbeu.

class Soat
public sdatic Void Main sting aci)
in+ t J'
int a l) nuw int C);
a = 5 0 40 l0 30, 70, 100
int= a lengdh;
fo Ct' o; tkd; t++)
soP CaC]): .
Por C':o; tkl; t++)

Ca Ci'j< ats)
Intt a Ci)
 a [ t ) a Co];

a Cul t
So PC Aften sondog
for Ct0, t'< c**)
s-0 P CaCu):.

i Consd Tucdo7 demo

class Beoc ?
doub & huaht
olo u ble coiddb;
double dpdt
BcxCdoabu h, dou ble w cdouble d)

24hus hight h:
dhi widdh =w
dhi dpdh =d;
votd volc)

S o P (volame oBox is"+ hught oiddh« depdh):

elass Boz Const

PS VM Csting ang C
Boc bt, ba
b = new Bo* Cio,a ,14
ba neo Boc a0 ,d, 24)
bi vol C);

volC33.
Consducdo ovenlo ad1ng dtmo
class Boc

doubl htght;
doubu widdh
dpubu elt pdh :
 Boc Colouble h , doube co, doubG c

thus heqht = h;
Ohis. ewiddh w
dhui dt pdth = d;

Boz C)

dhus. hught ; -

dhs cotd dhA

dhus. depdh =6;
Vold volC)

S.0 P C "vol q boc is "+ heght * coiddh clupdh

N
33
class constoven /
PSUM Csdaing ang C)
Box bi, ba;
br no Boc (1a, 6)
w 14

ba ne Cw Boc C);
=

br vol o;
b vol c); t e o l i 24h

ghchthand Medhod
Stung Jaua
String class
Java hassding class dh at build into dhe java. lom
a

Packaqe The Sdoing class encapsulestov dhe dade sdTue

Sdruc d i
Sding ood pADvieles Sevena
Junechions builduing do
hod S6zi panupulatuo eas ien
Cons47uctovs o a Sting class
Tho Sd3ing elasSs has a set e ouenloa ded ans dru tdo
 hat aMe used o cRe ate. Stings
341ing s ne S4ing C);
SAingC paamitu h u
i s dho da dawd tunsJrucdoy caidh no

is useddo Cretta o empdy Sdin

S4ing (s4ing valas)

Thu ConsdT ucdor is used do cteate a Sding olotd
pa3512g dhe SJ7ing Valu as angumonts duvcdy

Sdring chaa a t ) Stin S nsw string "Java)

3 Siing Chan a Cj
Thi Cons daurdo Jakes a chanacden annay as
angumo nts TIhi rs used do cRe ata a Sd 7ing dhat is
inidtal 2ed cwrdh dhe chanactens Stored in dhe ch anaten
annay
necw sizing C Chaa aC).
SdaingS
49d7ing Cchan aCi, int staat int Coupt):

Ths Coma dvuedo dakes dha chana cBen arnay Sdavdtting

integen emd courd as ang ument. 1isused do czeate a
9d7ing drvo dhe characten anay with a 8pecudied number
adin
chaact es ce Hrom a Sdantung chaacten
eg a C] "Java p«yra
Sd7ing S new Sd7ing (a, 31)

p apro.
5
St1ingCbyte a»ctiC], byte huqhbyte);
Ths isused do cacate a
Seaing drom a byke a a Tn
dhu cwe have do pass dhe
byfe aay Opd huqh bqe o
Pach chanacden as
().
agume nts
byte aseii 65,66, 67
ta)
34ing S nna
S4»ing asc,o) Cp A BC
 yte asciit), byte hahbye
ind Sdat tnt
Count
s Conuducdor accepds a byle aay hghbyt
cates
Sd ant i dec omd Count as anqumens. CR a

dro dhe ble asnoy dror a Apeed Stanting

Sdring
Indac amd having dhe numben ch coractens in dhe

Count
eq: s+*
yte a- i65,s6,67, 8,69, 70,7
8ding S new Sding (a ,o,a, 3)D;
O/p cOE.

Sting Medhels
SdTing elasc eodines a number o modhocls Ohat
allo w us do accoopu'sh a Vanreky Siing meniu atin
dask
Medhod call Task Pendomed .

sa S1toLowenlCose ; Covets dhe staing SI do al

owen case

Sa =
S do Uppe Case, Con vertsdhe. sd 7ing St do all
CPpen Case
Sa =31 9place C J) | Replace al
aPpeanances o
co idh
s St 4im C); Remove3 Cwhude spaces at dhe
beagnning omd end dhe St1
SI.
St eqals Csa) Redunns drue id Si is
e9ual do S3

St equals lgnoseCase (Sa) Redrns dnue fSI equal to Sa

anong dhe Ccue q chanacten
S ongdhC); Redunns dhe
legdh J S1
St cha At (n) Guives dhe n°h
chanaden s i
9 Comparelo Csa)D; Redans ve t Si Sa , +ve

S S a m d o f S1 Sa
 Concatanates S omd Sa
SI Concat ( Sa) ; dh
S Substing Cn) Cives Sub sd7inq SJanting tromn
chanacBen
Om
S Subsd7iog Co,m); Gives Bubsdzing Sdantin9
h (nott
nO chanacten upko
includuina mdh)

Aile a
pqo betical
fo alphabe ondening sAings ou tan
ings
give
'Ve dhe sting explicidlg