[06.

10] ARTICLES (A-AN/ THE/ ZERO)

A - an (một)
- đi chung danh từ đếm được (apple, doctor, teacher, house) số ít.
- An: đi trước những từ bắt đầu bằng nguyên âm:
+ U (uncomfortable: This is an uncomfortable couch.)
+ E (elephant: An elephant is huge.)
+ O (orange: My mom buys an orange.)
+ A (ant: An ant is very strong.)
+ I (intelligent: Lily is an intelligent person in my class.)
UEOAI
Special
+ uncomfortable /ʌnˈkʌmfətəbl/
+ University /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəti/ the USA
=> A | not An
- Đề cập khi người nghe và người nói không xác định rõ vật mình nói. => Là lần đề cập
đầu tiên của điều gì đó.
( I live in a house. You know that the house I live in is the pink house next door.)
- Khi nói về nghề nghiệp (Ex: My friend is a doctor.)
- Khi nói về tính cách (character/ characteristic) của một người
(Ex: You are a fool.)
The
- Dùng được với danh từ đếm được/ không đếm được + số ít/ số nhiều
- Xác định rõ => dùng sau khi câu trước đã đề cập tới a/an
- Danh từ duy nhất (the moon, the Sun, the Earth,... )
- So sánh nhất + số đếm (the best, the worst, the only one, the first/ second/ third,...)
- Chỉ định một nhóm người đặc biệt + chia động từ số nhiều / một nhóm quốc gia
Ex: I really admire the Vietnamese.
The blind are studying sign language.
The old, the sick, and the unemployed need our special care.
- Nhóm đặc biệt buộc phải dùng the:
+ Musical instruments [nhạc cụ]: Do you play the guitar? Do you play the piano?
+ Time: in the morning, in the future/ past [at present]
+ Oceans: the Pacific [thái bình dương]/ the Atlantic [đại tây dương] …
+ Rivers: the Amazon River, the Mekong River,....
[13.10]
Zero (không mạo từ)
- Danh từ không đếm được và danh từ đếm được số nhiều <= nói chung chung
Ex: I hate bees. | I hate a bee. | I hate the bees.
Pizza is life.
All she talks about is cars.
- Tên của bữa ăn (lunch, dinner) chung chung
Ex: It’s time for lunch.
What’s for dinner? (The dinner mom gave me was delicious.)
Lunch is awful. (tôi ghét ăn trưa.)
The lunch was awful. (bữa trưa tôi đã ăn thật tệ.)
- ĐI chung với giới từ (at, of, on, in,...) chỉ nơi chốn với một cái tòa nhà cụ thể (prison,
hospital, school, university, church, class, court) với cách sử dụng quan trọng hơn cái nơi.
Ex: He is in prison. (he is a prisoner.)
He is in the prison. (he is a visitor of that prison.)
=> The: nhấn mạnh mục đích của các khác. (We go to the university. => đi làm gì
khác ngoài việc học.)
=> Zero: nhấn mạnh mục đích tại nơi đó. (We go to university. => đi học)
- Khi nói về phương tiện giao tiện giao thông (train, plane, helicopter,...) một cách chung
chung
Ex: I went there by bus. (I went there by the bus that starts at 5 am.)
Nếu mà sử dụng chung với in/on - cần một mạo từ không xác định
Ex: We went there in a car/ on a bus.
In: không di chuyển đc bên trong phương tiện
On: có thể di chuyển/ đi bộ trong phương tiện
 [29.10] PRESENT TIMES
PRESENT SIMPLE
Subject (chủ đề/ chủ thể) + V(s/es) + Object (khách thể/ vật… )
Use:
- Thời gian biểu
- Thói quen cố định, lâu ngày
- Sự thật hiển nhiên
Dấu hiệu: usually, sometimes, everyday,.....
Trạng từ chỉ tần suất:
always - usually = frequently - often = normally - sometimes = occasionally - rarely = seldom = hardly ever - never
Ex: My dog hardly ever plays with me because he doesn’t like me.
I occasionally go to my friend’s hometown to visit her parents and relax.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS - PROGRESSIVE

Subject + be + V_ing
- Đang xảy ra khi đang nói
- Phê phán (có always)
- Thói quen tạm thời đang diễn ra (và có thể k còn ở tương lai)
- Diễn tả 1 lịch trình của người nói - có thể thay đổi được
Ex: I am traveling to Dalat tomorrow morning on the 5 am train.
Động từ tình thái (state verb)
Be, smell, hear, taste, believe, know, suppose, understand
=> KHÔNG CÓ DẠNG V_ING
[05.11] PAST TIME
1. Past simple
- 1 việc xảy ra trong qk và chấm dứt trong qk
- Có thời gian cụ thể (last night/ Monday… yesterday)
- 1 thói quen nhưng đã kết thúc hiện tại không còn nữa => used to/
dùng thì quá khứ đơn.
- Nhấn mạnh tg của qk, một chuỗi sk trong qk

My mom and my sister ate sandwiches.

=> Who eats the sandwiches?

Mary and Jason did the test well.

=> Who did the test well? => It was Mary and Jason.

2. Past continuous

S + was/were + V-ing

- Sự việc nhưng có thời gian cụ thể

Ex: he was doing homework at 8 p.m. last night.

- Diễn tả nền cho 1 hành động đang diễn ra cho 1 hành động đột ngột
cắt ngang

Ex: yesterday, while I was having lunch, it rained.

My teacher called my mom while we were having lunch.

- Diễn tả 2 hành động xảy ra song song trong quá khứ (dùng When)

Ex: I was having lunch when it was raining.

My mom was cooking when my dad was reading a book.

They had been talking about me before I arrived.

3. Past perfect

S + HAD + Ved/3

- (đã nói qua)

4. USED TO

(nói kết hợp với past simple)

"Describe a memorable day while you were at High School. Use the past
tenses and should have at least 100 words. "

A memorable day while I was in High School was the first day of school. This
is the day when I met my new friend and my new teacher in the new school.
My classmates were very friendly and lovely. My seatmate, Quynh, gave me
a small gift. My teacher is was very kind and beautiful. She gave me a small
notebook. We introduced ourselves and made friends with my classmate. I
am very happy and love this first day.

- Too short (79 words)

- Dùng câu phức xen kẽ câu đơn
- Không đa dạng thì

A memorable day while I was in High School was the first day of school. This
is the day when I met my new friends and my new teachers in the new
school. My classmates were very friendly and lovely. My seatmate, Quynh,
gave me a small gift. My teacher is was very kind and beautiful,. She gave
me a small notebook. We introduced ourselves and made friends with my
classmate. I am was very happy and loved this first day.
- A memorable day during my time in High School was the first day of
school.
- This is the day when I met my new friend and my new teacher in the
new school.
=> It was the day I met my new friends and teachers at a new school.
- My classmates were very friendly and lovely. My seatmate, Quynh,
gave me a small gift.
=> My classmates were really friendly and welcoming, and my
seatmate, Quynh, even gave me a small gift to make me feel
comfortable.
- My teacher was very kind and beautiful. She gave me a small
notebook.
=> The teacher, who was very kind and beautiful, gave me a small
notebook.
- We introduced ourselves and made friends with my classmate.

- I am very happy and love this first day.

=> It was truly a happy and lovely start to my high school journey.
 RELATIVE CLAUSE

(I had been excited for weeks, but I still felt nervous when I arrived.) It was
the day I met my new friends and teachers at a new school. My classmates
were really friendly and welcoming, and my seatmate, Quynh, even gave me
a small gift to make me feel comfortable. The teacher, who was kind and
beautiful, handed me a small notebook as a welcome gesture. During the
day, we introduced ourselves, shared some stories, and quickly became
friends. I still remember feeling so happy and relieved that everything went
so well. It was truly a perfect start to my high school journey.

[12.11] PREPOSITIONS
IN ON AT

place - Vị trí bên trong - vị trí bên trên bề mặt - vi tri tai mot diem
Ex: in the room/ dormitory/ this Ex: on the carpet/ sofa/ table/ Ex: at home, at the post office, at
school/ Ha Noi/ mountains/ ground,.... the airport, …
rivers
At the front/ back of some
building
At the beginning/ end of sth

- Tên làng thị trấn quốc gia,...... - nơi chốn, số tầng, số nhà - ten cua 1 toa nha/ dia chi cu the
Ex: on the second floor, on the cua nha, co ssso.
platform, on the beach, river Ex: at 75 Le Duan street
On the third floor of the 237 At the doctor’s office, at my
house house,...

- tên đường - tên đường - noi lam viec/ hoc tap

Ex: on the street, on the Ex: I am studying at the USSH.
Avenue, on this road My brother works at the Oxford
Law Company.

Noi lam - dùng với phuong tien (car, - dung voi phuong tien (bus, - su hien dien cua ai do tai mot su
vie taxi, helicopter,...) train, plane, cruise, ship, kien
Ex: He is eating cake in the car. bicycle, motorbike,...) Ex: I was at the EXSH concert
Ex: She goes on the train to go yesterday.
to Ha Noi. My teachers were at school when
=> she goes to HN by train. I called them.
He had a meeting on the train.

- vị trí phương hướng

Ex; on the left, on the right, on
the back of sth (on the back of
the book, laptop,..)
TIME - năm, tháng, mùa, thập niên, - ngày trong tuần, ngày tháng - giờ => 1 thoi diem xac dinh
thế kỷ => thời gian dài trong năm Ex: at 8.10 pm, at midnight, at
Ex: in 2007, in April, in the Ex: on Monday/ Tuesday/… noon, at lunch time
1970s, in the summer, in the On 13th April 2007, on 7th At sunset, at sunrise, at dawn,...
21st Century, in the Middle April,...
Age

- thời gian cụ thể trong ngày, kì - ngay nghi cu the - toan bo nhung ngay trong ky
nghỉ Ex: on New Year, on nghi
Ex: in the afternoon, evening, Christmas Day, on Easter Ex: at the weekend, at New Year
morning, summer holidays, in Money,
the Easter Holiday On Sunday/ Tuesday/…
morning
On my birthday.

- khoang thoi gian can de hoan - cum tu chi khoang thoi gian
thanh cong viec Ex: at the moment
Ex: in five minutes, in 2 weeks, At present
in a month At the same time
At that time
At first…

In time: On time:
We have to hurry if we want to She is never on time. She’s
be in time for the show. always late.

=> kịp lúc, không có tg dư => đúng giờ

● in/ on/ at KHÔNG DÙNG CHUNG vs all, each, every, some, last, next, this, today,
yesterday, that, tomorrow.
Interested in: hứng thú với
Keen on = Fond of = interested in
 20.12
How the Memory Works
Recently I learned how the memory works. There are three stages of
memory systems: sensory, short-term and long-term memory. Information is
encoded into sensory memory through eyes and ears, which is a very
prime stage of memory. Visual sensory memory only lasts for a fraction of
second for image brainstem to judge if the data is important to be brought
into consciousness. After the auditory information has been collected by
ears, it can be held on longer, and the duration is about two to four seconds
to recognize the meaning of the phrase. Subsequently, our brain will figure
out which sensory memory is important, and then the information will be
selected from sensory memory to short term memory.

Consequently, [adv] - consequence [N]

The consequence of eating too much fast food is obesity.

As the result,

PASSIVE: BE + V3/ed

ACTIVE PASSIVE

Present simple S + V(s/es) S + (am/is/are) + V3/ed

The dog bites me. I am bitten by the dog.

Present perfect S + has/have + V3/ed S + has/have + been +

I have chosen that picture V3/ed
since April. That picture has been
chosen by me since April.

Present progressive/ S + be (am/is/are) + V_ing S + am/is/are + being +

continuous I am doing my homework V3/ed
at the moment in my My hw is being done in my
room. room at the moment.

Past simple S + V2/ed S + were/was + V3/ed

S + were/was + being +
V3/ed
S + had been + V3/ed

Will S + will + Vbare S + will be + V3/ed

Modal verb S + mv + Vbare S + Mv + be + V3/ed

 Chủ ngữ là: I, they, he, she, it, one, somebody, someone, noone, nobody =>
k có “by”

Dùng with khi có vật thể tác động

Ex: Someone used a knife to stab Mr. John.

=> Mr. John was stabbed with a knife.

Vị trí thứ tự của trạng từ: Chốn - nhân - gian

The hairdresser cut my hair.

=> I have my hair cut by the hairdresser.

BỊ ĐỘNG SAI KHIẾN

Have Get Need

Active Subject + Have + person Subject + Get + person

+ Vbare + object + TO V + object

My manager has her The seller got his

employee finish the customer to buy a new
report. combo.

Passive Subject + Have + object Subject + Get + object Subject + need(s/ed)

+ V3/ed + by…. + V3/ed + by…. + V_ing

My manager has the The seller got a new This car needs
report finished by her combo bought by his cleaning.
employee. customer.

They expect that the economy is going to grow up to 12%.

Many people said the prisoner lived in Japan.

[22.11] RELATIVE CLAUSE

- mệnh đề tính ngữ -
1. Clause

SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT

I love English.

I am a student.

He has been here for 3 months.

This is the camera. This camera is new.

This is the camera which is new.

The museum is very old. This museum has a lot of artifacts.

The museum which has a lot of artifacts is very old.

The homework which focused on the preposition was very helpful but I
didn’t do it.

2. Relative pronoun

which - RP chỉ vật, sự việc

E.g. I broke a vase, which focused on the preposition, at Mary’s
house.
- Vị trí vừa là Chủ ngữ của mệnh đề vừa là Tân ngữ của mệnh đề
The museum which I visited twice is very old.

The book which has 1000 pages is just released.

The book which I lent yesterday was just released.

That - Dùng đc cho cả ng và vật

- That làm Chủ ngữ và Tân ngữ của mệnh đề
- Không đứng sau dấu “,”

Who - Chỉ người

That is the boy who sits next to me on the bus.
- Who làm Chủ ngữ và Tân ngữ của mệnh đề
Ex: they are visiting a girl who they have fallen in love with for
3 years.

Whom - Chỉ người

 - Nhưng luôn là Tân ngữ của menh de.
They are visiting a girl whom/ who they have fallen in love
with for 3 years.

Whose - Chỉ sở hữu

Miss John, whose bag bought yesterday has gone missing.
I found a cat whose legs are broken.
- Whose vai trò Tân ngữ của md

The girl who you saw at the concert is my sister.

There was a building whose windows were all broken.

This is the one who has been sitting on the bench for an hour.

3. Types of relative clause + omitting relative pronouns

Mệnh đề Xác định Mệnh đề KHÔNG xác định

- Menh de dung de xac dinh/ them thong - Menh de dung de bo sung nghia cho
tin cho chu ngu/ su kien no bo nghia chu ngu dc thay the.
- Khong co dau phay. - Co dau phay
- Khong quan trong
Ex: The man who robbed the bank is Ex: The man, who robbed the bank, is
arrested. arrested.

- Có pronoun làm OBJECT thì relative - Không dùng “That” cho mệnh đề
pronoun có thể lược bỏ không xác định
Ex: The man who we were talking about - Không đc lược bỏ relative pronoun t
earlier is arrested.
=> The man we were talking about earlier
is arrested.

The book which you lent me is interesting.

=> the book you lent me is interesting.

My father is the person whom I admire most.

=> My father is the person I admire most.

Bt III MLH

4. Trạng từ quan hệ (When/ Where/ Why)

- When: = on/at/ in which: dùng thay cho dt chỉ thời gian

Ex: I’ll never forget the day when I met her.

=> I’ll never forget the day on which I met her.

Spring is the season when all the flowers are bloomed

=> Spring is the season in which all the flowers are bloomed.

- Where = in/at which: dung thay cho dt chi nơi chốn

Ex: this is the place where the accident happened [= at which …]

- Why = for which: chỉ lý do, thường là thay cho ‘reason’

Ex: Please tell me the reason why you are so sad!

=> Please tell me the reason for which you are so sad!

The reason why I couldn't attend the party was because of my strict
parents.

4. Giới từ [10.12]

Trong lối văn trang trọng => Giới từ được ảo lên trc RELATIVE
PRONOUN

Who => whom

That => which

Mr. Big is very interested in my plan. I spoke to him on the phone last
night.

=> Mr. Big, who I spoke to on the phone last night, is very interested
in my plan.

=> Mr. Big, to whom I spoke on the phone last night, is very interested
in my plan.
 The picture was famous. She was looking at it.

=> the picture that she was looking at was famous. => the picture at
which she was looking was famous.

The man is my form teacher. My mom is talking to him.

=> the man who my mom is talking to is my form teacher.

=> the man to whom my mom is talking is my form teacher.

The restaurant is closed today. We normally go to there.

=> the restaurant that we normally go to is closed today.

=> the restaurant to which we normally go is closed today.

5. When must we use “that”?

6. Các dạng rút gọn
- Cụm phân từ
- Quá khứ phân từ