TYBSC

Semester 6

Applied Component

Advanced Microprocessor, Microcontrollers & Python Programming

Introduction to Python
What is a Program?

A program is a set of instructions written by a programmer that tells a computer how to

perform a specific task. Programs are written in programming languages and executed by the
computer to solve problems, automate work, or perform calculations.

Example tasks:

 Calculating student marks

 Playing music
 Sending emails
 Operating ATM machines

The Python Programming Language

Python is a high-level, general-purpose, and easy-to-learn programming language.

It is widely used for:

 Web development
 Data science & Machine Learning
 Automation & scripting
 Game Development
 Network and Cybersecurity
History of Python

Year Event
1989 Developed by Guido van Rossum in the Netherlands
1991 First public release
2000 Python 2.0 released
2008 Python 3.0 released
Today One of the most popular programming languages

Features of Python

Features of Python (Explained in Detail)

1. Simple and Easy to Learn

 Python has a clear and readable syntax similar to English.

 Programs require fewer lines of code compared to languages like C or Java.
 No need for complex symbols like { } or ;.
 This makes Python ideal for:
o Beginners
o Students
o Rapid learning and teaching

Example:

print("Hello World")

2. Free and Open Source

 Python is free to download and use.

 Its source code is open, meaning anyone can view, modify, and distribute it.
 No license cost for:
o Individuals
o Educational institutions
o Companies
 Encourages innovation and community contribution.

3. Cross-Platform (Portable)

 Python programs can run on multiple operating systems without modification.

 Supported platforms include:
o Windows
o macOS
 o Linux
 This is known as “Write Once, Run Anywhere”.

Benefit:

 Same Python code works across different systems.

4. Large Standard Library

 Python comes with a huge built-in library.

 It provides ready-made modules for:
o File handling
o Mathematics
o Networking
o Date & time
o Operating system interaction
 Reduces the need to write code from scratch.

Example modules:

 math, os, sys, random, datetime

5. Supports Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

 Python supports OOP concepts such as:

o Classes
o Objects
o Inheritance
o Encapsulation
o Polymorphism
 Helps in:
o Code reusability
o Better program structure
o Easier maintenance of large programs

Example:

class Student:
def __init__(self, name):
[Link] = name

6. Extensible and Embeddable

 Extensible:
 o Python can be extended using languages like C or C++ for performance-
critical tasks.
 Embeddable:
o Python can be embedded into other applications as a scripting language.
 Used in:
o Game engines
o Embedded systems
o Scientific software

7. Supports GUI Programming

 Python can be used to create Graphical User Interface (GUI) applications.

 Popular GUI libraries include:
o Tkinter
o PyQt
o wxPython
 Used to develop:
o Desktop applications
o Interactive tools

Example:

 Creating windows, buttons, menus, dialog boxes.

8. Excellent Community Support

 Python has a very large global community.

 Plenty of:
o Tutorials
o Documentation
o Discussion forums
o Online courses
 Easy to find help for:
o Errors
o New libraries
o Project ideas
 Continuous improvement due to community contributions.
Installing Python

Python can be install from the official website:

[Link]

Steps:

1. Download Python installer

2. Run installer → check “Add Python to PATH”
3. Follow installation wizard
4. Verify using terminal/cmd:
5. python --version

Running a Python Program

Python programs can be run in two ways:

1. Interactive Mode

Type commands directly in Python shell:

>>> print("Hello")
Hello

2. Script Mode

Write code in a file with .py extension and run it.

File: [Link]

print("Hello Python")

Run from terminal:

python [Link]
The First Python Program
print("Welcome to Python Programming")

Output:

Welcome to Python Programming

Arithmetic Operators in Python

Arithmetic operators are used to perform mathematical calculations on numeric values
such as integers and floating-point numbers.

1. Addition Operator (+)

Meaning

 Adds two operands.

 Can also be used to concatenate strings.

Example
5 + 3

Result
8

Explanation

 Python adds the values 5 and 3.

 Result is an integer because both operands are integers.

2. Subtraction Operator (-)

Meaning

 Subtracts the right operand from the left operand.

Example
5 - 3
Result
2

Explanation

 Python calculates the difference between 5 and 3.

 Order of operands matters in subtraction.

3. Multiplication Operator (*)

Meaning

 Multiplies two operands.

 Can also be used to repeat strings.

Example
5 * 3

Result
15

Explanation

 Python multiplies 5 by 3.
 Useful in mathematical calculations and loops.

4. Division Operator (/)

Meaning

 Divides the left operand by the right operand.

 Always returns a floating-point result, even if division is exact.

Example
6 / 3

Result
2.0
Explanation

 Although 6 ÷ 3 = 2, Python returns 2.0.

 This ensures consistency in mathematical operations.

5. Floor Division Operator (//)

Meaning

 Divides two numbers and returns the largest integer less than or equal to the result.
 The decimal part is discarded (floored).

Example
7 // 2

Result
3

Explanation

 Actual division: 7 ÷ 2 = 3.5

 Floor division removes the decimal part → 3
 Useful when working with indices or integer-based logic.

6. Modulus Operator (%)

Meaning

 Returns the remainder of a division.

Example
7 % 2

Result
1

Explanation

 7 ÷ 2 gives quotient 3 and remainder 1.

 Commonly used to:
 o Check even/odd numbers
o Cyclic operations

7. Exponentiation Operator (**)

Meaning

 Raises the left operand to the power of the right operand.

Example
2 ** 3

Result
8

Explanation

 2³ = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8
 Used for power, squares, cubes, etc.

Summary Table (Quick Revision)

Operator Name Description Example Result
+ Addition Adds values 5 + 3 8
- Subtraction Subtracts values 5 - 3 2
* Multiplication Multiplies values 5 * 3 15
/ Division Returns float quotient 6 / 3 2.0
// Floor Division Integer quotient 7 // 2 3
% Modulus Remainder 7 % 2 1
** Exponent Power 2 ** 3 8

Key Points
 / always returns a float.
 // removes the decimal part.
 % gives the remainder.
 ** is used for powers.
 Python handles integers and floats automatically.
Values and Types

Values are basic data items a program works with.

Every value has a type.

Value Type
10 int
12.45 float
"Hello" string
True / False boolean

Check type in Python:

print(type(10))
print(type("Hello"))

Variables, Expressions, and Statements in Python

1. Assignment Statements

An assignment statement assigns a value to a variable.

Syntax:

variable_name = value

Example:

x = 10
name = "Python"

Here, x holds integer value 10, and name holds string "Python".

2. Variable Names and Keywords

Variable Names

Rules for naming variables:

  Must start with a letter or underscore
 Cannot start with a number
 Can contain letters, digits, and underscores
 Case-sensitive (age and Age are different)

Valid: student_name, _count, marks1

Invalid: 1name, a-b, total%

Keywords

Keywords are reserved words in Python that cannot be used as variable names.

Examples: if, else, while, for, class, True, False, return, import

3. Expressions and Statements

Expression

A combination of variables, values, and operators that evaluates to a result.

Example:

5 + 3
x + y

Statement

An instruction executed by the interpreter.

Example statements:

x = 10 # assignment statement
print(x) # print statement

4. Script Mode

Python code written in a .py file and executed later is called script mode.

Steps:

1. Open editor (VS Code / IDLE / PyCharm)

2. Write program and save ([Link])
3. Run using:

python [Link]
5. Order of Operations (Operator Precedence)

Order Operation Symbol

1 Parentheses ()
2 Exponent **
3 Multiplication, Division, Modulus * / // %
4 Addition, Subtraction + -

Example:

result = 5 + 2 * 3
print(result) # Output: 11 (not 21)

7. Comments

Comments are notes in code ignored by Python. Used to explain code.

What are Comments?

 Comments are explanatory notes written in a Python program.

 They are meant for humans, not for the computer.
 The Python interpreter ignores comments during execution.
 Used to explain code, improve readability, and aid maintenance.

Why Comments are Important

 Make programs easy to understand.
 Help others (and your future self) read and modify code.
 Useful for debugging and documentation.
 Essential in large and complex programs.
 Do not affect program output or speed.

Single-Line Comment

# This is a comment
Multi-Line Comment
'''
This is a multiline
comment
'''

8. Debugging

Debugging means finding and fixing errors in a program.

Types of Errors

Type Meaning Example

Syntax Error Violation of language print("Hello" (missing ))
rules
Runtime Occurs during 10 / 0 (Division by zero)
Error execution
Semantic Logic error, wrong average = total / 5 (when total should be
Error result divided by 4)

Example Program Covering Key Concepts

# program to demonstrate variables, expressions, comments
a = 10 # assignment
b = 20

# expression
sum = a + b

print("Sum =", sum) # statement

Output

Sum = 30

Functions in Python
A function is a reusable block of code that performs a specific task. Instead of writing the
same code repeatedly, we define a function once and call it whenever needed.

Importance of Functions in Python

What is a Function?

 A function is a block of reusable code that performs a specific task.

  It runs only when it is called.
 Functions help in organizing programs into smaller parts.

Example:

def greet():
print("Hello, Python!")

Advantages:
1. Code Reusability
 Functions allow the same code to be used multiple times.
 Avoids rewriting the same logic again and again.
 Saves time and effort.

2. Reduces Program Length

 Repeated code is written once inside a function.
 The program becomes shorter and cleaner.
 Improves efficiency.

3. Improves Readability
 Functions make programs easy to read and understand.
 Each function name describes what the code does.
 Large programs become well-structured.

4. Easier Debugging
 Errors can be isolated to specific functions.
 Makes testing and debugging simpler.
 Fixing an error in one function fixes it everywhere it is used.

5. Better Program Organization (Modularity)

 Programs are divided into small logical units (modules).
 Each function handles one specific task.
 Encourages top-down programming approach.

6. Improves Maintainability
 Changes can be made in one place only.
 Easy to modify or update programs.
  Suitable for large and long-term projects.

7. Parameter Passing & Flexibility

 Functions accept parameters to work with different data.
 Makes functions flexible and dynamic.

8. Improves Code Efficiency

 Reduces redundancy.
 Makes programs faster to write and easier to optimize.
 Encourages use of built-in and user-defined functions.

Summary
Importance Explanation
Reusability Write once, use many times
Readability Clear and understandable code
Modularity Breaks program into parts
Debugging Easy error detection
Maintenance Easy to update code
Teamwork Supports collaborative work

Key Points
 Functions reduce repetition of code.
 They improve clarity and structure.
 Essential for large and complex programs.
 Python supports built-in and user-defined functions.

1. Function Basics

 Functions help break programs into smaller, manageable parts.

 Improve code readability and reusability.

Example

def greet():
print("Hello, Python Learner!")

2. Function Calls
A function executes only when it is called.

def greet():
print("Hello!")

greet() # Function call

3. Math Functions

Python provides built-in mathematical functions via the math module.

import math

print([Link](25)) # 5.0
print([Link](2, 3)) # 8.0

Common math functions: sqrt(), pow(), sin(), cos(), ceil(), floor().

4. Composition

Using one function inside another is called composition.

import math
result = [Link](abs(-16))
print(result)

5. Adding New Functions

You can create your own functions using def.

def add(a, b):

return a + b

6. Definitions and Uses

Function Definition

def function_name(parameters):
statements

Function Use

 Saves time
 Easy debugging
 Encourages modular programming
7. Flow of Execution

Program execution starts at the first line and moves down, but when a function is called,
control jumps to the function definition.

8. Parameters and Arguments

 Parameters: Variables declared in function definition

 Arguments: Values passed when calling the function

def multiply(x, y): # parameters

return x * y

multiply(4, 5) # arguments

9. Local Variables and Parameters

Variables created inside a function are local and accessible only within that function.

def test():
x = 10 # local variable
print(x)

test()
print(x) # Error: x not defined

Fruitful and Void Functions in Python

In Python, functions are broadly classified into two types based on whether they return a
value or not:

1. Fruitful Functions
2. Void Functions

1. Fruitful Functions
Definition

A fruitful function is a function that returns a value after performing a task.

 The returned value can be:

o Number
o String
 o Boolean
o List, tuple, etc.
 The keyword return is used.

Characteristics of Fruitful Functions

 Always use the return statement

 Result can be:
o Stored in a variable
o Used in expressions
o Printed or further processed
 More flexible and reusable

Syntax
def function_name(parameters):
statements
return value

Example (Physics Example: Force Calculation)

def calculate_force(mass, acceleration):
return mass * acceleration

Function Calling

F = calculate_force(10, 2)
print("Force =", F, "Newtons")

Output

Force = 20 Newtons

Where Fruitful Functions are Used

 Mathematical calculations
 Physics formulas
 Data processing
 Decision making

2. Void Functions
Definition

A void function is a function that does not return any value.

 It performs a task but does not send a result back.

 Uses print() instead of return.

Characteristics of Void Functions

 No return statement (or return without value)

 Output is displayed directly
 Mainly used for:
o Displaying messages
o Printing results
o Performing actions

Syntax
def function_name(parameters):
statements

Example (Physics Example: Display Force)

def display_force(mass, acceleration):
force = mass * acceleration
print("Force =", force, "Newtons")

Function Calling

display_force(10, 2)

Output

Force = 20 Newtons

.
Difference Between Fruitful and Void Functions
Feature Fruitful Function Void Function
Return value Yes No
Uses return Yes No
Output storage Can be stored Cannot be stored
Flexibility High Low
Usage Calculations, logic Display, actions

Key Points
 Fruitful functions return a value
 Void functions do not return a value
 return sends result back to caller
 Void functions return None by default
 Fruitful functions are more reusable

14. Boolean Functions

Functions that return True or False.

def is_even(n):
return n % 2 == 0

print(is_even(4)) # True

Example Program Covering Concepts

import math

# fruitfuil function
def area_circle(r):
return [Link] * r * r

# void function
def show_area(r):
area = area_circle(r)
print("Area =", area)

show_area(5)
Logical Operators
Types of Logical Operators in Python
Python provides three logical operators:

1. and
2. or
3. not

1. Logical AND (and)

Meaning

 Returns True only if both conditions are True.

 If any one condition is False, result is False.

Truth Table

Condition 1 Condition 2 Result

True True True
True False False
False True False
False False False

Example
x = 10
print(x > 5 and x < 20)

Output

True

Explanation

 x > 5 → True
 x < 20 → True
 Both are True → Result is True

2. Logical OR (or)
Meaning

 Returns True if at least one condition is True.

 Returns False only if both conditions are False.

Truth Table

Condition 1 Condition 2 Result

True True True
True False True
False True True
False False False

Example
x = 3
print(x < 5 or x > 10)

Output

True

Explanation

 x < 5 → True
 Only one condition needs to be True

3. Logical NOT (not)

Meaning

 Reverses the Boolean value.

 True becomes False, False becomes True.

Truth Table

Condition Result
True False
False True

Example
x = 10
print(not(x > 5))
Output

False

Explanation

 x > 5 → True
 not True → False

if–else Statement in Python

What is if–else?

 The if–else statement is used for decision making.

 It allows a program to choose between two blocks of code based on a condition.
 If the condition is True, the if block runs.
 If the condition is False, the else block runs.

Syntax of if–else
if condition:
statements_if_true
else:
statements_if_false

How if–else Works (Step-by-Step)

1. Python checks the condition in the if statement.
2. If the condition is True:
o Statements inside the if block are executed.
o The else block is skipped.
3. If the condition is False:
o Statements inside the else block are executed.
o The if block is skipped.

Suitable Example 1: Check Whether a Number is Even or

Odd
num = 7

if num % 2 == 0:
print("Number is Even")
else:
print("Number is Odd")

Explanation

 num % 2 == 0 checks whether the remainder is zero.

 If True → number is Even
 If False → number is Odd

Output
Number is Odd

Example 2 (Physics Example): Temperature Check

temperature = 35

if temperature < 40:

print("A little cold, isn't it?")
else:
print("Nice weather we're having.")

Explanation

 Condition: temperature < 40

 If True → first message is printed
 If False → second message is printed

Output
A little cold, isn't it?

Key Points
 if–else is used for two-way decision making.
 Condition must return Boolean value.
 Python uses indentation instead of braces {}.
 Only one block (if or else) executes at a time.
 Widely used in:
o Result processing
o Eligibility checks
o Comparisons
if–elif–else Statement in Python
What is if–elif–else?

 The if–elif–else statement is used for multi-way decision making.

 It allows a program to check multiple conditions one by one.
 Only one block of code is executed—the one whose condition is True first.
 If none of the conditions are True, the else block executes.

Syntax of if–elif–else
if condition1:
statements1
elif condition2:
statements2
elif condition3:
statements3
else:
statements_else

Syntax Rules

 elif means else if.

 Conditions are checked from top to bottom.
 Indentation is mandatory in Python.
 Colon (:) must be used after if, elif, and else.

Working
1. Python checks the if condition.
2. If it is True, the corresponding block runs and the rest are skipped.
3. If it is False, Python checks the next elif condition.
4. This continues until a condition is True.
5. If no condition is True, the else block executes.

Example 1: Grade Calculation (Very Common Exam

Example)
marks = 78

if marks >= 90:

print("Grade A")
elif marks >= 75:
 print("Grade B")
elif marks >= 50:
print("Grade C")
else:
print("Fail")

Explanation

 marks >= 90 → False

 marks >= 75 → True
 So Grade B is printed.
 Remaining conditions are skipped.

Output
Grade B

Example 2 (Physics Example): Temperature Classification

temperature = 45

if temperature < 0:
print("Freezing condition")
elif temperature < 30:
print("Normal temperature")
elif temperature < 40:
print("Warm condition")
else:
print("Very hot condition")

Explanation

 temperature < 0 → False

 temperature < 30 → False
 temperature < 40 → False
 else executes.

Output
Very hot condition

Keyboard Input
To take user input:

name = input("Enter your name: ")

print("Hello", name)

Convert input to number:

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

while Loop in Python

What is a while Loop?

 A while loop is used to repeat a block of code as long as a condition is True.

 It is called an entry-controlled loop because the condition is checked before the loop
body executes.
 Commonly used when the number of iterations is not known in advance.

Syntax of while Loop

while condition:
statements

Important Rules

 The condition must evaluate to True or False.

 The loop body must be indented.
 The loop continues until the condition becomes False.

Working:
1. The condition is checked.
2. If the condition is True:
o The statements inside the loop are executed.
3. After execution, the condition is checked again.
4. Steps repeat until the condition becomes False.
5. When the condition is False, the loop terminates.

Suitable Example 1: Printing Numbers from 1 to 5

i = 1

while i <= 5:
print(i)
i = i + 1

Explanation
  i = 1 → initialization
 Condition i <= 5 is checked
 print(i) prints the value of i
 i = i + 1 updates the loop variable
 Loop stops when i becomes 6

Output
1
2
3
4
5

Example 2 (Physics Example): Distance Covered at

Constant Speed
Physics Formula:

Distance=Speed×Time\text{Distance} = \text{Speed} \times

\text{Time}Distance=Speed×Time
speed = 10 # m/s
time = 1

while time <= 5:

distance = speed * time
print("Time =", time, "s Distance =", distance, "m")
time += 1

Output
Time = 1 s Distance = 10 m
Time = 2 s Distance = 20 m
Time = 3 s Distance = 30 m
Time = 4 s Distance = 40 m
Time = 5 s Distance = 50 m

Key Points
 while loop is an entry-controlled loop.
 Condition is checked before each iteration.
 Used when number of repetitions is unknown.
 Loop variable must be updated to avoid infinite loop.
 Indentation is mandatory in Python.
for Loop in Python
What is a for Loop?

 A for loop is used to repeat a block of code for a fixed number of times.
 It is mainly used to iterate over a sequence such as:
o List
o Tuple
o String
o Range of numbers
 It is called an entry-controlled loop.

Syntax of for Loop

for variable in sequence:
statements

Important Points

 The loop variable takes one value at a time from the sequence.
 The loop continues until all values are exhausted.
 Indentation is compulsory.

How the for Loop Works

1. Python picks the first value from the sequence.
2. Executes the loop body.
3. Picks the next value.
4. Repeats until the sequence ends.
5. Loop terminates automatically.

Suitable Example 1: Printing Numbers from 1 to 5

for i in range(1, 6):
print(i)

Explanation

 range(1, 6) generates numbers from 1 to 5.

 i takes each value one by one.
 Loop prints numbers sequentially.
Output
1
2
3
4
5

range() Function in for Loop

Form Meaning
range(n) 0 to n-1
range(start, stop) start to stop-1
range(start, stop, step) with step size

Example:

for i in range(2, 11, 2):

print(i)

Key Points
 for loop is used when number of iterations is known.
 It automatically updates the loop variable.
 No risk of infinite loop if used correctly.
 Works with sequences and ranges.
 Indentation is mandatory.