SALT ANALYSIS
In this chapter we will study how to identify sort
in laboratory and ions they are made
up of
Radicals Radicals are atoms or group
of atoms which
have some charge on them Ekg Ct Br Nat Rt 5042
Salts are made
up of combining two opposite charged
radicals Eg Na Ce
HU Naoh Nacl H2o
AcidicRadical Anion which comes from Acid
[Link] BT 8042 I etc
Basic Radicals Cation which comes from Bases
Exa Nat Rt NH Cat 2T
In salt analysis we do testing of these radicals
and all these radicals will have some characteristics
it means that radical will only show this test and
not any other radicals
On the basis of their characteristics we can identify
anions and cations and can distinguish or separatethem
Solubility Rades
All sorts of group 1 metal are water soluble
All sorts of starting member grp II metal Be mg
all water soluble
All Nitrates are water soluble
All chlorides are water soluble exceptAgel Pb42,4229
Note Hydz is water soluble
Ald iodide and chlorides are water soluble except
Agx PbX2 HgX2 492 2 X Br I
All sulphates are water soluble except Pbsoy HgS0y
Ag soy Basoa and Casoa are sparingly soluble
All carbonates are water insoluble except Group 1
metal NHI and starting metal of Group II Be Mg
All sulphides are water insoluble except Group 1
metal NHI and starting metal of Group II Be Mg
All bicarbonates are water soluble except Natecog
Testing of Acidic Radical Anion
Classification of Anion
amp reagent did 42509
ÉTts gt 5037 52032 CHO NO
Strong Group or Group II Group Reagent Conc72504
22042 F
[Link]
GeneralGroup 5042 Po which are identifiedby
their precipitation RM
Cr207 Myod Identified by RedoxR1
OBSERVATION TABLE
In this we can observe some test from our eyes
In General it will be gases
OBSERVATION GAS Possible Radical
Gas with brisk effervescence Coze COE HCO
turning lime water milky
Pungent smell gas turning 502 503
time water midley
Neutral gas burning with blue CO
frame
Gas withrottenegg smell and Has 52
burns with blue flame
Browngasturning starch so Noz NOI NOI
blue
Violetgasturning starch so 12 I_
blue
Pale green gas as 4
Solution give smell of Chzcoon cryo
vinegar
There are two types of test wet test and Dry test
First we will study about wet test Wet test is
carried out in aqueous solution we do not use aqueous
solution directly we use different aqueous solution is
called Soda Extract
Sodium Carbonate Extract Soda Extract SES
Soda Extract prepared by
3Par distimed
[Link] et tggWs
anion SE
solution
52 N92S Fitter
5032 Na2503 Soda extract
filtrate
a wall
Meaning of SE is sort of anion with sodium it
is
only used for anion
Why Soda Extract is used
Testing of anion is carried out before cation
1 IT Nazcos
pb No After addingNazco Ppt of Pb PbCOI cical
a form which we will precipitate out
SEE used to minimize the conch of cation such that
is
they do not interfere in testing of anion
Nate SE can not be used for testing co H 05
bcz it already contain high conch of coz
Before performing test of anion soda extract son
must be neutralised by suitable acid anionic
part of the acid must be differ from anion that
has to be detected
Oxidising acid should notbe used like H2504 HNOs
Effect of conch
Fromelectrochemistry In this case re goesintoFed
27 did Hasoa an so up
2n conc 42804 2n Soa 5027 In this case 5042
goes in to team
In dil HI uncle Met
only one OA is present
M conc Hd Uncle 429 i e H so only H goes
into reduction
Oxidising Acid Acidwhose anionic part actas OA ConcHnos
ConcHasog did HNOs
Non OxidisingAcid dit HU concred dit Hafog concHzPba
AT non OA 42
in electrochemicalseries below the metal doesnot react with
non oxidising Acid a
s
[Link]
non
m ioa bedyp b
above'pb WEN no Ran
Em ÑH Nos NO3
[Link]
42 WRA
617hL
Are Pt noblemetal do not react with HNoz but they dissolve
in
aqua regia Hg INoy An aquaregia Aych
2
Pt 11 Itchy
Thermal decomposition ran
Heating of ammonium sort
290 NHA28207 N2 Cr203 H2o
NHadoy N2 42 420
anionie SOA then it will
If part of ammonium salt is
Oxidase N atom of ammonium salt into Nz
4 N 20
NHYNO NO 720 only in this case
If anionie part is non OA then it will produce N Hs
NHad NHS HCP NH 2S NH Has
NH 2804 4 NHT 425 4 NHy Poy NH 205 420
NH 2MoOy NHz Moog s H2O
Heating effect of phosphate salt
NottzPoy Napo meta phosphate 420
NazHPOY N94P20y Pyrophosphate 420
Nazpoy no effect
Note 0 If even of H metaphosphate odd no pyrophosphate
Ammonium cation is treated as one contiable Hydron in
heating effectof phosphate sort
mgNHy POY I Mg2P20 420 NHJ
Not NHy Poy NAP03 420 NHS
Testing of Weak Group Group I
Group reagent is did 42504
Carbonate ion CO Imp for JEE
Preliminary Test
Salt did 425041 Gas with briskeffervescence
turns time water color meeting
Co2 calm 2 Lacoste H 20
Ls [Link] mackiness
Bargatawater disappear
Coz Back 2 Baco3 white turbidity H2O
confirmatory Test
Reaction with lead acetate
Pb CHzcog N9203 Pb Cost ICH zoona
white
The white ppt is insoluble in dilute MI and 4280g bell
soluble in did HNOs
Pb 03 Hcl PbCl2 H2O C02
Pb 03 5
Masoy Pb5046 while H2O 029
Pbco 5 HNO3 PN Os 9 H2O 6029
Pb coz Noose Pb 0412 white Narcos
Pb 0412 Naokences NA2EpbOH g [Link] N9203
sodium plumbate
NazPb02 sodium metaplumbal
Pb In Be Ad Ga Sn G3ᵗ all the possibleoxides
andhydroxides are amphoteric and soluble in excess Naor
Reaction with AgNO3 A white ppt of Agzco is
formed which turns brown on heating
I Agnoz Nazco Agz Cost Frowwhite 2N AN 03
Ag 103 Ago brown C02
49203 Agnes ᵗ 105
PPE 141945 2
foluble
all ppt of silver are soluble in NHyose
Ag203 soluble in dil HNO NHS and CN soy
AgzCos CN LAgCN 23 80041
Note Agar Agel soluble in excess NH but insoluble dieHNOs
Agt is insoluble in NHS and datHNOs botho
Phenophathallan indicator test
Aqueous solain of Co2 ion is basic in nature due
to sort hydrolysis
cost 120 Hz cos OH Basic
on adding HPH indicator pink colour will appear
Test with Back calls
6032 Back Bacos to white 24
Cop calls Caco 3 te white 24
Test with 492N0312
Hgz Cog 492034 Hg Hgo 029
Yellow Black Yellow
Test with Hydz
60,2 rg2 3H20 stego regcog 6Mt
Reddish brown
Test with 64501
cat2 032 H2O Cuco 6404124 Basiccopper
grey Carbonate
Note 1032 am Ppt are white except HG2Cog yellow
Alcos calcon Gress
Bicarbonate Test HCOI Imp for JEE
solubility AM are soluble except Narcog
Preliminary Test
salt 42504 Gas with Brisk effervescence CO2
2 NAHCOS 42504 Naz504 2H20 CO2
confirmatory Test
By Boiling 6032
24 Coz Cost CO2 H2O
Reaction with HgA2
HCO does not react with Her
Hgd2 react with 032 to Hydratemercurycarbonate
Coz Hgd2 H2o Hgcoz 3H20 HE
Hgcog 3H20 Hgt Grey 0029
Test with Noose followed by Msds
405 Nyt cost 420
1119407
Cost Mgco white
Mga
Note Soluble in dal HNOs did HI dil Hasoy
Exa milk
Note It never settle down at bottom of test take
Typidity It settle down at the bottom test table Paners
of soy
maday
Co2 case 12 Ca Coz white turbidity due
to
Coz cactz Caco a white ppt set
Sulphide 52 Imp for JEE
Solubility all are insoluble except IA IIA and NHY S
Preliminary Test
sort 42504 Gas with rotten egg smell Has
NAzS 42504 N92504 Hasa
confirmatory Test
Black
1k
in
52 PbN 318
Assignable
post notand conc HNog
acts 2 89bar
MN 031,2 back Insoluble in HotandConcHN
legs
but soluble in aqugregie
Nate surphide sort of Cr Al mg do not exist in their
aqueous soda and they form corresponding Hydroxide
IT Nazs NQ2 Fe CN NO
Sodium Nitropresside
NagEFeen NOS
Purple solution
This test is only used for sulphide ion test
ill 502 Has S4 4H20
OA RA white yellow
Nitrite ion NOI Given in NCERT but less Imp for JEE
solubility All are soluble except Agnoz
Preliminary Test
sort 42504 Reddish brown fumes N 02
NANG2 42504 N 92504 2mn02
3HNO2 HNO3 720 NO
NO 02 NO29
Confirmatory Test
Starch Test
NANO2 KI 120 Iz Starch Blue ColourComp
In
NOT AgNO3 AgNO2 white
Redon Ran
Mnoa H fÑÉ Mnt2 No
crop H NOI Gt3 NOT
RA
I NOI NO 2
Brown ring test
NOT did Masoy H NOLT Hsoy
4N02 Not HNoz 420
NO Fesoy 5H20 EEEH2O NO Soy BrownRingcompled
Test with NHall
NHAQ Nanoz N2 420 Nay
Test with area
NHz E NHz Nano Net Cost 420
Acetate ion CHzCOO Given in NCERT but less Imp for TE
solubility All are soluble except Agt at that
Preliminary Test
Sort 42804 smell of Vinegar Chycoon
confirmatory Test
CHz wona Feels Fe CH 0013
Red blood PPE
CH co Agnos Hz CooAg white ppt
soluble on boiling
Test with conch 72801 argon
chocoose Mysoy category as ocists H2o
Seedphite ion 5032 Given in NCERT but lessImp for JEE
Preliminary Test
Salt 4280g Gas with pungent smell 502
1492503 42804 N92504 H2O 5029
562 Caloy 2 Caco white turbidity
502 Bacon BASO white turbidity
excess of 802 Baso 502 420 Bak soy soluble
Nate all Basculphide one soluble
confirmatory Test
KMnO solun by
Decolonisation of Kerzo
Redest Ran
5032 Mmog H mm 5092 H2O
5032 Crop H or 3 5092 H2O
Test with Back Calls
5032 Back Ba5034 white 24
Baso Basoy Heavy white ppt
Test with Pb N0312
5032 Pb Nos 2 Pb Sos white 2NOJ
tousle in did tent andNaohexcess
Test with Agno
excess
5032 Agno Ag S0 12 95850s
soluble Tg Abi
no visible chamlgemme to formation of soluble
Initially
complex but on additionexcess of Agno white ppt of 79250
is formed
testing strong Group Group2
Group reagent concentrated 42504
is
Chloride Ion C Imp for LEE smoke
PTT sort conc 42809 NH 8 white fumes Ha
Nacl 4250g N92504 HI NHy NHyL
on adding solid Mn 02 palegreen gas O2 is liberated
Mnoz HU Much 92M Pale grey to
CTT i Reaction with AGNOS
Nacl Agnos Agee white ppt
Age is soluble in NHgoy KCN sparingly soluble in Hzo
spirit [Link] asattmmiit
AGCl2 2
i chromyl chloride Test This test is used to detect a
ions in a sodun Aga 49292 4992
does not give this test bcz they are insoluble andcovalent
in nature
Cr02029 Chromylchlorideses
Sylt Crop 42504
Brown gas
solid
Crozdz Noon 244 N9zC20
yellow
Ask [Link]
yellow PPE
Nace conc Hztop HI Boz has reddish brown
Karzo conchasof Croz fame so we pass Nook
Cros HCl Croads H2o toconfirm crocle
Cro 242 Noon Nazcroy Boz gives colourless sol
has low conch of cyte so with NaOH
fold asKero
it act weak OA and 4 is weak RA so Crowe is formed
Bromide Ion Br Imp for LEE
PT sort conc42509 NHA Bo
Brownfumes HBA
2NABr Masoa N92S0 H Br NH NHB Browford
CF Reaction with Agnos
NAB Agnos Ago lightyellowppl
AGBT is insoluble in water but soluble in bonding420
soluble in NH CN KCN Insoluble in dil HNO
NHS THEM
EASON
AgNHs 2 12
sort clawater chloroform
Maykest
1 92 Nacl Br2
Chaz Brz Brown layer form due to dissolution of
Br2 gas in calcly
It is a dense liq so when a gas will dissolve a layerwill
form
Iodine ion IImp for LEE
PT Sort Masoa Violet gas Ir
2NaI 2HzS0a N92S0d 502 420 12 4 Blake
cocoy
CT Reaction with Agno
Not Agnoz AgI yellow Ppt
Completely insoluble in H2o but soluble in NHAN KCN
Insoluble in NHzand did HNOs
NHS THEM
EASON
Insoluble 2
layer Test sort Clewater Crea violet layer
same like Boz test
If I and Br both are present then violet layer comes
first followedreddish brown if reddishbrown comes it first
mean I is absent I is better RA
Test with Halls nesslerreagent
I_triger
types 11s Es4 somampton
Test with Cusoa
4 2 I CalzEz white PPL
OA RA
RMnoa K2cr207 HNO
OA 52 4 Blue colour
Iff
Note AFF Aga AS BT ASI
colourlessSoluble
where lightyellow pace yellow
sparinglysoluble soluble onheating insoluble
other Test for CE Br I
Test with Pb N372 sparinglysoluble in coldtho but
4 PbN0372 PbU2 soluble in warm Ho
Br PbN0372 PbBr2 soluble in Hot Mo
I pbN0372 Pb Is soluble in not 420
due to morecovalent character solubility decreases Fazon'sRaines
X2 NAOH HX HOX
4 B2 I cold die Naor I Naon
Nax Naox
X2 Conc NAOH Hx HX 03
X2 Cl Br IS tangok Naoh
NAX03
B Fluorideion F
Solubility All are insoluble except Betz and Agt
Test with acid etching test
Hydrolysed
F ConcHasog 4242
9117 are Fuggy Hasios
nod weeemes
Test with Calle MgQ2
F calls Mgcg Cafe MgF2 white ppl
Test with Fects
Not Feds NA FFeF6
NOI Imp for LEE
9175911 no brown fumes
2 NANO 42509 N92504 2H NO
2HNO3 N 29 Brown fame 02 H 20
on adding Cy turnings fumes get intensified
HNOS CL CUNO 2 NO2 H2o
CT Brown Ring Test
amE_EHFgy
ff ÉÉFÉIn o soa
I Br NOI 105 chromate interter the brown ring
test bec redox with
hey
NOI NOI in this NOI can perform brown ring in presence
of dit Hasoy
Noz NOT in this NOT can not perform brown ring in
presence of conc Hafoy bC2 both Noz and NOT
both will give test in conc Masoy
NOI NOI th ANOS AGNO white
Filtrate soubtfated
Agnos Agnoz residue
Bangcompes
Oxalate ion 02042
Test with acid
co coz H2o
02042 ConcHasoy H2G0y
Test with Balls call 2
22042 Ball BaC20y Soluble in H2C20q CH Coon
Coyt callz Caczoy Insoluble in H2C20y CHzoom
Redox xn7
BAC201 CaC201 Minor Ht Mathes 02
Test with AGNOS
22042 Agnos 7922201 fol in dif HND and NHzSol
Test for sulphate 50 2
Precipitation RN
82 Ba 801 white insoluble in warm dil HI delHN
so 2
812 Pbsby white only soluble in conc42501
ammoniumacetate excessNaon
Ads Agasoncollate
ago Hgsoy geddowPpt
Test for 8043
Precipitation RM
is Test with NH a 2 Mooy in presence of HNOs
POÉ NH470 an NHA Pg 12m00s
Ledlow
Test with magnesia mixtureppt li whale Ppt white
P043 masons
[Link] [Link]
AgPOy yellow
pays
fano
It
AlPOU whate
Bay Poy white
Chromate CrOy2 Not
9004 y Cacroy and socroy soluble
Back in chscoon
004 2 94041 02041792404
Sedlow insoluble in crescopy
each Cacroy
5202 StCroy
Agno Aberby
4245 Hcroy red
Croy2
Agt Agacroy
Basched FEET me 722904 a 7929207120
It show redox reaction with RA
Test For Cation Divided into Tgaps 1 213 4 5,6 0
Thesegroupsdivided based on their solubility product Ksp down
the group Ksp increases on this case upper group will giveprecipitate
first
In this we do group testing we start testing for
group1 first If on adding dil HCL PPE is forming
it means 1ˢᵗ group is present Then we do confirmatory
test for that group cation otherwise move to nextgroup
Note upperreagent can not bring precipitate of lowercation
but cowel reagent canbringprecipitate of uppercation
Original fol c sort cold water or ii boil or ii die 44
I ConcHNoy not soluble in cold120 move to IT then
iii themiv
Group Pb ᵗ 4924Agt Group reagent did HI
I Iditted
[Link]
filtrate Pbaz AGO 9242
H white
ppt NHgagNH
iokmetal excess of kt soluble
block metal excessof KI Insoluble exceptMgtHgaz
where
block excess of CN NH soluble
excluding for NHS Fet2 Fet Mnt2 Hgt2142221
P block excessof CNTNH Insoluble
7920 Ago 49202
on insoluble in excess of Noon
as Test For Pb2 Imp for FEE
PT A white ppt of Pbdz is formed which is soluble in
hot water and reappears on cooling
Pb Hd Pbdz 429
CT PbU2t RI Pb 124 Get Pbst
yellow Soluble
somber in Navy
PbCl2 Racroy Pbcroyd Lot Napbox
Yellow ppt N 9204
yellow
PbU2 4280g Pbs 01 white
white
Pb2ᵗ RCN Pb a 2
May insoluble
Pbt Nygon
Pacey 8s insoluble
Pb2t Noon Pbm eggy ebay
brown white
Pb ᵗ Has Pb2sclz Pbs PbQz
fit
Pbs 4202
9 Pbs Pblly
Pbsoy
Test for Agt
PT A white Ppt of Aged is formed soluble in excess
of NHpost and KCN
yellow9
CTT Agt KI Agile feb Insol
Agt run Again 1mar Lagan 2
Agt Racroy Agoroy red
Agt Noon Ago Less Insol
Agt NHyon Ago exness AgNHJ2t
Agt Has Ags black
Agt SCN Ag SCN white
Agt Poy AggPoy yellows
Test for regt
ᵗ
PT Hgz HCl 492924whites
CT 1th jan Hana
whale
I HE 4 582ft
49212 1 1
excess re Hg HgIy
Hgt
1k Hazaroy
NAM
MGshkyT Bfaffaffellow
425
Hg
Black
Hgs
Black
Soluble in aquaregia
1
GroupIII Pba Cyst Asst
Group Reagent Has gas in presence of dil HQ
Testing of II group
If coloured sulphides ppt is formed it means 2ⁿᵈ
group is present If coloured sulphide ppt is
not formed it means II group is not present to
we will move to next group
Fattrade from means and group
group E 14 coloured
ppt is
present
I Pass YAS Yellowammonium
scaphide
I
Ppt remain PPEbecome Group II B
9292,11mF in soluble soluble IAST Asts
551 Sbts
4 Back cart pb2t
549 Lataggage Sntz 5h41
Yellow Asst
soluble in Hotand conc H no except Hgs
Yall
Hgs soluble in aquaregia
Nate metal sulphide of II soluble in strong alkaline sol
as well as non oxidising acid except Asass which is
insoluble in non oxidising acid
Gffffa post Important
Not
t Pbcroat NazPb02 Nazaroy
pby yellow soluble
42504 Pbsoa white
425 Pbs Black
a
PbIzt you
Test for Cat Very Imp
Reaction with K Eeen
cy ᵗ k EFe cn Cola EFe CN o
chordate coloured
Reaction with og NHz deep blue colouredsolution isobtained
by soy NHz Ca 04224 Blue ppt
Cylon 2 NHzexcess CUNHA 504
deep blue sot I Switzer
Reaction with KI soct
CUT KI CM2I2 6 13
white ppt Brown colouration
652 does not exist
Cytz CN Cylon2d Ca CN det Cnz
yellow phate
excess RCN
light Kz Chen
blue
2
4 Noon CM OH 2h
94
insoluble
do no
black
Test for12 Hgt2 1
Hg I Hgtat 494 Foluble
Scarlettred
Hgt2 Nook Ago
Yeddon
off insoluble
Hg NO3 2
NHgot lego Hg NH 2
white PDE
NO
49 inst
Hgclet snaz H2Q2 Sndle
while
49292 Sncla Hgt Sncly
grey Black
Hgt2 Co CN college scary Deep blue
871515 3 soup
Test for Group III cation
FÉPÉeÉf cost
Groupreagent NHAOH NH 1
ppt form ACH Fed
red brown
Crotz
white greed
Test for Al 31 Imp for LEE
white ppt of AOH 13 dissolve on adding NaOH
Al 0H13 Naoh NAA 02 420
soluble sodium Addeminate
on passing of NHz ppt reappears therefore it
confirm the presence of Al
NAAloz NH as A OHs all precipitate
A It acon of aluminum
Myske Alas reydroupes are white
Adts chgoo H2o A on12CHsceo
He Lake Test Read From NCERT
Testof Fest Imp for LEE
Brown ppt of Fear is formed
as Reaction with HCl
Felons He Feels H2o
Reaction with KSCN Redblood ppt of FELSONITE
Fets KSCN LEE SCN Blood red color
Eet CN Fed at Kalfeens
Pole yellow
Feta Has Feta She
Ran with Kate CN 6
Fet KuLFe cn 6 Fé EFe No
Presson Beal ppt
decomport Not
FEOCH Feast
3
Foot Not important for JEE
Green ppt of crock to dissolve in Noost forming
yellow solution
Crm 3 Noor Nazcroy yellow
Leach Pbcrby yellows
KeyPointed carbonate salt of Fet Crts At donot exist
in their aqueous solution bcz they are easily hydrolysed
into their corresponding Hydroxide same for
their sulphide mts
cog M2copJH0 MON
Some Basic acetate of Fet Alt Crt are insoluble
Test for group 14 Group Ni2 2n2t Mn ᵗ Cost
Group Reagent Has in presence of NHgoH
precipitate formed Nis 2ns Cos Mrs
Black White Black Pink
Group II Group IV
Cation cyst Pb t AS Ni 2T art Mn tCo2
GR Has in presenceofdie Hcl GR Hrs in presenceof NHton
acidaimed Basic Med
Kspof 119groupsulphide is low isKspof to12 group sulphide
So low can n 52 on Asr high high conc streg
Note II group sulphide precipitate in acidic medium
and 14group sulphide precipitate in basic med
All the sulphide of IV group are soluble in water
MS HU Mclz Has
M Cu Ni In Co
Test for 2m21 Imp for LEE
2ns soluble in did HI but insoluble in citsloom
as Reaction with Navy white ppt of 2nd is soluble inNaoy
2h42 2N ooh NQ22n02 tased
sodium zincate
Reaction with kg Felon f
272 ten CN there
antz Kalfe CN ppt
Reaction with [Link]
27424 NHOH ma Had
an 0412 excess NH In N4g y72t
das
1m Narcos MS
an cog Jana
Basic zinc carbonate while
no coz H2O Photospher'swood
Who no hot
white Yellow
Test for Ni2ᵗ Imp for FEE Oxidis in agent
as Reaction with NaOH Brawater
Nicle Naoh 0 N 2034 talk
Reaction with DMG
Nilla DMG Nip mg 272 1
Cherry Red compare or RosyRed
Reaction with KCN
Nick KCN Nien 2 Less
KCN
KINION y
white soluble
Test for rant less Imp of JEE
Mns in day HI and Chzcoor
Soluble
Reaction with Noor Bra wateralidising agent
Mnez Noon to Man20g Black PPt
This black Ppt on heating with fusion mixture gives a
green coloured some
Test for Ba2ᵗIn FEE syllabus
on adding keroy a yellow ppt of Bacroy is
obtained Balos Rycroy Bacroy yellow
Flame test Ba apple green
Test for cart
In FEE syllabus
as on adding oxalic acid a white ppt of Cal20y form
Caco H2C20y Ca 204to H2O 0029
white
Flame test cart Brick Red
Test for 522T Not in FEE syllabus
of on add NHy 804 a white ppt of 58504 isobtained
b 5821 Flame test crimson red
I
Test for V1 Group Mg2 Rt Nat
Gron Reagent NA2H POU NHAOH
A white ppt ammonium is
obtained
of magnesium phosphate
MgQ2 Na2HPOY 04404 Manny H Poy 2091
white ppt
MGzPzoy NHJT H20
mgt2tnazcos [Link] 2 to white
Basic mag II carbonate
Test for zero
group
all simple salts are soluble except few complexes
NHAT Naoh NHM
not NH at Pta you
11km4 NH HCyHyo hahale
Dry Test
Flame Test cation show colour in Bunsen flame
cations color of frame cation colour of flame
Li crimson red Ba apple green
Na Goldenyellow Ca Brick Red
K violet so crimson red
Boran Bead Test
Oxidisingflame
Reducing
flame
4
N9zBa07 10H20 NQ2By0y
Borax
Sodium Na B02 8203 Bono
anhydride
metaborate
Boran Bead
Metal sort 3203 Metal Borate
Colourless
Non creminionsframe Creminions Flame
Metal Oxidizing frame Reducing flame
cold not cold teat
be Bae Green Red colourless
Fe yellow Green Green Green
Blue Blue Blue Dane
Ñi Reddish violet Grey Grey
brown
Read From NCERT
Read From
NCERI