GREEK AND ROMAN CIVILISATION

Q1: Write 3 contributions of Greek and Roman civilizations to the world?

The Greeks contributed philosophy (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle) and theater, while Romans developed
engineering (aqueducts, roads) and law. These contributions shaped Western thought, arts, and
governance.

Q2: Make a fact file of Roman and Greek empire

Origin: Greece (8th century BCE) and Rome (753 BCE). Features: Greece (democracy, city-states), Rome
(republic, empire).

Q3: Analyse the impact of the Greek and Roman contributions on the conquered areas?

Greek and Roman cultures spread through art, architecture, and language. Conquered areas adopted
their governance, laws, and infrastructure.

Q4: If you had a chance to visit Rome or Greek empire, which one would you choose and why?

I would choose Greece to explore the Parthenon and learn about democracy's birthplace. Greece offers a
rich history and cultural heritage.

Q5: Why has Alexander earned the title “The Great”?

Alexander earned the title "The Great" for conquering vast territories and spreading Greek culture. He
created one of the largest empires in ancient history.

Q6: Create a fact file of Alexander the Great

Areas Conquered: From Greece to India, including Persia and Egypt. Victories: Won battles at Issus and
Gaugamela.

Q7: How Alexander spread Hellenism? What was its impact?

Alexander spread Hellenism by founding cities (Alexandria) and promoting Greek culture.

Hellenism's impact included cultural exchange and the spread of Greek language and philosophy.
Section B: Constructed Response Questions (3 marks each)
(Total: 18 marks)
Accept responses that are conceptually correct and written in simple language.
1. Describe when and how the Greek civilization was formed.
→ The Greek civilization started around 800 BC. It began in small city-states
like Athens and Sparta and grew through trade, sea travel, and farming.
2. Write any three features of daily life in Greek civilization.
→ Greeks lived in city-states, wore simple clothes like tunics, believed in
many gods, and enjoyed sports, drama, and public discussions.
3. Why did the Roman Empire decline? Give any two reasons.
→ The Roman Empire declined due to weak leadership, heavy taxes, and
attacks from outside tribes like the Goths.
 4. List any three contributions of the Greeks to the world.
→ Democracy, philosophy (Socrates, Plato), and the Olympic Games.
5. What areas did Alexander the Great conquer? Name any two.
→ He conquered Persia, Egypt, and parts of India.
6. Give two reasons why Alexander is called "the Great."
→ He conquered a huge empire and spread Greek culture across many
regions.

Section C: Extended Response Questions (5 marks each)

(Total: 20 marks)
Answers may vary slightly. Full marks for well-organized responses with correct
content.
1. Describe the formation of the Roman Empire using a timeline or
events in correct order.
→ Rome began as a small city-state in 753 BC. It grew into a Republic in 509
BC. After Julius Caesar’s death, his adopted son Augustus became the first
emperor in 27 BC. This marked the beginning of the Roman Empire.
2. Compare Greek and Roman civilizations. Write at least two
similarities and two differences.
Similarities:
o Both believed in many gods.
o Both made contributions in architecture and law.
Differences:
o Greeks introduced democracy; Romans had emperors.
o Romans focused more on engineering; Greeks on philosophy.
3. Explain three aspects of Roman daily life and social customs.
→ Romans lived in villas or apartments, enjoyed public baths, and watched
gladiator games. They had strict family rules and followed Roman law in daily
life.
4. How did Alexander the Great help spread Greek culture?
→ Alexander built cities with Greek-style buildings, spread the Greek
language, and encouraged local people to mix with Greek traditions. This
blending created the Hellenistic culture, seen in education, art, and trade.

Choose the correct answer and circle it.

1. The Greek civilization began around:
a) 1500 AD
b) 800 BC
c) 500 AD
d) 1000 BC
2. The main reason for the decline of the Greek Golden Age was:
a) Earthquake
b) War with Persia
c) Civil war between Greek city-states
d) Floods
3. What type of government was introduced by the Greeks?
a) Monarchy
b) Democracy
c) Dictatorship
d) Empire
 4. The Roman Empire was formed in:
a) 27 BC
b) 200 BC
c) 476 AD
d) 500 BC
5. One important Roman contribution to the world is:
a) Gunpowder
b) Alphabet
c) Roman Law
d) Printing Press
6. Alexander the Great was originally from:
a) Rome
b) Persia
c) Macedonia
d) Egypt
7. The Olympic Games were started by:
a) Romans
b) Egyptians
c) Persians
d) Greeks
8. Roman roads were important for:
a) Decoration
b) Farming
c) Travel and trade
d) Hunting
9. A major feature of Roman daily life was:
a) Pyramid building
b) Gladiator games
c) Space travel
d) Ice skating
[Link] spread Greek culture by:
a) Writing books
b) Marrying Roman queens
c) Conquering lands and building cities
d) Digging tunnels

Unit 9
DAWN OF ISLAM
Q1: What were the conditions of Arabia like before the advent of Islam?

Arabia was plagued by tribal conflicts, idolatry, and social injustice.

People lived in darkness, with no unified system of governance or morality.

Q2: Discuss the role of battles fought by Muslims in establishing Muslim’s power and influence in the
region.
Battles like Badr and Uhud strengthened Muslim unity and expanded their influence.

These battles protected the Muslim community and spread Islam.

Q3: Why is the Madina Charter significant in the spread of Islam?

The Madina Charter established a unified community (Muslims, Jews, and others) under Islamic
governance.

It promoted justice, equality, and religious freedom.

Q4: Enlist and Describe the five pillars of Islam.

The five pillars are: Shahada (faith declaration), Salah (prayer), Zakat (charity), Sawm (fasting), and Hajj
(pilgrimage). These pillars form the foundation of a Muslim's faith and practice.

Q5: Describe the Basic teachings of Islam in the light of Last sermon of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H).

The Last Sermon emphasized justice, equality, and kindness towards all. It stressed the importance of
following the Quran and Sunnah.

Q6: Describe the role of Pious Caliph in the spread of Islam, their achievements and contributions.

The Pious Caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali) expanded Islam through military campaigns and
governance. They preserved the Quran, established justice, and promoted Islamic values.

Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (10 × 1 = 10 marks)

Choose the correct answer and circle it.
1. What was one major social condition of Arabia before Islam?
a) Peace among all tribes
b) Strong central government
c) Frequent tribal conflicts
d) Equal rights for all
2. The Charter of Madina helped:
a) Start wars between tribes
b) Divide Muslims and non-Muslims
c) Bring peace among tribes
d) Cancel religious practices
3. The first battle fought by Muslims was:
a) Battle of Uhud
b) Battle of Badr
c) Battle of Khandaq
d) Battle of Khayber
4. Which pillar of Islam is about praying five times a day?
a) Shahadah
b) Zakat
c) Salah
d) Sawm
5. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) gave the last sermon during:
a) Eid
 b) Umrah
c) Farewell Pilgrimage
d) Treaty of Hudaibiya
6. The Holy Quran is:
a) Written by companions
b) Collection of Prophet’s sayings
c) Word of Allah revealed to the Prophet (PBUH)
d) A book of Islamic history
7. The Hadith contains:
a) Stories of kings
b) Sayings and actions of the Prophet (PBUH)
c) Modern laws
d) Poetry about Islam
8. Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) was known for:
a) Writing the Quran
b) Introducing Islamic calendar
c) Compiling the Quran
d) Building roads
9. Hazrat Umar (RA) expanded the Islamic state by:
a) Going on trade journeys
b) Leading large armies and organizing administration
c) Making peace with Romans
d) Staying in Makkah
[Link] Caliph is known for standardizing the Quran in one script?
a) Hazrat Ali (RA)
b) Hazrat Usman (RA)
c) Hazrat Umar (RA)
d) Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA)
11.1. Describe two political or social conditions of Arabia before Islam.
(SLO 9.1.1)
✔️Tribes were constantly fighting with each other.
✔️There was no central government, and lawlessness was common.
12.2. How did the Charter of Madina help establish peace in Madinah? (SLO
9.1.2)
✔️It united Muslims and non-Muslims under one agreement.
✔️It promoted justice, equality, and peaceful conflict resolution.
13.3. Enlist the five pillars of Islam in correct order. (SLO 9.2.1)
✔️1) Shahadah
✔️2) Salah
✔️3) Zakat
✔️4) Sawm
✔️5) Hajj
14.4. What is the importance of the Holy Quran and Hadith in Islam? (SLO
9.2.3)
✔️Quran is the word of Allah and main source of guidance.
✔️Hadith explains how the Prophet (PBUH) practiced Islam.
15.5. Write one contribution each of Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) and Hazrat
Umar (RA). (SLO 9.3.1)
✔️Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) compiled the Quran.
 ✔️Hazrat Umar (RA) expanded the Islamic empire and introduced Islamic
calendar.
16.

17. 🟥 Section C: ERQs (3 × 5 = 15 marks)

18.(Each answer should contain 5–6 relevant sentences. Below are model
answers.)
19.

20.1. Discuss the role of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) in spreading Islam.
Mention both the Charter of Madina and the Battles fought to protect
Islam. (SLO 9.1.2)
✔️The Prophet (PBUH) taught people about one God and kindness.
✔️In Madinah, he made the Charter of Madina to stop fighting between tribes.
✔️This charter gave rights to Muslims and non-Muslims.
✔️He also led Muslims in battles like Badr, Uhud, and Khandaq to defend Islam.
✔️His leadership and peaceful actions helped Islam spread quickly.
21.

22.2. Describe each of the Five Pillars of Islam in one sentence. Explain
how these pillars help Muslims live a good life. (SLO 9.2.2 & 9.2.3)
✔️Shahadah: Faith in one God and that Muhammad (PBUH) is His Messenger.
✔️Salah: Muslims pray five times a day to stay close to Allah.
✔️Zakat: Giving to the poor to help others.
✔️Sawm: Fasting in Ramadan to learn self-control.
✔️Hajj: Pilgrimage to Makkah once in a lifetime.
✔️These pillars teach Muslims honesty, discipline, and care for others.
23.

24.3. Describe the contributions of any two of the Pious Caliphs in

spreading Islam. Mention their leadership qualities and one
achievement each. (SLO 9.3.1)
✔️Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) was truthful and strong in faith. He united Muslims after
the Prophet’s (PBUH) death and collected the Quran into one book.
✔️Hazrat Umar (RA) was known for justice. He expanded the Islamic empire and
introduced systems for tax, police, and courts.
✔️Both were great leaders and helped Islam grow peacefully and quickly.

CHAPTER 10
Forests of the world
Q1. Define a. Natural vegetation b. Agriculture.

a. Natural vegetation: Plant growth that occurs naturally without human intervention.

b. Agriculture: Cultivating land for crops and livestock.

Q2. Differentiate between Natural vegetation and agriculture.

- Occurs naturally vs. cultivated by humans. - Supports biodiversity vs. managed for human needs

- Unmanaged vs. intentionally managed.

Q3. Describe the types of forest and any 2 characteristics with examples.

- Boreal: Cold, coniferous (e.g., spruce, fir) - Tropical: Hot, biodiverse (e.g., Amazon)

- Temperate: Moderate, mixed trees (e.g., oak, pine) - Subtropical: Mild, varied species

Q4. Differentiate between (coniferous, deciduous and temperate) forest.

- Coniferous: Needle-like leaves, cones (e.g., pine) - Deciduous: Broad leaves, seasonal change (e.g., oak)

Q5. Locate the major forests on map of Pakistan

Major forests: Himalayan foothills, Indus delta

Q6. Analyse the importance of Forest for Economy and Environment.

Forests provide timber, fuel, and support biodiversity, climate regulation, and soil quality.

Q7. Define deforestation

Deforestation: Permanent destruction of forests, usually for human activities.

Q8. Describe the reasons of deforestation and suggest remedies.

| *Reasons* | *Remedies* |

| ----------- | ------------ |

| Agricultural expansion | Sustainable agriculture |

| Urbanization | Urban planning |

| Logging | Responsible forestry |

Q. No. 1: Choose the correct options.
1. How much land worldwide does the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) say is
deforested every year?
a) 11.2 million acres
b) 15.4 million acres
c) 18.7 million acres (Correct)
d) 20.5 million acres
2. The date palm is:
a) A deciduous tree (Correct)
b) A conifer
c) An evergreen
d) Thorn
3. What percentage of Pakistan has forests?
a) 42
b) 17
 c) 2
d) 5.45 (Correct)
[Link] of the following best describes boreal forests?
 a) Warm and moist climates with diverse plant life.
 b) Four-season cycles with deciduous and evergreen trees.
 c) Found in very cold settings with conifers and deciduous trees. (Correct)
 d) Located in tropical regions with dense canopies.
5. Which of the following is a major type of forest found in Pakistan?
 a) Tundra forests
 b) Alpine and Sub-Alpine Coniferous Forests (Correct)
 c) Equatorial forests
 d) Mangrove forests
[Link] forest type is characterized by warm summers and colder winters?
 a) Boreal forests
 b) Tropical forests
 c) Temperate forests
 d) Subtropical forests (Correct)
7. What is one way to minimize deforestation in Pakistan?
 a) Increase illegal logging.
 b) Use more imported timber.
 c) Plant more trees than are cut down. (Correct)
 d) Reduce reforestation efforts.
8. What impact does overgrazing have on forests in Pakistan?
 a) It supports forest growth.
 b) It leads to desertification. (Correct)
 c) It improves soil fertility.
 d) It increases plant diversity.

Q2: Differentiate between natural vegetation and agriculture.

Natural vegetation grows without human intervention, while agriculture is cultivated
and managed for food and products. Natural vegetation supports biodiversity,
whereas agriculture meets human needs.

Q3: Compare and contrast rainforests with boreal forests.

Rainforests are hot, biodiverse, and found near the equator, while boreal forests are
cold, coniferous, and found in subarctic regions. Rainforests support immense plant
and animal life, whereas boreal forests are adapted to harsh, cold conditions.

Q4: Why is the Amazon rainforest important to the global environment?

The Amazon rainforest produces oxygen, absorbs carbon dioxide, and supports
biodiversity. It plays a crucial role in regulating the global climate and weather
patterns.

Q5: How do forests contribute to the economy of a region?

Forests provide timber, fuelwood, and other products, generating income and
employment. They also support eco-tourism, which can boost local economies.

Q6: What are some common trees found in the Northern areas of
Pakistan?
Unfortunately, I couldn't find specific information on common trees in Northern
Pakistan. Forests in the region might include species like pine, cedar, or fir, but I'd
recommend checking a reliable source for more accurate information.

NATURAL DISASTER
Q1. Define Natural Disaster.

A natural disaster is a catastrophic event caused by natural phenomena, such as earthquakes,

hurricanes, floods, or volcanic eruptions.

Q2. Describe the impact of Natural disaster on human activity.

Natural disasters have primary impacts like loss of life and infrastructure damage, and secondary impacts
like displacement, economic loss, and long-term health effects.

Q3. How does Global warming impact the Natural disaster?

Global warming intensifies natural disasters by increasing extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and
altering precipitation patterns.

Q4. Analyse the impact of Human activities on Natural disaster.

Human activities like agriculture, deforestation, and urbanization increase the risk and severity of natural
disasters by altering ecosystems and increasing vulnerability.

Q5. Enlist the natural disaster Pakistan is facing with the areas and ONE reason.

| *Natural Disaster* | *Area* | *Reason* |

| -------------------- | -------- | ---------- |

| Earthquakes | Northern regions | Tectonic plate movement |

| Floods | Indus River delta | Heavy monsoon rains |

| Droughts | Thar Desert | Climate change and water scarcity |

Q6. Suggest ANY 5 ways to deal with natural disaster.

1. Early warning systems 2. Disaster preparedness planning

3. Infrastructure resilience 4. Climate change mitigation 5. Community education and awareness

Assignment: Suggest ways to preserve natural resources for future generations.

1. Sustainable resource management 2. Renewable energy adoption

3. Conservation and protected areas 4. Efficient water use 5. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle practices
Q. No. 1. Choose the correct options.
What is an earthquake?
a) A meteorite hitting the Earth
 b) The sudden ground shaking
c) The eruption of magma from the Earth
d) Overflowing of rivers
Correct Option: b
A tsunami causes the most destruction:
a. Inland
b. In all areas
c. Along coast regions and up water courses
d. None of them
Correct Option: C
Epicentre means:
a. The center of an event
b. A type of tectonic wave
c. An earthquake monitoring Centre
d. Center of the universe
Correct Option: A

What human activity is NOT a cause of natural disasters?

A) Deforestation
B) Urbanization
C) Agricultural practices
D) Walking
Correct Option: D
Which scale is commonly used to measure earthquakes?

• A) Celsius scale
• B) Richter scale
• C) Kelvin scale
• D) Newton scale
• Correct Option: B

 Which is a way to reduce the destruction of natural disasters?

• A) Increase fossil fuel usage

• B) Conduct large-scale deforestation
• C) Develop effective disaster-management programs
• D) Ignore disaster warnings
• Correct Option: C

 How does global warming affect natural disasters?

• A) Decreases frequency and intensity

• B) Has no impact
• C) Increases frequency and intensity
• D) Only affects earthquakes
• Correct Option: C
  Which of the following is a primary impact of natural
disasters?

• A) Emotional trauma
• B) Infrastructure destruction
• C) Loss of habitat
• D) Water pollution
• Correct Option: B
 Which of the following is NOT a consequence of natural
disasters?
• A) Infrastructure destruction
• B) Improved ecosystems
• C) Emotional trauma
• D) Economic loss
1. Define a natural disaster.

A natural disaster is a catastrophic event caused by natural phenomena like earthquakes, floods, or
hurricanes.

2. Describe one primary and one secondary impact of a natural disaster on human life.

Primary impact: Loss of life and injury; Secondary impact: Displacement and economic hardship.

3. How does global warming increase the chances of natural disasters? Give one example.

Global warming increases the chances of natural disasters by intensifying extreme weather events, such
as more frequent and severe hurricanes.

4. Write two ways agriculture and deforestation contribute to natural disasters.

Agriculture and deforestation contribute to natural disasters by:

- Increasing soil erosion and landslides - Altering water cycles and increasing flood risk

5. Name one major natural disaster faced by Pakistan. Write one reason for it and one area affected.

Major natural disaster: Flooding; Reason: Heavy monsoon rains; Area affected: Indus River delta.

1. Urbanization and deforestation are major human causes of disasters. Explain two impacts of each
and how they damage the environment.

Urbanization leads to increased runoff and strain on infrastructure, while deforestation increases
landslide risk and loss of biodiversity. Both damage the environment by altering ecosystems and
increasing vulnerability to disasters.

2. Suggest two ways to deal with earthquakes and two ways to deal with floods. Why is it important to
be prepared?
Earthquakes: Secure heavy objects and have an emergency plan. Floods: Build flood-resistant structures
and evacuate promptly. Being prepared is crucial to minimize damage and loss of life.

3. What are natural resources? Suggest three ways we can preserve natural resources for future
generations.

Natural resources are materials from the Earth that support life and economic activities. We can
preserve them by:

- Using renewable energy sources - Implementing sustainable agriculture practices

- Reducing, reusing, and recycling waste.

Unit 12: Changing Human Activities

Q1. Define weathering.

Weathering is the breakdown of rocks and minerals into smaller fragments through physical, chemical, or
biological processes.

Q2. Describe the types of weathering.

Types of weathering include:

- Physical (mechanical) weathering: breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces without changing their
chemical composition.

- Chemical weathering: breakdown of rocks through chemical reactions, often involving water and acids.

- Biological weathering: breakdown of rocks by living organisms, such as plant roots or microorganisms.

Q3. Define erosion.

Erosion is the process of wearing away or removal of soil, rock, or other materials from the Earth's
surface by natural forces like water, wind, or ice.

Q4. Describe the types of erosion.

- Water erosion: removal of soil and rock by water, including rivers, oceans, and rainfall.

- Wind erosion: removal of soil and sediment by wind, often resulting in dust storms or sand dunes.

Q5. Analyse the ways to control erosion.

Ways to control erosion include:

- Planting vegetation to stabilize soil - Using mulch or geotextiles to protect soil

- Implementing terracing or contour farming - Reducing tillage and promoting conservation agriculture

Q6. What are the effects of excessive land use on erosion?

Excessive land use can lead to increased erosion, soil degradation, and loss of fertility, ultimately
affecting agricultural productivity and ecosystem health.

Assignment: Is land use in Pakistan sustainable?

Research suggests that land use in Pakistan is not entirely sustainable due to issues like deforestation,
overgrazing, and soil degradation. To make it sustainable, Pakistan can adopt practices like:

- Conservation agriculture - Reforestation and afforestation

- Sustainable water management - Climate-resilient agriculture

Choose the correct answer and circle it.

1. What is weathering?
a) Breaking of rocks by water and wind
b) Movement of soil from one place to another
c) Planting trees
d) Melting of ice
2. Which of the following is a type of physical weathering?
a) Wind erosion
b) Freezing and thawing of water
c) Acid rain
d) Rock transportation
3. Chemical weathering occurs when:
a) Rocks break due to plants
b) Rocks change due to chemical reactions
c) Water carries soil
d) People build roads
4. What is erosion?
a) Process of making soil
b) Breaking of land due to earthquakes
c) Wearing away and movement of soil by wind or water
d) Heating of rocks
5. Which force is responsible for the creation of valleys and canyons over time?
a) Volcanoes
b) Rainfall
c) Water erosion
d) Ice melting
6. Which of these is a constructive force of wind?
a) Blowing dust away
b) Forming sand dunes
c) Destroying crops
d) Breaking trees
7. Which of the following is an example of water acting as a destructive
force?
a) Sand dune creation
b) Rockfall
c) Floods damaging houses and roads
d) Soil formation
8. Which of the following is a way to control erosion?
a) Cutting trees
b) Overgrazing
c) Planting grass or trees
d) Burning land
 9. How does excessive farming affect the land?
a) It adds more nutrients to the soil
b) It reduces soil erosion
c) It increases erosion by weakening the soil
d) It stops water flow
[Link] human activity can lead to erosion?
a) Forest conservation
b) Deforestation
c) Building parks
d) Cleaning beaches
1. Define weathering and give one example.

Weathering is the breakdown of rocks into smaller fragments, with an example being the cracking of
rocks due to freezing water.

2. Describe the two main types of weathering with one example of each.

The two main types are:

- Physical weathering (e.g., ice wedging) - Chemical weathering (e.g., acid rain dissolving rocks)

3. Define erosion and explain how wind causes erosion.

Erosion is the removal and transportation of weathered rock and soil particles; wind causes erosion by
picking up loose particles and transporting them to new locations.

4. List any three ways to control erosion.

Three ways to control erosion are:

- Planting vegetation - Using mulch or geotextiles - Terracing or contour farming

5. How does excessive land use (like farming and construction) increase erosion?

Excessive land use increases erosion by removing protective vegetation cover, disrupting soil structure,
and exposing soil to wind and water erosion.

1. Describe how both water and wind can be destructive and constructive forces.

Water and wind can be destructive forces, causing damage through floods and erosion, but they can also
be constructive forces, shaping landscapes and creating new landforms like sand dunes and river deltas.

2. Explain the process of water erosion and wind erosion.

Water erosion occurs through runoff, rivers, and waves, moving soil and changing landforms by carving
valleys and canyons. Wind erosion occurs through deflation and abrasion, transporting soil particles and
shaping deserts and sand dunes.

3. Analyse how human activities such as agriculture, deforestation, and construction cause erosion.

- Agriculture: increases soil erosion through tillage and removal of vegetation cover, leading to soil
degradation and loss of fertility.
- Deforestation: increases erosion by removing tree roots that hold soil in place, leading to landslides and
soil loss.