Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Introduction to Computing
Object-oriented Programming in Python

Malay Bhattacharyya

Associate Professor

MIU, CAIML, TIH

Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata
October, 2024

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

1 Object-oriented Programming (OOP)

2 Features of OOP
Classes and Objects
Encapsulation
Constructor
Destructor
Polymorphism
Inheritance
Special features

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Object-oriented Programming (OOP)

Objects are the basic runtime entities in an object-oriented system.

Objects encapsulate data and method.

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Class and Object

Classes are the building blocks in OOP

A class is like a template that describes the behaviors/states that

objects of its type support. It can be considered as a user-defined
entity that can combine data and functionality together.

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Class and Object

Classes are the building blocks in OOP

A class is like a template that describes the behaviors/states that

objects of its type support. It can be considered as a user-defined
entity that can combine data and functionality together.

A class contains:
Data members known as attributes of the class
Member functions known as methods of the class

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Class and Object

Classes are the building blocks in OOP

A class is like a template that describes the behaviors/states that

objects of its type support. It can be considered as a user-defined
entity that can combine data and functionality together.

A class contains:
Data members known as attributes of the class
Member functions known as methods of the class

An object is an instance of a class

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Empty class

Defining an empty class in Python:

class PythonProgrammer:
pass

Note: pass is used as a placeholder with no errors getting created.

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Object of an empty class

Creating an object of an empty class:

PP = PythonProgrammer() # Instantiation

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Object of an empty class

Creating an object of an empty class:

PP = PythonProgrammer() # Instantiation

What is the output of the following code?

class PythonProgrammer:
pass
PP = PythonProgrammer()
print(PP)

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Object of an empty class

Creating an object of an empty class:

PP = PythonProgrammer() # Instantiation

What is the output of the following code?

class PythonProgrammer:
pass
PP = PythonProgrammer()
print(PP)

Output:
<__main__.PythonProgrammer object at 0x7f3d6b7f4b70>

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Object of an empty class

What is the output of the following code?
class PythonProgrammer:
pass
PP1 = PythonProgrammer()
print(PP1)
PP2 = PythonProgrammer()
print(PP2)
PP1 == PP2

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Object of an empty class

What is the output of the following code?
class PythonProgrammer:
pass
PP1 = PythonProgrammer()
print(PP1)
PP2 = PythonProgrammer()
print(PP2)
PP1 == PP2
Output:
<__main__.PythonProgrammer object at 0x7f3d6b7f4da0>
<__main__.PythonProgrammer object at 0x7f3d6b7f4e48>
False

Note: Though PP1 and PP2 are instances of the same class, they
represent two distinct objects in memory.
Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing
Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Using an empty class

Using an empty class in Python:
class PythonProgrammer:
pass
PP1 = PythonProgrammer()
[Link] = "Malay Bhattacharyya"
[Link] = 5.8
[Link] = 42
PP2 = PythonProgrammer()
[Link] = "Mandar Mitra"
[Link] = 5.7
[Link] = 53
print("Average age:", ([Link] + [Link]) / 2)

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Using an empty class

Using an empty class in Python:
class PythonProgrammer:
pass
PP1 = PythonProgrammer()
[Link] = "Malay Bhattacharyya"
[Link] = 5.8
[Link] = 42
PP2 = PythonProgrammer()
[Link] = "Mandar Mitra"
[Link] = 5.7
[Link] = 53
print("Average age:", ([Link] + [Link]) / 2)
Output:
Average age: 47.5
Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing
Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Standard class

Defining a standard class in Python:

class PythonProgrammer:
fullname = "Guido van Rossum"
height = 5.6
age = 67
def feature(self):
print("Creator of Python is: " + [Link])

Attributes are always public and can be accessed using the dot
(.) operator.

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Standard class – The use of self

Class methods must take the first parameter as self.

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Standard class – The use of self

Class methods must take the first parameter as self.

Python provides a value to the self parameter not the user.

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Standard class – The use of self

Class methods must take the first parameter as self.

Python provides a value to the self parameter not the user.
The self parameter value is used for referencing. An object
is linked to the class through this.

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Object of a standard class

Creating an object of a standard class:

PP = PythonProgrammer() # Instantiation

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Using a standard class

Using a standard class in Python:
class PythonProgrammer:
fullname = "Guido van Rossum"
height = 5.6
age = 67
def feature(self):
print("Creator of Python is: " + [Link])
PP = PythonProgrammer()
[Link]() # Method via object
print("Height: " + str([Link])) # Attribute via object
print("Age: " + str([Link])) # Attribute via object

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Using a standard class

Using a standard class in Python:
class PythonProgrammer:
fullname = "Guido van Rossum"
height = 5.6
age = 67
def feature(self):
print("Creator of Python is: " + [Link])
PP = PythonProgrammer()
[Link]() # Method via object
print("Height: " + str([Link])) # Attribute via object
print("Age: " + str([Link])) # Attribute via object
Output:
Creator of Python is: Guido van Rossum
Height: 5.6
Age: 67
Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing
Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Immutable classes and objects

Immutable classes are Python classes whose objects can not be

modified once created, and such objects are known as immutable
objects. Any modification in immutable objects results into a new
object.

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Immutable classes and objects

Immutable classes are Python classes whose objects can not be

modified once created, and such objects are known as immutable
objects. Any modification in immutable objects results into a new
object.

Objects of built-in types like int, float, bool, str, tuple, unicode are
immutable in Python.

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Immutable classes and objects

Immutable classes are Python classes whose objects can not be

modified once created, and such objects are known as immutable
objects. Any modification in immutable objects results into a new
object.

Objects of built-in types like int, float, bool, str, tuple, unicode are
immutable in Python.

Objects of built-in types like list, set, dict are mutable.

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Encapsulation

An object = data + method

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Constructor

A constructor is used to initialize the object’s state

Constructors are methods that are useful for any kind of

initialization you want to perform with the objects.

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Constructor

A constructor is used to initialize the object’s state

Constructors are methods that are useful for any kind of

initialization you want to perform with the objects.

Note: A constructor is executed as soon as an object of a class is

instantiated.

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Constructor

Defining a constructor:

class PythonProgrammer:
def __init__(self, fullname, height, age):
[Link] = fullname
[Link] = height
[Link] = age

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Constructor

Defining a constructor:

class PythonProgrammer:
def __init__(self, fullname, height, age):
[Link] = fullname
[Link] = height
[Link] = age

[Link] = fullname creates the attribute fullname

and assigns the value of the parameter fullname to it.
[Link] = height creates the attribute height and
assigns the value of the parameter height to it.
[Link] = age creates an attribute called age and assigns
the value of the parameter age to it.

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Constructor

Using a constructor:
class PythonProgrammer:
def __init__(self, fullname, height, age):
[Link] = fullname
[Link] = height
[Link] = age
def show(self):
print([Link])
PP = PythonProgrammer("Guido van Rossum", 5.6, 67)
[Link]()

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Constructor

Using a constructor:
class PythonProgrammer:
def __init__(self, fullname, height, age):
[Link] = fullname
[Link] = height
[Link] = age
def show(self):
print([Link])
PP = PythonProgrammer("Guido van Rossum", 5.6, 67)
[Link]()

Output:

Guido van Rossum

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Constructor
Using a constructor:
class PythonProgrammer:
def __init__(self, fullname):
[Link] = fullname
def include(self, height):
[Link] = height
def show(self):
print([Link])
print([Link])
PP = PythonProgrammer("Guido van Rossum")
[Link](5.6)
[Link]()

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Constructor
Using a constructor:
class PythonProgrammer:
def __init__(self, fullname):
[Link] = fullname
def include(self, height):
[Link] = height
def show(self):
print([Link])
print([Link])
PP = PythonProgrammer("Guido van Rossum")
[Link](5.6)
[Link]()

Output:

Guido van Rossum

5.6
Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing
Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Constructor
Using a constructor:
class PythonProgrammer:
def __init__(self, fullname):
[Link] = fullname
# We cannot write return([Link]) here
def include(self, height):
[Link] = height
return([Link])
def send(self):
return([Link])
PP = PythonProgrammer("Guido van Rossum")
print([Link]())
print([Link](5.6))

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Constructor
Using a constructor:
class PythonProgrammer:
def __init__(self, fullname):
[Link] = fullname
# We cannot write return([Link]) here
def include(self, height):
[Link] = height
return([Link])
def send(self):
return([Link])
PP = PythonProgrammer("Guido van Rossum")
print([Link]())
print([Link](5.6))
Output:
Guido van Rossum
5.6
Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing
Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Destructor

A destructor is used to delete the object’s state

Destructors are methods that are useful for any kind of finalization
you want to perform with the objects. Python has a garbage
collector that handles memory management automatically and
efficiently even though you do not use a destructor.

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Destructor

A destructor is used to delete the object’s state

Destructors are methods that are useful for any kind of finalization
you want to perform with the objects. Python has a garbage
collector that handles memory management automatically and
efficiently even though you do not use a destructor.

Note: A destructor is executed as soon as an object of a class is

deleted.

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Destructor

Defining a destructor:

class PythonProgrammer:
def __del__(self):

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Destructor

Defining a destructor:

class PythonProgrammer:
def __del__(self):

All the variables referenced by self get deleted.

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Destructor
Using a destructor:
class PythonProgrammer:
def __init__(self, fullname, height, age):
[Link] = fullname
[Link] = height
[Link] = age
def show(self):
print([Link])
def __del__(self):
print("Done")
PP = PythonProgrammer("Guido van Rossum", 5.6, 67)
[Link]()
del PP

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Destructor
Using a destructor:
class PythonProgrammer:
def __init__(self, fullname, height, age):
[Link] = fullname
[Link] = height
[Link] = age
def show(self):
print([Link])
def __del__(self):
print("Done")
PP = PythonProgrammer("Guido van Rossum", 5.6, 67)
[Link]()
del PP
Output:
Guido van Rossum
Done
Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing
Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Polymorphism

Polymorphism is the condition of occurrence in different forms

Python allows polymorphism in many different forms:

At the operator level (also known as operator overloading)
At the function level (also known as function overloading)
At the class level (also known as method overloading)

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Polymorphism – Operator overloading

i, j = 2000, 23
print(i + j)

s1, s2, s3 = "Bachelor", "of", "Statistics"

print(s1 + " " + s2 + " " + s3)

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Polymorphism – Operator overloading

i, j = 2000, 23
print(i + j)

s1, s2, s3 = "Bachelor", "of", "Statistics"

print(s1 + " " + s2 + " " + s3)

Output:

2023
Bachelor of Statistics

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Polymorphism – Function overloading

print(len("Python"))
print(len(["ver1", "ver2", "ver3"]))
print(len({"Creator": "Guido", "Nationality": "Dutch"}))

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Polymorphism – Function overloading

print(len("Python"))
print(len(["ver1", "ver2", "ver3"]))
print(len({"Creator": "Guido", "Nationality": "Dutch"}))

Output:

6
3
2

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Polymorphism – Method overloading

class PythonProgrammer:
def __init__(self, fullname):
[Link] = fullname
def show(self, Nationality = None):
if Nationality == None:
print([Link])
else:
print([Link] + " is " + Nationality)
PP = PythonProgrammer("Guido van Rossum")
[Link]()
[Link]("Dutch")
Output:
Guido van Rossum
Guido van Rossum is Dutch
Note: If no value is passed to a method for an argument though it is
defined, its default value (e.g., None) is taken.
Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing
Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Inheritance

Inheritance means acquiring the properties of another class

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Inheritance

Inheritance means acquiring the properties of another class

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Inheritance

Inheritance means acquiring the properties of another class

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Inheritance

Inheritance means acquiring the properties of another class

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Inheritance

Inheritance means acquiring the properties of another class

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Inheritance

Inheritance means acquiring the properties of another class

Note: subclass (child class/derived class) inherits the properties of

the superclass (parent class/base class)

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Inheritance

The syntax:

class SuperClass:
Attributes of SuperClass
Methods of SuperClass
class SubClass(SuperClass):
Attributes of SubClass
Methods of SubClass

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Single inheritance

class CProgrammer:
def __init__(self, fullname):
[Link] = fullname
def show(self):
print([Link] + " is a C programmer")
class PythonProgrammer(CProgrammer):
pass
CP = CProgrammer("Dennis Ritchie")
[Link]()
PP = PythonProgrammer("Guido van Rossum")
[Link]()

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Single inheritance

class CProgrammer:
def __init__(self, fullname):
[Link] = fullname
def show(self):
print([Link] + " is a C programmer")
class PythonProgrammer(CProgrammer):
pass
CP = CProgrammer("Dennis Ritchie")
[Link]()
PP = PythonProgrammer("Guido van Rossum")
[Link]()

Output:

Dennis Ritchie is a C programmer

Guido van Rossum is a C programmer

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Multi-level inheritance

class CProgrammer:
def __init__(self, fullname):
[Link] = fullname
def show(self):
print([Link] + " is a C programmer")
class PythonProgrammer(CProgrammer):
pass
class SmartProgrammer(PythonProgrammer):
pass
SP = SmartProgrammer("Guido van Rossum")
[Link]()

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Multi-level inheritance

class CProgrammer:
def __init__(self, fullname):
[Link] = fullname
def show(self):
print([Link] + " is a C programmer")
class PythonProgrammer(CProgrammer):
pass
class SmartProgrammer(PythonProgrammer):
pass
SP = SmartProgrammer("Guido van Rossum")
[Link]()

Output:

Guido van Rossum is a C programmer

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Hierarchical inheritance
class CProgrammer:
def __init__(self, fullname):
[Link] = fullname
def show(self):
print([Link] + " is a C programmer")
class PythonProgrammer(CProgrammer):
pass
class JavaProgrammer(CProgrammer):
pass
PP = PythonProgrammer("Guido van Rossum")
[Link]()
JP = JavaProgrammer("James Gosling")
[Link]()

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Hierarchical inheritance
class CProgrammer:
def __init__(self, fullname):
[Link] = fullname
def show(self):
print([Link] + " is a C programmer")
class PythonProgrammer(CProgrammer):
pass
class JavaProgrammer(CProgrammer):
pass
PP = PythonProgrammer("Guido van Rossum")
[Link]()
JP = JavaProgrammer("James Gosling")
[Link]()
Output:
Guido van Rossum is a C programmer
James Gosling is a C programmer
Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing
Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Multiple inheritance

class CProgrammer:
def __init__(self, fullname):
[Link] = fullname
def show(self):
print([Link] + " is a C programmer")
class SmartProgrammer():
def credit(self):
print("He is smart!!!")
class PythonProgrammer(CProgrammer, SmartProgrammer):
pass
PP = PythonProgrammer("Guido van Rossum")
[Link]()
[Link]()

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Multiple inheritance

class CProgrammer:
def __init__(self, fullname):
[Link] = fullname
def show(self):
print([Link] + " is a C programmer")
class SmartProgrammer():
def credit(self):
print("He is smart!!!")
class PythonProgrammer(CProgrammer, SmartProgrammer):
pass
PP = PythonProgrammer("Guido van Rossum")
[Link]()
[Link]()
Output:
Guido van Rossum is a C programmer
He is smart!!!
Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing
Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Method overriding in inheritance

Priority of a method in the subclass is always more than in the
superclass. This is reflected through method overriding.

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Method overriding in inheritance

Priority of a method in the subclass is always more than in the
superclass. This is reflected through method overriding.
class CProgrammer:
def __init__(self, fullname):
[Link] = fullname
def show(self):
print([Link] + " is a C programmer")
class PythonProgrammer(CProgrammer):
def show(self):
print([Link] + " is a Python programmer")
PP = PythonProgrammer("Guido van Rossum")
[Link]()

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Method overriding in inheritance

Priority of a method in the subclass is always more than in the
superclass. This is reflected through method overriding.
class CProgrammer:
def __init__(self, fullname):
[Link] = fullname
def show(self):
print([Link] + " is a C programmer")
class PythonProgrammer(CProgrammer):
def show(self):
print([Link] + " is a Python programmer")
PP = PythonProgrammer("Guido van Rossum")
[Link]()

Output:

Guido van Rossum is a Python programmer

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Attribute overriding in inheritance

Priority of an attribute in the subclass is always more than in the
superclass. This is reflected through attribute overriding.

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Attribute overriding in inheritance

Priority of an attribute in the subclass is always more than in the
superclass. This is reflected through attribute overriding.
class CProgrammer:
status = ’inactive’
def __init__(self, fullname):
[Link] = fullname
def show(self):
print([Link] + " is a C programmer")
class PythonProgrammer(CProgrammer):
status = ’active’
PP = PythonProgrammer("Guido van Rossum")
[Link]()
print("He is " + [Link])

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Attribute overriding in inheritance

Priority of an attribute in the subclass is always more than in the
superclass. This is reflected through attribute overriding.
class CProgrammer:
status = ’inactive’
def __init__(self, fullname):
[Link] = fullname
def show(self):
print([Link] + " is a C programmer")
class PythonProgrammer(CProgrammer):
status = ’active’
PP = PythonProgrammer("Guido van Rossum")
[Link]()
print("He is " + [Link])
Output:
Guido van Rossum is a Python programmer
He is active
Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing
Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Checking inheritance

The built-in functions isinstance() and issubclass() can be

used for checking inheritances.

isinstance(O, A) returns True if the object O is an

instance of the class A or other classes derived from it.
issubclass(X, A) returns True if the class X is a subclass
of the class A.

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Checking inheritance

class CProgrammer:
def __init__(self, fullname):
[Link] = fullname
def show(self):
print([Link] + " is a C programmer")
class PythonProgrammer(CProgrammer):
pass
CP = CProgrammer("Dennis Ritchie")
PP = PythonProgrammer("Guido van Rossum")
print(isinstance(CP, PythonProgrammer))
print(isinstance(PP, CProgrammer))

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Checking inheritance

class CProgrammer:
def __init__(self, fullname):
[Link] = fullname
def show(self):
print([Link] + " is a C programmer")
class PythonProgrammer(CProgrammer):
pass
CP = CProgrammer("Dennis Ritchie")
PP = PythonProgrammer("Guido van Rossum")
print(isinstance(CP, PythonProgrammer))
print(isinstance(PP, CProgrammer))

Output:

False
True

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Checking inheritance

class CProgrammer:
def __init__(self, fullname):
[Link] = fullname
def show(self):
print([Link] + " is a C programmer")
class PythonProgrammer(CProgrammer):
pass
CP = CProgrammer("Dennis Ritchie")
PP = PythonProgrammer("Guido van Rossum")
print(issubclass(CProgrammer, PythonProgrammer))
print(issubclass(PythonProgrammer, CProgrammer))

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Checking inheritance

class CProgrammer:
def __init__(self, fullname):
[Link] = fullname
def show(self):
print([Link] + " is a C programmer")
class PythonProgrammer(CProgrammer):
pass
CP = CProgrammer("Dennis Ritchie")
PP = PythonProgrammer("Guido van Rossum")
print(issubclass(CProgrammer, PythonProgrammer))
print(issubclass(PythonProgrammer, CProgrammer))

Output:

False
True

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Dunder/Magic/Special methods in Python

__init__() for object initialization
__call__() for callable objects
__repr__() for object representation
__str__() for object representation
__add__() for operator overloading
__eq__() for operator overloading
__lt__() for operator overloading
__getitem__() for iteration
__len__() for iteration
__reversed__() for iteration
__enter__() for context manager support
__exit__() for context manager support

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Dunder/Magic/Special methods in Python

__init__() for object initialization
__call__() for callable objects
__repr__() for object representation
__str__() for object representation
__add__() for operator overloading
__eq__() for operator overloading
__lt__() for operator overloading
__getitem__() for iteration
__len__() for iteration
__reversed__() for iteration
__enter__() for context manager support
__exit__() for context manager support
Note: Dunder signifies Double Underscores.
Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing
Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Dunder/Magic/Special methods in Python

class PythonProgrammer:
def __init__(self, fullname):
[Link] = fullname
def __repr__(self):
return ’Items: {}’.format([Link]())
def show(self):
print([Link])
PP = PythonProgrammer("Guido van Rossum")
print(PP)
[Link]()

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Dunder/Magic/Special methods in Python

class PythonProgrammer:
def __init__(self, fullname):
[Link] = fullname
def __repr__(self):
return ’Items: {}’.format([Link]())
def show(self):
print([Link])
PP = PythonProgrammer("Guido van Rossum")
print(PP)
[Link]()

Output: Items: [’Guido’, ’van’, ’Rossum’]

Guido van Rossum

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing

Outline Object-oriented Programming (OOP) Features of OOP

Abstract Basic Class (ABC)

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Animal(ABC): # Abstract class
def sound(self): # Abstract method
pass
class Dog(Animal):
def sound(self):
print("I can bark")
class Lion(Animal):
def sound(self):
print("I can roar")
D = Dog()
[Link]()
L = Lion()
[Link]()

Malay Bhattacharyya Introduction to Computing