Republic of the Philippines

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

City of Ilagan, Isabela

Anatomy&
Physiology
 Republic of the Philippines
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
City of Ilagan, Isabela

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
BACHELOR OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Course : Ped2
Course Title : Anatomy and Physiology of Human of
Development

Reporter : Group 1, 2, 3,4, 5

Instructor : Dr. Drolly P. Claraval
Report Title : Respiratory System
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
 What is the respiratory system?

The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes your
airways, lungs, and blood vessels. The muscles that power our lungs are also part of respiratory system.
These parts work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste gases like carbon
dioxide.

Respiratory System Functions

• Allows you to talk and to smell.

• Delivers oxygen to the cells in your
body.
• Removes waste gases, including
carbon dioxide, from the body when
you exhale.

Respiratory system is divided into two parts.

The upper respiratory tract (nostril, oral and
nasal cavity, pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx)
and the lower respiratory tract (trachea,
bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.)
Upper Respiratory Tract
Nostril
- is one of the two holes in our nose through which we breathe, smell, and (sometimes)
sneeze. These are the openings to the nasal cavities that are on the face.
Nasal Cavity
- is the uppermost part of the respiratory system. Our nose has two nasal cavities, hollow
spaces where air flows in and out.
Oral Cavity
also known as mouth, part of digestive system and respiratory system. It allows air and
nutrients to enter our body.
Epiglottis
- is a small, movable "lid" just above the larynx that prevents food and drink from entering
your windpipe.
Pharynx
- usually called the throat
- is part of the respiratory system and digestive system. It carries air, food, and fluid down from
the nose and mouth.
Larynx
- is a hollow tube that connects your throat (pharynx) to the rest of your respiratory
system. It helps you swallow safely and contains the vocal cords, so it’s often called the
voice box.

Lower Respiratory Tract

Trachea
-commonly known as the windpipe.
-It is a tube about 4 inches long and less than an
inch in diameter in most people.
trachea has two parts: Cervical trachea (in your
neck) and Thoracic trachea (in your chest)
 Bronchi
- any of the major air passages of the lungs which diverge from the windpipe.
- the bronchi carry air into your lungs.
Bronchioles
- a tiny branch of air tubes in the lungs.
- the bronchioles carry air to small sacs in your lungs called alveoli.
Alveoli
- It is a tiny air sac, where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during
the process of breathing in and out.

Respiratory Diseases
Airway disease- allergies, asthma,
Lung tissues disease- lung cancer,
pneumonia
Lung circulation disease-Bronchitis
Keeps respiratory system healthy.
• Avoid pollutants that can damage your airways. Wear a mask if you are exposed to fumes,
dust, or other types of pollutants for any reason.
• Don’t smoke.
• Eat a healthy diet with lots of fruits and vegetables and drink water to stay hydrated.
• Exercise regularly to keep your lungs healthy.

Summary:

• Respiratory system is responsible on our breathing.

• It delivers oxygen into our body and removes carbon dioxide out to our body.

• It has two parts: the upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract.

• Diaphragm and intercostal muscles help our lungs to work.

• Avoid smoking, exercise regularly, and eat healthy diet to keep our lungs healthy and prevent
lung diseases.
Questions
1. Hollow organ that allows you to talk and make sounds when air moves in and out.

[Link] is an air/gas that exits the lungs

3. Two important muscles that help lungs expand and tighten during breathing
[Link] at the bottom of your windpipe that connect into each lung.
[Link] that delivers air from your mouth and nose to the trachea
6. Openings that pull air from outside your body into your respiratory system.
[Link] is an air/gas that enters the lungs from the atmosphere
[Link] air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
Answer Key
1. G

2. F

3. E (2 pts)

4. B

5. H

6. C (2 pts)

7. D

References:

[Link]
%20respiratory%20system%20is%20the,waste%20gases%20like%20carbon%20dioxide.

[Link]

[Link]
the-respiratory-system
CARDIOVASCUL
AR SYSTEM
WHAT IS CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM?

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Its primary function
is to transport nutrients and oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body and to carry
deoxygenated blood back to the lungs.

Components of cardiovascular system

HEART BLOOD

ARTERIES

WHAT IS HEART?
The muscle that pumps blood received from veins into
arteries throughout the body. The heart is positioned in the
chest behind the sternum (breastbone); in front of the
trachea, esophagus, and aorta; and above the diaphragm.

THE ARTERIES
Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood from the heart and
pump it to all the tissues of the body. Arteries hold a special
feature in human physiology of giving oxygenated blood and
nutrients to all parts of the body.
 THE BLOOD
Blood transports oxygen from the lungs to all the tissues by
way of hemoglobin that is embedded in the red blood cells.
On the way back to the heart and lungs it transports CO2,
which is exhaled by the lungs.

BLOODCOMPONENTS

 PLASMA
 WHITE BLOOD CELLS
 RED BLOOD CELLS
 PLATELETS

PLASMA
Blood plasma, the liquid portion of blood. Plasma serves as a transport medium for delivering nutrients to
the cells of the various organs of the body and for transporting waste products derived from cellular
metabolism to the kidneys, liver, and lungs for excretion. It is also a transport system for blood cells, and it
plays a critical role in maintaining normal blood pressure. Plasma helps to distribute heat throughout the
body and to maintain homeostasis, or biological stability, including acid-base balance in the blood and
body.

RED BLOOD CELLS

A type of blood cell that is made in the bone marrow and found in the blood. Red blood cells contain a
protein called hemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body The main function of
the red blood cell is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the other tissues and cells of the body. And how
does the RBC manage to do this? Well, the hemoglobin present in the RBC is a protein, which binds itself
to the oxygen molecules inhaled.

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

A type of blood cell that is made in the bone marrow and found in the blood and lymph tissue. White blood
cells are part of the body's immune system. They help the body fight infection and other diseases.

PLATELETS
Platelets are tiny cells with a highly important function in the body to stop bleeding. There is a wide range
of normal in terms of platelet count, but it's important to be aware of the extremes, too, especially if you're
considering surgery or undergoing another procedure that may require bleeding and clotting.
TWO BLOOD CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
The pulmonary circulation is a circuit for blood flow to and from the lungs that provides
oxygenation of the venous blood. The pulmonary circulation is a high flow, low resistance
pathway that accommodates the entire output of the right ventricle at approximately one fifth the
pressure of the general systemic circulation.

PULMUNARY SYSTEM
Systemic circulation is the movement of blood from the heart through the body to
provide oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body while bringing deoxygenated
blood back to the heart. Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium from the pulmonary
veins.

TWO BLOOD CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

- PULMUNARY CIRCULATION
- SYSTEMATIC CIRCULATION

LAYERS OF THE HEART

EPICARDIUM
The epicardium functions to protect the inner heart layers and assists in the production
of pericardial fluid. This fluid fills the pericardial cavity and helps to reduce friction
between pericardial membranes.
MYOCARDUIM
Myocardium stimulates heart contractions to pump blood from the ventricles and relaxes the heart to
allow the atria to receive blood. These contractions produce what is known as a heartbeat.

ENDOCARDIUM
Anatomic function: A tissue covering the inside of the heart, the endocardium keeps the blood flowing
through the heart separate from the myocardium, or cardiac muscles. It also lines the valves, which
open and close to regulate blood flow through the chambers of the heart. Conduction system: Heart
activity and rhythm are regulated by electrical signals, which travel through the nerves embedded in the
endocardium. These nerves are connected to the myocardium, causing the muscle to contract and relax,
pumping blood through the body.

4 MAIN PARTS OF HEART

RIGHT ATRIUM
 The right atrium is one of the two atria of the heart, which function as receiving
chambers for blood entering the heart. It is located to the right of the left atrium and
superior to the much larger and more muscular right ventricle. Between the right atrium
and right ventricle is a one-way valve known as the tricuspid valve.

LEFT ATRIUM
The left atrium is one of the four chambers of the heart, located on the left posterior
side. Its primary roles are to act as a holding chamber for blood returning from the lungs
and to act as a pump to transport blood to other areas of the heart.

LEFT VENTRICLE
The left ventricle connects nearly all organ systems through its function to pump
oxygenated blood to the body. Left ventricular failure would likely result in impairment to
all other organ systems.

[Link] organisms need water, food and respiratory gases to survive

[Link] are transported via a well- organized transportation system. Transportation in
animals takes place with the help of circulatory system.
[Link] system consists of the heart, blood and blood vessels.
[Link] humans, blood flows through arteries and veins and the heart acts as a pumping
organ.
[Link] have a type of circulation called double circulation wherein the heart
receives the blood twice to complete one full round of circulation.
[Link] circulation comprises the pulmonary and systemic circuit.
[Link] circuit: Circulation of blood between heart and lungs.
[Link] circuit: Circulation of blood between heart and other body parts. Process of
blood circulation:
[Link] blood from the body cells are carried by the veins to the heart.
[Link] right auricle receives the blood and pumps it (through the tricuspid valves) into
the right ventricle.
[Link] here, pulmonary artery transports it to the lungs where it gets oxygenated.
[Link] the lungs the oxygenated blood is carried by the pulmonary veins to the left
auricle, which then pumps the oxygenated blood (through the mitral valves) into the left
ventricle of the heart.
[Link] systemic arteries (aorta) originating from the left ventricle circulate the
oxygenated blood throughout the body
 Republic of the Philippines
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
City of Ilagan, Isabela

SPORT
PHYSIOLOGY

S
&
EXERCIS
E
 Republic of the Philippines
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
City of Ilagan, Isabela

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
BACHELOR OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Course : Ped2
Course Title : Sports Physiology & Exercise

Reporter : Group 2
Instructor : Dr. Drolly P. Claraval
Report Title: Fundamental of Human Energy Transfer
: Human Energy Transfer During Exercise
 Republic of the Philippines
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
City of Ilagan, Isabela

NUTRITION
AND ENERGY
 MACRONUTRIENTS

(ALSO KNOWN AS ‘MACROS’) are nutrients that the body uses in relatively large amounts and
therefore need to receive daily.

Carbohydrates
(Also known as CARBS) it provides the body with fuel.

Example of foods that are high in carbohydrates are.

BREAD

CEREAL

PASTA

POTATOES

RICE

Protein
Are chemical substances that are complex and supply energy to the body.

Protein rich foods includes.

Meat

Fish

Egg

Milk

cheese
Fats
Provides an important source of energy in times of starvation or caloric deprivation.

TYPE OF FATS
Monounsaturated fat and polyunsaturated fat- are ‘healthy fats.
Saturated fat and trans-fat- are ‘unhealthy fats.’
MICRONUTRIENTS
are vitamins and minerals needed by the body in very small amounts.

Vitamins
Are an organic molecule that is an essential micronutrient that an
organism needs in quantities for the proper functioning of its
metabolism.

Minerals
Are those elements on the earth and in foods that our bodies need to develop
and function normally.

Micronutrients are divided into 4 groups:

 Water soluble
vitamins
 Fat soluble vitamins
 Macro minerals
 Trace minerals
 FOOD ENERGY AND OPTIMUM
NUTRITION

Food energy refers to the amount of energy that can be derived from food when it consumed by the body. The
body uses this energy to perform various functions, such as powering physical activity, maintaining organ
function, and carrying out metabolic processes.

Optimum nutrition refers to the intake of a balanced and varied diet that provides all the necessary nutrients in
the right amount to support optimal health and well-being. This includes the micronutrients (Vitamins and
mineral) that the body needs to function properly.

TYPES OF ERGOGENIC ACIDS

 NUTRITIONAL
 PHYSIOLOGICAL
 BIOCHEMICAL
 PHARMACOLOGICAL

NUTRITION

Food sources including caffeine, creatine, and sports drinks.

PHYSIOLOGICAL
Practices and use of naturally occurring products including blood doping, EPO, human
growth hormone.
BIOCHEMICAL
Relating to the chemical processes and substances which occur within living organisms.
PHARMACOLOGICAL
Synthetically produced drugs including anabolic steroids, beta blockers and
amphetamines.
Test I. Match column A with corresponding item in column B write the letter of your answer before each
number.

1. nutrients that the body uses in relatively large amounts.

2. provides the body fuel.

3. chemical substances that supply energy to the body

4. unhealthy fats

5. healthy fats

6. needed by the body in very small amounts

7. vitamins that dissolve to water

8. amount of energy that can be divided from food when it consumed by the body

9. also known as microminerals G

B.
10. intake of balanced and varied diet
A. protein

B. saturated fats

C. food energy

D. macronutrients

E. trace minerals

F. carbohydrates

G. optimum energy

H. micronutrients

I water soluble vitamins.

J. unsaturated fats
Test II. Enumeration Give the four groups of micronutrients water soluble vitamins fat soluble vitamins
macro minerals trace minerals.

Give the four types of ergogenic nutritional physiological biochemical pharmacological.

Give 2 classification of nutrients macronutrients micronutrients.

ANSWER KEY

1. D
2. F
3. A
4. B
5. J
6. H
7. I
8. C
9. E
10. G

II

NUTRITIONAL

PHYSIOLOGICAL

BIOCHEMICAL
PHARMACOLOGICAL
III

MACRONUTRIENTS
MICRONUTRIENTS
 Republic of the Philippines
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
City of Ilagan, Isabela

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
BACHELOR OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Course : Ped2
Course Title : Sports Physiology & Exercise

Reporter : Group 1
Instructor : Dr. Drolly P. Claraval
Report Title :
FUNDAMENTAL OF
HUMAN ENERGY
TRANSFER
 Energy Transfer
1. Fundamental of human energy transfer
2. Human energy transfer during exercise
3. Measuring and evaluating human energy-generating capacities during exercise
4. Energy expenditure during rest and physical activity.

Energy
The Capacity for Work The body s capacity to extract energy from food nutrients and
transfer it to the contractile elements in skeletal muscle determines our capacity to move.
Energy transfer occurs through thousands of complex chemical reactions that require the
proper mixture of macro- and micronutrients continually fueled by oxygen. The term energy
suggests a dynamic state related to change; thus, the presence of energy emerges only
when change occurs.
The First Law of Thermodynamics Energy cannot be created nor destroyed but transformed
from one form to another without being depleted.

Conservation of energy
In the body, chemical energy stored within the bonds of macronutrients does not
immediately dissipate as heat during energy metabolism. A large portion remains as
chemical energy, which the musculoskeletal system then changes into mechanical energy.
Potential and Kinetic Energies Constitute the total energy of a system Releasing potential
energy transforms the basic ingredient into kinetic energy of motion. In some cases, bound
energy in one substance directly transfers to other substances to increase their potential
energy. The transfer provides the required energy for the body s chemical work known as
biosynthesis.

Examples of Potential and Kinetic Energies

Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions Exergonic

Any physical or chemical process that releases energy to its surroundings. Represent
downhill processes; they produce a decline in free energy. Endergonic: Chemical processes
store or absorb energy. Represent uphill processes and proceed with an increase in free
energy for biologic work.
Second Law of Thermodynamics Tendency of potential energy to convert to kinetic energy of
motion with a lower capacity for work (entrophy) Ultimately, all the potential energy in a
system degrades to the unusable form of kinetic or heat energy (degradation).

Energy Six Forms of Energy

1. Chemical
2. Mechanical
3. Heat
4. Light
5. Electric
6. Nuclear
Four Factors Affecting Bioenergetics
1. Enzymes: A highly specific and large protein catalyst that accelerates the forward and
reverse rates of chemical reactions within the body without being consumed or changed in
the reaction.
2. Reaction Rates: Operation rate of enzymes
3. Mode of Action: How an enzyme interacts with its specific substrate
4. Coenzymes: Complex non-protein that facilitate enzyme action by binding the substrate
with its specific enzyme

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) An enzyme found in skeletal muscle that provides the
required energy for movement. Cell s energy currency Cells two major energy-transforming
activities:
1. Form and conserve ATP from food s potential energy
2. Use energy extracted from ATP to power all forms of biologic work
Phosphocreatine (PCr) Provides some energy for ATP re-synthesis. PCr releases a large
amount of energy when the bond splits between the creatine and phosphate molecules The
hydrolysis of PCr begins at the onset of intense exercise, does not require oxygen, and
reaches a maximum in about 8 to 12 seconds. Cells store PCr in considerably larger
quantities than ATP.
Phosphorylation The energy transfer through the phosphate bonds of ATP to other
compounds to raise them to a higher activation level.

Oxidation Biologic burning of macronutrients in the body for the energy needed for
phosphorylation Occurs on inner lining of mitochondrial membranes Involves transferring
electrons from NADH and FADH 2 to molecular oxygen, which release and transfer chemical
energy to combine ATP from ADP plus a phosphate ion. During aerobic ATP re-synthesis,
oxygen combines with hydrogen to form water. More than 90% of ATP synthesis takes place
in the respiratory chain by oxidative reactions coupled with phosphorylation.
Anaerobic vs. Aerobic Energy Glycolysis: Carbohydrate breakdown
1. Aerobic: Relatively slow process resulting in substantial ATP formation. The second stage
of carbohydrate breakdown converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA, which then progresses through
the citric acid cycle.
2. Anaerobic: Rapid but limited ATP production that produces lactate as the end product

Glycolysis
Fat Energy Release Stored fat is the most plentiful source of potential energy. Three specific
energy sources for fat catabolism:
1. Triacylglycerol's stored directly within the muscle fiber in close proximity to the
mitochondria.
2. Circulating triacylglycerol's in lipoprotein complexes that become hydrolyzed on the
surface of a tissue s capillary endothelium.
3. Adipose tissue that provides circulating free fatty acids mobilized from triacylglycerol's in
adipose tissue. The breakdown of a triacylglycerol molecule yields about 460 molecules of
ATP.
Why is a muscle like a motor bike?
A motorbike engine uses the stored energy of petrol and converts it to heat and energy
of motion (kinetic energy).
 Muscles use the stored chemical energy of food we eat and convert that to heat
and energy of motion (kinetic energy).

Human
Although muscles and engines work in different ways, they both convert chemical
energy into energy of motion.
Where does the energy for muscle contraction come from?
The source of energy that is used to power the movement of contraction in working
muscles is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

energy
• using creatine phosphate (ATP
system)

transfer
• using glycogen (lactic acid
system)
• aerobic respiration. (Aerobic

during
system)

exercise
Using creatine phosphate
All muscle cells have a little ATP within them that they can use immediately – but only
enough to last for about 3 seconds! So, all muscle cells contain a high-
energy compound called creatine phosphate which is broken down to make more
ATP quickly. Creatine phosphate can supply the energy needs of a working muscle at a
very high rate, but only for about 8–10 seconds.
Using glycogen (and no oxygen)
Fortunately, muscles also have large stores of a carbohydrate, called glycogen, which
can be used to make ATP from glucose. But this takes about 12 chemical reactions, so
it supplies energy more slowly than from creatine phosphate. It’s still pretty rapid,
though, and will produce enough energy to last about 90 seconds. Oxygen is not
needed – this is great, because it takes the heart and lungs some time to get increased
oxygen supply to the muscles. A byproduct of making ATP without using oxygen
is lactic acid. You know when your muscles are building up lactic acid because it
causes tiredness and soreness – the stitch.

Using aerobic respiration (using oxygen again)

Within two minutes of exercise, the body starts to supply working muscles with oxygen.
When oxygen is present, aerobic respiration can take place to break down the glucose
for ATP. This glucose can come from several places:
• remaining glucose supply in the muscle cells
• glycogen in the liver
• fat reserves in the muscles
• in extreme cases (like starvation), the body’s protein.
Aerobic respiration takes even more chemical reactions to produce ATP than either of
the above two systems. It is the slowest of all three systems – but it can supply ATP for
several hours or longer, as long as the supply of fuel lasts.
Measuring and evaluating human energy-
generating capacities during exercise
All people are capable of both anaerobic and aerobic energy metabolism, albeit each
type of energy transfer ability varies greatly amongst people. These variations serve as
an example of how each person's capacity for exercise is different. The ability of an
individual to transfer energy (and to perform many other physiologic processes) is not a
universal factor for all types of exercise; rather, it greatly varies on activity.

Physiologic Indicator of the short-term glycolytic energy System

Blood lactate levels- typically range from 1-2 mmol/L at rest to over 20 mmol/L during
vigorous exercise. Blood lactate levels fundamentally act as an indirect indicator of
biochemical occurrences such muscle exhaustion after exercise.
Glycolytic Depletion
The pattern of glycogen depletion in the individual muscles stimulated by exercise
provides an indicator of the contribution of glycolysis to exercise since the short-term
energy system mostly depends on glycogen stored inside these muscles.
Cycle Ergometer Test
This test is based on the relationship between heart rate during work and the
percentage of maximal aerobic capacity. It estimates VO2max using a single-stage, six-
minute submaximal cycling protocol.

Anaerobic power in lower in Children

It is lowest in young children and gradually rises with age in both boys and girls. Little to
nothing is known about how trainable a child's anaerobic capacity is. Children and
adults have different contributions from aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms during
exercise.
Gender difference in anaerobic exercise performance

The significant disparity in anaerobic power capacity between men and women is not
entirely explained by differences in body composition, morphology, muscular strength,
or neuromuscular variables.

Energy expenditure during rest and physical

activity
Energy expenditure refers to the amount of energy that an individual expends to
maintain their body's physiological functions, as well as any additional energy they
expend during physical activity.

Resting energy expenditure Physical activity energy

(REE) expenditure (PAEE)
There are two main components of energy expenditure: resting energy expenditure and physical
activity energy expenditure.
QUIESTION

Instruction: Analyse the following statement carefully and choose the correct answer in the box
provided. Write your complete answer (including the letter and definition) in your paper.

1. The amount of energy that an individual expends while at rest, which includes energy used
for basic physiological functions
2. The additional energy that an individual expends during physical activity
3. A product of making ATP without using oxygen
4. All muscle cells contain a high-energy compound called
5. Within two minutes of exercise, the body starts to supply working muscles with
6. What types of energy systems that examples are Marathon, Cycling and Swimming?
7. It is one of the energy systems that consists of short-duration, high-intensity activities that last
between 30 seconds and three minutes.
8. It refers to the amount of energy that individual expends in order to maintain their body.
9-10. Give the 2 main components of energy expenditure.
11. This pattern of glycogen depletion in the individual muscle stimulated by exercise provides
an indicator of the contribution of glycolysis to exercise
12. A energy systems that the body use to generate immediate energy that last to 10 seconds.
13. The body stores only ___ g of ATP
14. The process of breaking down glucose or blood sugar to produce energy
15. An enzyme found in skeletal muscle that provides the required energy for movement.

a. Aerobic Energy System or Long-term energy systems. b. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

c. creatine phosphate d. Energy expenditure

e. Glycolytic depletion f. Glycolysis

g. immediate energy systems or ATP-PC energy system h. Lactic Acid System or Short-term
energy system

i. lactic acid j. oxygen

l. Physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) m. Resting Energy expenditure (REE)

o. 80-100g
ANSWER KEY

1. M
2. L
3. I
4. C
5. J
6. A
7. H
8. D
9. L
10. M
11. E
12. G
13. O
14. F
15. D
 Republic of the Philippines
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
City of Ilagan, Isabela

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
BACHELOR OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Course : Ped2
Course Title : Sports Physiology & Exercise

Reporter : Group 1
Instructor : Dr. Drolly P. Claraval
Report Title:
THE
CADIOVASCULA
R AND
PULMONARY
 EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

 EXERCISE: Defined as intentional increased muscular activities, planned

structured and basically repetitive contraction and relaxation of group of muscles.
 EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY: Study of physio-chemical processes in the body that
allow conversation of chemical energy into mechanical work and the changes in
the organ system in response to the effects of the work.
 Continued skeletal muscle activity utilizes energy that depends on the rate of
nutrients and organ supply to the exercising muscles.

Movement requires activations and control of the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

However, the CARDIOVASCULAR AND PULMONARY SYSTEM provide the ability to
sustain this movement over extended periods.

PRIMARY AIM

TO SUPPLY ADEQUATE
OXYGENATED BLOOD TO THE TO FACILITATE OXYGEN
EXERCISING MUSCLE. COMSUMPTION OF THE BODY.

TO MEET THE METABOLIC DEMAND DURING EXERCISE.

THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IS COMPRISED OF:
1. The Heart
2. The arterial system. It includes arteries, veins, and capillaries.
3. Blood
Pulmonary and circulatory system.
THE HEART

The Heart is a muscular pump, situated in the mind center of the chest cavity. It is
divided into two halves by a central partition called the septum. Each half is then divided
by Valves into an atrium and a ventricle.

THE ARTERIAL SYSTEM

- Arteries distribute oxygen-rich blood to your body. Arteries, part of your circulatory
(cardiovascular) system, are the blood vessels that bring oxygen-rich blood from your
heart to all your body's cells. They play a crucial role in distributing oxygen, nutrients,
and hormones throughout your body.

BLOOD
-Blood is a specialized body fluid. It has four main components: plasma, red blood cells,
white blood cells, and platelets. Blood has many different functions, including
transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues. forming blood clots to
prevent excess blood loss.

PULMONARY AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

-Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and the lungs. It transports
deoxygenated blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide. The
oxygenated blood then flows back to the heart. Systemic circulation moves blood
between the heart and the rest of the body.

THE FUNCTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

1. Transport oxygen and nutrition to different parts of the body and remove waste
like carbon dioxide from the body.
2. The body is affected by changes of temperature, so cardiovascular system
controls the body temperature regulating and keeping it in an acceptable range.
3. The Cardiovascular System help the body to fight disease through the blood cell.
(W. B.C., Antibodies) and also platelets which help the blood to clot in acute
injuries and prevent the germs entering. So its work as a protection to the body.
 CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES

STROKE
VOLUME
HEART RATE

CARDIAC
OUTPUT
CARDIAC
MAXIMUM FACTORS
HEART RATE

HEART RATE
During exercise, your heart typically beats faster so that more blood gets out to your
body.
STROKE VOLUME
During exercise, your heart can also increase its stroke volume by pumping more
forcefully or increasing the amount of blood that fills the left ventricle before it pumps.
CARDIAC OUTPUT
Cardiac Output provides the most important indicator of the circulatory system’s
functional capacity to meet the demands for physical activity. During exercise, it
increases the quantity ejected with each stroke (stroke volume), and the rate of
pumping (heart rate) raise the cardiac output.
MAXIMUM HEART RATE
Heart rate and exercise intensity share a direct, linear relationship: the more intense the
exercise, the higher the heart rate. When you exercise at the highest possible intensity,
your heart will reach maximal heart rate (HRmax), the fastest rate it is capable of
beating.
THE
PULMONARY
SYSTEM
DURING
EXERCISE
The Pulmonary System is the networks of organs and tissues that help you Breathe. This
system helps your body absorb oxygen from the air so your waste gases, such as carbon
dioxide, from your blood. Common problems include allergies, diseases or infections.

The Pulmonary system is comprised of:

 AIRWAYS
 LUNGS
 BLOOD VESSELS
AIRWAYS
• Nose and mouth and pass down the throat (pharynx) and through the voice box,
or larynx is covered by a small flap of tissue, the epiglottis, that automatically
closes during swallowing, thus preventing food or drink from entering the
airways.
LUNGS
• The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the
chest (thorax) The Trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the lungs
through its tabular branches, called bronchi. The bronchi then divide into smaller
and smaller branches (bronchioles), finally becoming microscopic.
BLOOD VESSELS
• The pulmonary arteries and the pulmonary veins are the vessels of the
pulmonary circulation, which means they are responsible for carrying the
oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs and carrying the deoxygenated
blood from the heart to the lungs.
FUNCTION OF THE PULMONARY SYSTEM
• The pulmonary system’s main job is to move fresh air into your body while
removing waste gases. Once in the lungs, oxygen is moved into the bloodstream
and carried through your body, oxygen is exchanged for a waste gas called
carbon dioxide.
PULMONARY CHANGES

INCREASED
PERFUSION INCREASED
VENTILATIO
N

PULMONARY
FACTORS
INCREASED
OXYGEN
DIFFUSION

INCREASED VENTILATION
When you exercise and your muscles work harder, your body uses more oxygen and
produces more carbon dioxide. To cope with this extra demand, your breathing has to
increase from about 15 times a minute (12 liters of air) when you are resting, up to
about 40–60 times a minute (100 liters of air) during exercise.
INCREASED PERFUSION
The cardiac output and pulmonary blood flow increase, while the pulmonary vascular
resistance decreases. The result is an increased space of the lung that is perfused,
which decreases physiologic dead space and increases oxygen delivery to exercising
tissues.
INCREASED OXYGEN DIFFUSION
In healthy subjects, pulmonary diffusion increases during exercise1 because of absolute
increases in ventilation and perfusion and improved ventilation-perfusion matching, with
increased pulmonary capillary blood flow and capillary distension in ventilated areas of
lung.
QUESTION
[Link] exercise your heart can also increase by pumping more forcefully or increasing
the amount of blood that fills the left ventricle before it pumps.
A. Cardiac output
B. Stroke volume
C. Heart rate
D. Maximum heart rate
[Link] the networks of organs and tissues that help you Breathe.
A. Arterial System
B. Cardiovascular System
C. Pulmonary System
D. The Heart
[Link] a specialized body fluid. It has four main components: plasma, red blood cells,
white blood cells, and platelets.
A. Blood
B. Heart
C. Arterial System
D. Heart Rate
[Link] is automatically closes during swallowing the foods or drinks?
A. Lungs
B. The Heart
C. Airways
D. arterial system
[Link] is divided into two halves by a central partition called
A. blood
B. Septum
C. ventricle
D. Pulmonary
[Link] is two important organs in the body in Pulmonary Circulation?
A. Lungs and kidney
B. Heart and lungs
C. blood and veins
D. Blood and airways
[Link] you exercise and your muscles work harder, your body uses more oxygen and
produces more carbon dioxide.
a. Increased Perfusion
b. Increased Ventilation
c. Increased Oxygen Diffusion
d. None of the above
[Link] they are responsible for carrying the oxygenated blood to the heart from
the lungs and carrying the deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?
A. Blood and Veins
B. Blood and Airways
C. Blood vessels
D. all of the above
[Link] cardiac output and pulmonary blood flow increase, while the pulmonary vascular
resistance decreases.
A. Increased Perfusion
B. Increased Ventilation
C. Increased Oxygen Diffusion
[Link] the most important indicator of the circulatory system’s functional capacity
to meet the demands for physical activity.
A. MAXIMUM HEART RATE
B. STROKE VOLUME
[Link] RATE
[Link] OUTPUT
ANSWER KEY
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. C
5. B
6. B
7. D
8. C
9. A
10. D

11.
 Republic of the Philippines
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
City of Ilagan, Isabela

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
BACHELOR OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Course : Ped2
Course Title : Sports Physiology & Exercise

Reporter : Group 5
Instructor : Dr. Drolly P. Claraval
Report Title: Optimizing Body Composition Successful Aging and Health Related
Exercise Benefits
: Physical Activity Exercise Successful Aging and Disease Prevent.
: Glinigal Aspect of Exercise Physiology
Neuromusc
ular
System
and
Exercise
Central Nervous System
The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. It is one of 2
parts of the nervous system. The other part is the peripheral nervous system, which
consists of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. The
central nervous system is the body's processing center.
Peripheral Nervous System
The peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves that branch out from the brain
and spinal cord. These nerves form the communication network between the CNS and
the body parts. The peripheral nervous system is further subdivided into the somatic
nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

The Neuromuscular Connection

Motor Unit
• Defined as the nerve + the muscle fibers that it innervates.
• The ratio of muscle fibers to nerve relates to function.
• Delicate, precise work requires a lower muscle fiber number to nerve ratio, e.g.,
10 muscle fibers to one nerve (eye muscles)
• l Less complex movements require a higher muscle fiber number to nerve
ratio, e.g., 3000 muscle fibers to one nerve (leg muscles
The Neuromuscular Junction
Gap between the nerve ending and muscle fiber.
Neuromuscular Fatigue
• Fatigue may represent a disruption in the normal function of one of these
components:
• Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
• Peripheral nervous system (nerve itself)
• Neuromuscular junction
• Muscle fiber
Central Nervous System Fatigue
• Influenced by peripheral fatigue factors such as lactic acid accumulation in
muscle.
• Influenced by ion disturbances in the blood.
 • In these cases, the brain and spinal cord send inhibitory signals back to the
origins of fatigue.
Nerve Fatigue
• Not likely that the nerve fatigues but is possible since it requires nutrients to
survive. If lacking nutrients, it could slow in its function.
Neuromuscular Junction Fatigue
 It is possible that levels of acetylcholine could be depleted resulting in fatigue.
Muscle Types
 Skeletal
• Function is to create movement.
 Cardiac
• Function is to pump blood for movement to occur.
 Smooth
• Function is to constrict blood vessels to allow for appropriate blood distribution
and move contents of internal organs.
Skeletal Muscle
 Structure
 Held together by connective tissue.
 Epimysium surrounds muscle.
 Perimysium surrounds bundles of muscle fibers (~150 fibers); bundles known as
fasciculi.
 Endomysium surrounds each muscle fiber.
 Composition
o Contains ~ 75% water, 20% protein, 5% other substances (minerals, fuel,
enzymes, etc.)
Types of Skeletal Muscle
Fiber Types:
• Type I = slow contracting
• Type II = fast-contracting
• Type IIA – has both anaerobic and aerobic abilities.
 • Type IIB – has primarily anaerobic ability

Fiber Type Can we

Compariso change fiber
Composition
n of Fiber
in Elite and types with
Types
Non-athletes training?

• Genetic code largely determines a person’s predominant fiber type.

• However, with specific training, one can improve either one’s aerobic or
anaerobic capacities to a certain level.
• For example, a person with primarily fast-twitch fiber muscles can improve their
endurance to a certain level if they do long distance running but will most likely
not attain elite status as a marathon runner.
Neuromuscular System in Exercise
Physiological adaptations
High intensity strength, power, speed and hypertrophy training tend to cause the
greatest adaptations in the neuromuscular system because they require the greatest
integration and coordination of musculature to perform specific tasks under high loads
or in an explosive fashion. Some of the major adaptations are detailed in the following
table.
Fiber size
Muscle size increases with hypertrophy training and to a lesser degree strength
training. This is due to an increase in the number and thickness of actin and myosin
filaments, an increase in myofibrils and an increase in sarcoplasm (fluid within the
muscle cell).
Fast – twitch fiber behavior
• Strength, hypertrophy, power and speed training modalities all focus on
contractions from fast twitch fibres, thus these training types improve the specific
fast twitch function being trained, whether that is strength, speed, power, size or
a combination.
Nerve–muscle connections
• Increased recruitment of additional motor units, which respond in a simultaneous
fashion to improve force production.
• There is an increased activation of synergistic muscles to assist force production
for strength, power, speed and hypertrophy.
• Neural pathways linking to target muscles become more efficient at transmitting
the message (stimulus).

Timing of neural stimulus

• The timing of contractions becomes more coordinated, especially with power,
speed and strength training, in order to meet the force generation required to
move loads.
Summation of motor units
• The ability to summate (fire a lot of impulses in target muscles all at once) is
improved with strength and power training because they require maximum
activation of target muscles to create maximum force.
Neuromuscular fatigue
• Effective integration of multiple body segments to create explosive movements or
lift heavy loads requires more neuromuscular involvement than any other
training; hence strength, power, speed and hypertrophy training are the best
types of training to improve the neuromuscular systems resistance to fatigue.
Physiological adaptation
The muscular system also adapts to training types that rely on the aerobic energy
system as well as the anaerobic systems, such as muscular endurance and aerobic and
anaerobic fitness. Some of these major adaptations from these types of training
include.
Capillarization
• The number of capillaries in the muscle increases. This enables more O2 to be
delivered to working muscles and more CO2 to be absorbed back into the blood
thus improving endurance performance.
Substrate storage
• Muscles and liver increase their ability to store carbohydrate and fat so it can be
used for ATP production more readily.
Slow–twitch fiber behavior
• As the duration of training lengthens slow twitch (endurance) fibers become
increasingly dominant. Aerobic fitness, anaerobic fitness and muscular
endurance training all improve the function of slow twitch fiber.
Mitochondria
• Mitochondria as you may remember from the energy system section are the
aerobic powerhouse of the muscle cell. The number of mitochondria increases
with aerobic exercise enabling more aerobic metabolism to take place. This
means the muscle can create more ATP aerobically and results in less lactate
being produced during workouts below anaerobic/lactate threshold.
Motor Unit adaptation
• With the exception of flexibility training, all the other training types improve the
effectiveness and efficiency of motor unit firing. They do this through what is
known as ‘motor learning’.
As motor units send the stimulus from nerve to muscle, then quite simply the
more they do this the better they get at it, messages don’t get sent to the wrong
muscles en route and messages also get to their target muscles with increasing
speed and less delay.
HORMONE
S,
EXERCISE
AND
TRAINING
HORMONES
• Hormones are chemicals that coordinate different functions in your body by
carrying messages through your blood to your organs, skin, muscles and other
tissues.
Characterizing hormones
• Autocrine
• Paracrine
• Endocrine
Chemistry of hormones
• Amino Acid – Based Hormones
• Steroids
Listed below are some important exercise and hormones along with the physiological
functions they control.
INSULIN
• A peptide hormone produced by the pancreas, insulin regulates carbohydrate
and fat metabolism.
• When blood sugar is elevated, insulin is released to promote the storage and
absorption of glycogen and glucose.
• When exercise starts, the sympathetic nervous system suppresses the release of
insulin; consequently, it is important to avoid foods with high levels of sugar
(including sports drinks) before exercise because it can elevate insulin levels and
promote glycogen storage instead of allowing it to be used to fuel physical
activity.
GLUCAGON
• Released in response to low levels of blood sugar.
• . As glycogen levels are depleted during exercise, glucagon releases additional
glycogen stored in the liver.
Human Growth Hormone
• Human growth hormone (HGH) is an anabolic peptide hormone secreted by the
anterior pituitary gland that stimulates cellular growth.
• Like all hormones, HGH works with specific receptor sites and can produce a
number of responses, including increasing muscle protein synthesis responsible
 for muscle growth, increasing bone mineralization, supporting immune system
function and promoting lipolysis, or fat metabolism.
Insulin-like Growth Factor
• Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) has a similar molecular structure to insulin and is
stimulated by the same mechanisms that produce HGH. IGF is a peptide
hormone produced in the liver and supports the function of HGH to repair protein
damaged during exercise, which makes it an important hormone for promoting
muscle growth.

Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotransmitter that helps stimulate the
production of new cells in the brain. The production of BDNF is closely related to the
production of HGH and IGF—the same exercises that elevate levels of those hormones
also increase amounts of BDNF. High-intensity exercise can stimulate anabolic
hormones for muscle growth while elevating levels of BDNF, which can help improve
cognitive function.
1. It includes the brain and spinal cord.

A. Neuromuscular
b. Central nervous system
C Peripheral

2. It is the important neurotransmitter

A. acetylcholine
B. neuromuscular
C. Nerve

3. The function of this is to pump blood for movement to occur?

A Smooth muscle
b. Skeletal muscle
C. Cardiac muscle

4. This is the gap between the nerve ending and muscle fiber?

A. Neuromuscular
r b. The Neuromuscular Connection
c. The Neuromuscular Junction

5. It is the outermost of the skeletal muscle

A. Epimysium
b. Peri my Sium
C. Endomysium

6-7 two chemistries of hormones

8-10what are the three characterizing hormones?

11. It is a type of muscle, and its function is to constrict blodd vessels to allow for
appropriate blood distribution, and move contents of internal organs

[Link] is a type of fiber, wherein slow twitch muscle or known as slow contracting

13. It is a type of fiber, wherein fast twitch muscle or known as fast contracting

14. It is a type of fiber, wherein has primarily anaerobic ability

15. It is a type of fiber that are both fast and slow twitch muscle or known as both
anaerobic and aerobic abilities
ANSWER KEY
1. B
2. A
3. C
4. A
5. B
6. AMINO ACID
7. STERIODS
8. AUTOCRINE
9. PARACRINE
10. ENDOCRINE
11. SMOOTH MUSCLE
12. TYPE 1
13. TYPE 2
14. TYPE 2B
15. TYPE 2A
 Republic of the Philippines
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
City of Ilagan, Isabela

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
BACHELOR OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Course : Ped2
Course Title : Sports Physiology & Exercise

Reporter : Group 4
Instructor : Dr. Drolly P. Claraval
Report Title:
OPTIMIZING BODY
COMPOSITION,
SUCCESSFUL
AGING AND
HEALTH RELATED
EXERCISE
BENEFITS
BODY TYPES

Body composition is also influenced by

genetic factors. Body types can be
classified as three general types:
mesomorphic, a tall, muscular build;
ectomorphic, a taller, thin, lightly boned
build; and endomorphic, a shorter,
stockier, rounder build.

BODY COMPOSITION
 The scale can tell you how much you weigh, but body composition
tells you where that weight is coming from (aka fat, muscles, or
bone).

Body composition is the best way to tell if you are losing body fat
or gaining muscle.

Your body composition is also one of the best measurements of

how physically fit you are and a predictor of increased risk for
certain chronic diseases.

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

• A device for evaluating body composition. A DEXA scan uses low-level x-rays to find how
much body fat, muscle, and bone are in your body. It's quick and also includes bone in the
assessment.
 OBESITY
 OVERWEIGHT
 OVERFAT

Common causes of obesity include:

Physical inactivity
Unhealthy food choices
Lack of access to healthy foods
Overeating
Long periods of sitting
Common causes of obesity include:
 Gout
 Obstructive sleep apnea
 Mental health disorders
 Hormonal imbalances
 Fertility problems
 Chronic pain
 Many types of cancers

 Obesity then refers to individuals at the extreme end of the overweight

continuum. This is the framework used to determine body fatness using
BMI.

Estimation of Body Fatness Using Body Mass Index

BMI, the most common technique for estimating

fatness, is calculated as the ratio of one’s weight to
height:

BMI = weight (kg)/height² (m²)

BMI COMPUTATION

BODY MASS INDEX

WEIGHT CONTROL
The effort to achieve and maintain a certain weight through diet, exercise,
or both is known as weight control.
PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY,
EXERCISE,
SUCCESSFUL
AGING AND
DISEASE
 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

 Is any movement that requires energy expenditure and includes activities of daily
living, such as walking, gardening and household chores as well as structured
exercise.
 Physical activity and exercise can help to prevent or manage a range of chronic
conditions including, heart disease, stroke, obesity and some cancers.
EXERCISE
 Is a type of physical that is planed structured and repetitive, with the goal of
maintaining or improving physical fitness and health.
 Exercise can also improve bone density, strength, and balance, reducing the risk
of falls and fractures.
 Participating in physical and exercise can lead to improved quality of life,
increased independence and a sense of accomplishment or purpose.
 Physical activity and exercise have been shown to be crucial for successful and
disease prevention.
 The recommended level of physical activity for adults is at least 150 mins of
moderate – intensity aerobic activity or 75 mins of vigorous – intensity aerobic
activity per week, along with muscle – strengthening activity at two days per
week.
 Older adult Abd those with chromic health conditions or a sedentary lifestyle may
need to start with lower intensity and progress gradually.
CLINICAL
ASPECTS
OF
EXERCISE
PHYSIOLO
EXERCISE PHISIOLOGY
 Involves understanding the physiological responses to physical activity and
exercise including cardiovascular respiratory and musculoskeletal system and
how these responses can be manipulated to optimize health and performance.
CLINICAL ASPECTS OF EXERCISE PHISIOLOGY
 apply this knowledge to specific health conditions to design exercise programs
that are safe and effective for individuals with or at risk of these conditions.
 These includes developing exercise prescriptions for patients with chronic
diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, obesity, and cancer, as well as for
healthy individuals looking to improve their physical fitness and prevent disease.
 Exercise testing and evaluation are integral parts of clinical exercise physiology,
helping to assess baseline fitness, identify risk factors, and monitor progress.
 This testing can include measures of aerobic capacity, muscular strength,
endurance, balance, flexibility, and body composition.
 Exercise physiologists may work with other healthcare professionals, such as
physicians, physical therapists, and dietitians, to provide a comprehensive
approach to patient care.
 Clinical exercise physiology may also involve the use of technology, such as
wearable devices, to track exercise adherence and outcomes.
 Proper exercise prescription and monitoring can help reduce the risk of injury
and disease exacerbation and improve overall quality of life for patients with
health conditions.
 Research in clinical exercise physiology is ongoing and helps to inform and
improve the practice of exercise prescription and management for various patient
populations.