Interfacing DAC0800 with 8086
VOUT = [VREF *(Decimal Input Number)]/8
Program to generate Square wave Program to generate Triangular wave
MOV AL, 80H
MOV AL, 80H
MOV DX, 0FFC6H
MOV DX, 0FFC6H
OUT DX, AL
OUT DX, AL
MOV DX, 0FFC0
MOV DX, 0FFC0H
again: MOV AL, 00H
again: MOV AL, 00H
OUT DX, AL
up1:OUT DX, AL
CALL delay
INC AL
MOV AL, 0FFH
CMP AL, 0FFH
OUT DX, AL
JNE up1
CALL delay
up2: OUT DX, AL
JMP again
DEC AL
CMP AL, 00H
delay: MOV CX,00FF
JNE up2
back: LOOP back
JMP again
RET
Interrupts in 8086 microprocessor
• An interrupt is a condition that halts the microprocessor temporarily
to work on a different task and then returns to its previous task. An
interrupt is an event or signal that requests the CPU’s attention.
• This halt allows peripheral devices to access the microprocessor.
Whenever an interrupt occurs, the processor completes the current
instruction and starts the implementation of an Interrupt Service
Routine (ISR) or Interrupt Handler.
• ISR is a program that tells the processor what to do when the
interrupt occurs. After the ISR execution, control returns to the main
routine where it was interrupted.
Interrupt Types
Hardware Interrupts
• The interrupts initiated by external hardware by sending an
appropriate signal to the interrupt pin of the processor is called
hardware interrupt.
• The 8086 processor has two interrupt pins INTR and NMI. The
interrupts initiated by applying appropriate signal to these pins
are called hardware interrupts of 8086.
Hardware Interrupt Sources
The primary sources of interrupts, however are the
• PCs timer chip,
• keyboard,
• serial ports,
• parallel ports,
• disk drives,
• CMOS real- time clock,
• mouse,
• sound cards,
• and other peripheral devices.
Software Interrupts Types 0 through 255
• The software interrupts are program instructions. These
instructions are inserted at desired locations in a program.
• While running a program, if software interrupt instruction is
encountered then the processor initiates an interrupt.
• The 8086 processor has 256 types of software interrupts.
• The software interrupt instruction is INT n, where n is the type
• number in the range 0 to 255.
Example
• When divide-by-zero error interrupt and INTR interrupt comes simultaneously the 8086
will do a Divide error (type0) interrupt response first.
• When NMI interrupt and divide-by-zero error interrupt comes simultaneously the 8086
will do an NMI (type2) interrupt response first.
Interrupt Applications
Hardware Interrupt Applications
1. Simple Interrupt data input.
2. Counting Applications.
3. Timing Applications.
Software Interrupt Applications
1. To test various ISPs.
2. To insert break points in program for debugging.
3. To call BIOS procedures in an IBM PC type compute
Data Communications
Data communications refers to the ability of one computer to exchange
data with another computer or a peripheral
Physically, the data comm. path short, 5 to 10 feet ribbon cable
may be a
connecting a microcomputer and parallel printer; or it might be a high
speed telecommunications port connecting two computers thousands of
miles apart.
Standard data communication interfaces and standards are needed
Centronic's parallel printer interface
RS-232 defines a serial communications standard
We focus on serial I/0 this week
8251 USART (Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter)
is the key component for converting parallel data to serial form and vice
versa
Two types of serial data communications are widely used
- Asynchronous communications
- Synchronous communications
1. Simplex
In simplex, the hardware exists such that data transfer
takes place only in one direction. There is no possibility
of data transfer in the other direction. A typical example
is transmission from a computer to the printer.
2. Half Duplex
The half duplex transmission allows the data transfer in
both directions, but not simultaneously. A typical
example is a walkie-talkie.
3. Full Duplex
The full duplex transmission allows the data transfer in
both direction simultaneously. The typical example is
transmission through telephone lines.
Data Transmission Method
Parallel Data Transmission Serial Data Transmission
Asyncronous Syncronous Isocronous