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Mathematical Modeling in Control Systems

The document describes Experiment No. 4, focusing on mathematical modeling of physical systems in control systems using state-space and transfer function representations. It outlines the necessary equipment, theory, and equations for both representations, highlighting their applications and advantages. The state-space representation is useful for complex systems, while the transfer function provides insights into system behavior in the frequency domain.

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ubaid.umar
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6 views2 pages

Mathematical Modeling in Control Systems

The document describes Experiment No. 4, focusing on mathematical modeling of physical systems in control systems using state-space and transfer function representations. It outlines the necessary equipment, theory, and equations for both representations, highlighting their applications and advantages. The state-space representation is useful for complex systems, while the transfer function provides insights into system behavior in the frequency domain.

Uploaded by

ubaid.umar
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Experiment No.

4: Description of Physical Systems using Mathematical


Modeling in Control Systems

Equipment Required:
Personal Computer (PC)
MATLAB software (updated)

Theory:
In control systems, mathematical models are used to describe the dynamics of physical
systems. Two primary ways to represent these models are through state-space
representation and transfer function representation. Both are powerful tools in system
analysis and design, but they have distinct advantages depending on the problem at hand.

State-Space Representation:
State-space representation provides a set of first-order differential (or difference)
equations that describe the system’s behaviour over time. It is particularly useful for
systems with multiple inputs and outputs and for systems that are nonlinear or time-
varying. A system can be described in state-space form using the following equations:

State variables:

Position: x₁ = x

Velocity: x₂ = ẋ

Rewriting in state-space form:

ẋ₁ = x₂

ẋ₂ = - (k/m) x₁ - (c/m) x₂ + (1/m) F(t)

In matrix form:

[ẋ₁] = [ 0 1 ] [x₁] + [ 0 ] u(t)

[ẋ₂] [ -k/m -c/m] [x₂] [1/m]

Y = CX + DU

where:
A=[0 1]
[ -5 -2 ]

B=[0]
[1]

C=[1 0]

D=[0]

Transfer Function Representation:


The transfer function provides a frequency-domain representation of a linear time-
invariant (LTI) system. It relates the output to the input in terms of Laplace transforms and
is particularly useful for understanding the system’s behaviour in terms of its response to
sinusoidal inputs. The transfer function G(s) of a system is defined as:

G(s) = Y(s) / U(s)

Taking the Laplace transform (assuming zero initial conditions):

m s² X(s) + c s X(s) + k X(s) = F(s)

X(s) = F(s) / (m s² + c s + k)

For m = 1, c = 2, and k = 5:

G(s) = 1 / (s² + 2s + 5)

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