Model - 4

[Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics]

4.1 Historical development of mathematics and astronomy in India.

4.1.1 - Historical development of mathematics in ancient India.

4.1.2 - Historical development of astronomy in ancient India.

4.2 Health and medicinal practices introduction to Ayurveda and life cycle.

(Rutucharya, Dincharya, with reference to Charak, Sushrut & Vagbhatta)

4.2.1. - Introduction to Ayurveda.
4.2.2 - Rutucharya and Dincharya asper charka.
4.2.3 - Rutucharya and Dincharya as per Sushrut.
4.2.4 - Rutucharya and Dincharya as per Vagbhatta.
4.3 Ancient Indian techniques and achievements related to metallurgy and material
science.
4.3.1 - Techniques and achievements related to metallurgy.
4.3.2 - Techniques and achievements related to material science.

4.4 Ancient Indian Agricultural practices.

4.1 - Historical development of mathematics and astronomy in ancient India.
4.1.1- Historical development of mathematics.
1) Definition of Mathematics - Mathematics is the science or study of numbers, quantities,
and shapes.
* Mathematics is the act or process of using any type of computation.

2) The stages or the phases of development of mathematics in ancient India.

The stages of development of mathematics or the contribution of mathematicians in
ancient India was as following.
The process of development of mathematics has been going on from thousands of
Years.

1. Vedic Mathematics (1500 - 500 B.C.E)

In the Vedas - in Sulbha sutras - There is information about geometry.
1. Geometric principles.
2. Approximation techniques.
3. Square root of 2.
4. Pythagorean theorem.

2. Aryabhata (476 - 550 C.E.)

Aryabhata wrote book - common era "Aryabhatiya" He introduced following
concepts of mathematics.
1. Concept of zero.
2. Concept of place value.
3. Concept of approximation of (pi).
4. Linear equations.
5. Quadratic equations.

3. Brahmagupta (598 - 688 Common era / CE)

He wrote book "Brahmas Phutasiddhanta"
He introduced following concepts of mathematics.
1. Number Systems.
2. Rules for dealing with zero.
3. Quadratic equations.
4. Arithmetic operations.
 [Link] - 1st (600 - 680 common era)
1. Contributions to trigonometry and algebra.

5. Bhaskara - 2nd (1114 to 1185 common era)

He made the book - (Siddhanta Shiromani)
1. Algebra.
2. Calculus.
3. Number theory.
4. Concept of derivatives.
5. Concept of integrals.
6. Theorem on cyclic quadrilaterals.

6. Madhava of Sangamagrama (1350 to 1425)

Madhava was key figure in Kerala school of mathematics. He developed -
1. Serious expansions for trigonometric functions.
2. Sine and cosine serious.
7. Nambudiri Mathematics - It was from Kerala region 7th, 8th centuries.
The was related to -
1. Trigonometric functions.
2. Serious of expansion.

8. Sankara Narayana - (12th Century) Contributions to -

1. Number theory.
2. Algebra.
3. Properties of numbers.
4. Algebraic equations.

9. The Jain tradition - Contributed to

1. Number theory.
2. Permutations.
3. Combinations.
3)Mathematical techniques and innovations in ancient India.
1. Infinite series -
The Kerala school developed -
1) Infinite series for trigonometric functions.
2) There were inventions of sine, cosine, and tangent functions.
2. Astronomical computations -

Inventions were -
1) Calendar systems.
2) Predicting celestial events
3) Determination of values.
4) The process of approximation.
3. Algebraic Geometry -
1. Theorems of geometry.

4)Transmission on Global Level -

1. Transmission to Islamic world -
During 8th to 14 Century Al-Khwar-zimi who was father of algebra
referred Indian mathematics related to algebra and decimal system.
2. Influence on European mathematics -
The concepts of Indian numerals and decimal systems were transmitted and
used in modern arithmetic and algebra in Europe.

1)What were invitations in mathematics in ancient India? Or for what purpose ancient
Indians used mathematics?
2)Which mathematical terms were developed by the ancient mathematicians write in
detail?
4.1.2. Historical development of astronomy in ancient India.
[Link] of Astronomy -
1. Definition of astronomy - Astronomy is the scientific study of stars planets and
other natural objects in space.
2. Definition of astronomy - Astronomy is the science of universe in which stars
planets etc. are studied including their origins evolution composition, motions relative
positions etc.

[Link] of scholars in ancient Indian astronomy -

1. Aryabhata (476 - 550 C.E.)
Aryabhata expressed his views about following scientific ideas.
* Earth's Rotation - Aryabhata explained that earth rotates around its axis.
It was a revolutionary idea at that time.
* Eclipses - He correctly explained the courses of solar and lunar
eclipses for making the shadows on Earth and Moon.
* Planetary Motion - Aryabhata explained about cyclic models of
movements of planets and their specific paths.

2. Varahamihira (505 - 587 C.E.)

Varahamihira wrote book (505-558 C.E.) He wrote about following scientific
Concepts.
1) Principles of astronomical systems.
2) Methods of observation.
In his book Brihat Samhita - He wrote about -
1. Details on planetary motions.
2. Eclipses.
3. Various astronomical Phenomena's.

3. Bhaskara 1st (600 - 680 C.E.) His studies were as following -

1. New methods of solving astronomical problems.
2. He improved the accuracy of astronomical calculations.
3. He explained about planetary positions.
 4. He explained about events in space.

4. Bhaskara 2nd (1114 - 1186 C.E.)

He Wrote book "Siddhanta Shiromani" He explained about following
scientific studies.
1. Movements of Planets and their effects.
2. Methods of calculating eclipses.

4.1.3 The (texts) books about ancient Indian astronomy the following
were the important books about astronomy in ancient India.
1. Vedanga Jyotisha -
The following points were explained in the book.
1) Calculations about calendar.
2) Auspicious times for rituals and sacrifices.
3) Methods for calculating solar and lunar months.

2. Surya Siddhanta -
1) Explanation about positions and movements of bodies in the space.
3. Yuktidipika - written by Brahmagupta in 7th Century.
1) Introduction of new mathematical techniques.
2) Improvement in accuracy of astronomical calculations.

4. The Instruments for measuring planetary positions in space in ancient India.

1) Gnomons - To understand time and position of sun by the help of shadow of stick.
2) Astrolabes - Used for solving problems related to time and position
of bodies / planets in the sky.

5. Global significance -
Aryabhata's and Bhaskara's works were translated into Arabic and Latin
for global references.

1)Which books were written about astronomy in ancient India?

2)What were the topics of study of ancient Indian astronomers? Write in detail.
4.2 Health and medicinal practices introduction to Ayurveda and life style.
Dincharya and Rutucharya with reference to charka, Sushrut and Vagbhatta.

4.2.1 Introduction to Ayurveda.

1) Meaning of Ayurveda.
2) The main (core) principles of Ayurveda.
3) Life style in Ayurveda.
4) Diagnosis and treatment in Ayurveda.
5) Life time recommendations in Ayurveda.
6) Rutucharya in Ayurveda.

1)Meaning of Ayurveda -
The term "Ayurveda" comes from the Sanskrit words 'Ayur' means life and 'Veda'
means knowledge or science. Thus, Ayurveda means science of life. Ayurveda's approach to
life is holistic. Ayurveda focuses on keeping balance between body mind and spirit. It is
traditional branch of medicine in India. It is one of the main stream branches of medicine in
modern era.

2) The core (main principles) of Ayurveda -

Meaning of doshas – Bio-energetic forces in human body.

1) Doshas Ayurveda is based on three doshas.

1. Vata - Energy created by pressure of air and space which controls function of
internal body organs.
2. Pitta - Energy in human body which controls metabolism and digestion
in human body.
3. Kapha – Energy in human body which controls stability and immunity of human
being. This energy avoids friction between organs while they are functioning. Kapha does
smooth functioning of organs in human body.
2) Prakriti- Each person has unique combination of doshas which affects in
1. Personality traits. 2. Physical characteristics.
3. Health conditions.
3) Gunas - There are three gunas(satva/Rajash/tamas) in any individual.
These combination of gunas affect mental stages and emotional stages of human being.
4) Panchmahabhuta - Five elements
1. Earth (Prithivi) 2. Water (aps) 3. Fire (Teja’s) 4. air (Vaya) 5. Space
(Akasha). combination of these elements affects the gunas of individual.

5) Dhatus (Tissues) -
1. Plasma 2. blood 3. muscle 4. fat 5. bone marrow
6. reproductive tissue.

6) Agni - (Digestive fire)

Related to digestion and metabolism maintains health and prevents diseases.

7) Life - Style in Ayurveda -

For Physical and mental health, the life style in Ayurveda is as following -

1) Diet -
1. Vata Type people must eat - warm, oily foods
2. Pitta type people must eat - cooling and calming foods
3. kapha type people must eat - Lighter and stimulating food

2) Daily routine (Dincharya)

1. Walking up early morning. 2. Abhyanga - Using warm oil to -
-nourish skin 3. Hydration - Drinking warm water or herbal tea.

3) Seasonal routine (Rutucharya -)

1. Spring season - eating light food eating of detoxifying foods.
2. summer - Eating of cooling food to balance heat.
4) Stress management - Stress management can be done by following ways.
1. Meditation 2. Yoga 3. Pranayama
An individual can get mental and emotional balance.

5) Sleep and rest -

Adequate sleep and rest are required for physical, mental, and emotional health.
3) Diagnosis and treatment in Ayurveda -
1) The Process of diagnosis was done by three ways.
1. Pulse diagnosis (Nadi Vigyan)
2. Tongue examination.
3. Observation and questioning - about physical appearance, symptoms, and life style habits

2) Ways of treatment -
1. Herbal medicine
2. Panchakarma - Purification of body.
3. Vamana - Vomiting
4. Virechana - cleaning intestines.
5. Basti - detoxifying colon.
6. Rakta mokshana - Removal of toxins from the blood.
7. Nasya - Application of Oils and powers through nose.

4)Life time recommendations in Ayurveda -

1. Dietary guidelines - Eating of food and fruit as per season and prikriti.
2. Routine and sleep - Early to bed early to raise
3. Exercise and movement - Yoga, pranayama, walking.
4. Mental and Emotional Health - An individual can get individual peace and reduce
stress by meditation.

5) Rutucharya and Dincharya in Ayurveda -

* Five rutus in Indian Sub - Continent -

1. Spring (Vasanta) -
* Exercise - Fast walking / Exercise for becoming fresh.
* Diet - Light and warm diet / like ginger / pepper
* Balancing kapha

2. Summer - (Grishma)
* Exercise - avoid heavy exercise.
* Diet - eat for cooling / Cucumber / mint / coconut
* Balancing of Pitta.
 3. Manson -
* Life Style - avoid getting wet / style warm
* Diet - Warming, moist, oily foods
* Balancing Vata.

4. Autumn (Sharad)
* Life style - Keep warm try to stable body
* Diet - Eat Oily and moist food
* Balancing of vata.

5. Winter (Hemanta & Shishir)

* Life style - Do exercise for getting warm.
* Diet - Eat Oily, heavy foods / soups and spices
* Balancing of vata.
1)What is meaning of Ayurveda?
2)What is pitta?
3)What is vata?
4)What is kapha?
5)What are Panchmahabhuta?
6)Write the names of Dhatus(tissues) in human body?

7)Write core principles of Ayruveda?

4.2.2 Charaka Samhita -
The Charaka Samhita is one of the oldest texts of Ayurveda. It covers wide range of
topics related to-
1. Health 2. disease 3. Treatment
* As per Charaka Samhita fundamentals of human body, diagnosis, treatment &
pharmacology are as following.

1)The Fundamentals of human body of Ayurveda.

1. Doshas - doshas means bio-energic forces.
In human body three doshas are there -
1)Vata– Energy created by pressure of air and space in the human body which
controls functions of internal body organs.
2)Pitta- Energy in human body which controls metabolism and digestion,
transformation. It is called Agni.
3)Kapha – Energy in human body which controls stability and immunity of human
being. This energy avoids friction between organs while they are functioning. Kapha
does smooth functioning of organs in human body.
2. Seven dhatus - means bodily tissues to sustain life.
1. Rasa (Plasma) 2. Masa (Muscle) 3. Meda (fat)
4. Asti (Bone) 5. Majja (Bone morrow) 6. Rakta - Blood
7. Shukra (reproductive tissue)
3. Agni - Agni is digestive fire for maintaining health and preventing disease.
4. Prakrti - Prakriti is combination of doshas for balancing health.
5. Pathya and apathya - Taking appropriate food and avoiding unnecessary food.

2)Diagnosis and treatment -

The patient's diagnosis is based on patients.
1. Symptoms 2. Characteristics

* The treatment of the patients based on -

1. Herbal medicines 2. dietary guidelines
3. life style recommendations
3)Pharmacology - based on
1. Herbs 2. Minerals

4) prevention of health - based on

1. Focusing on diet 2. Daily routines
3. Seasonal Practices

5)Charaka Samhita is divided into 8 eight sections. known as Santha

1) Sutra -Santha - is based on balancing of doshas dhatus and malas (water)
- the concept of health and disease is based on these.

2) Nidana-Santha - related to
1. diagnosis of disease
2. Causes and symptoms of various conditions.
3. Understanding the nature of diseases.

3) Vimana -Santha - Related to

1. Classification of diseases
2. Principles of treatment
3. Therapeutic modalities
4. Effects of medicine

4) Chikitsa-Santha - related to
1. Managing diseases
2. Pharma logical treatment
3. Dietary recommendations

5) Kalpa- Santha- related to

1. Preparation of medicine
2. herbal compounds

6) Siddhi-Santha - related to
Specialized to treatments including surgical procedures
7) Chikitsa- Santha - related to
1. Specific treatments for different type of diseases and disorders

8) Rasayana and Vajikarana -

Rasayana focusses making body fresh and healthy Vajikarana focuses on sexual
Vitality and fertility

6)According to charka Dincharya for balanced and healthy life must

be as per following.
1. Walking up early morning (4 to 6 Am)
2. Hygiene - brushing teeth and tongue - cleaning body.
3. Nasal care - cleaning nose
4. Exercise - Exercise for making body healthy to get strength.
5. Diet - Take fresh cooked food which is easy to digest.
6. Mind fellness - Doing meditation and yoga for mental peace.
7. Sleep - adequate sleep.
1)What are four doshas?
2)In Charaka Samhita what are the bases of treatment of patient?
3)Write the Dincharya advised by the Charaka for balancing health?
4)What are eight sections/ Santhas of Charaka Samhita? What are the contents in the
sections?
4.2.3 Sushrut Samhita -
Sushrut is one of the significant figures in ancient Indian medicine. He lived around
th
the 6 century. He is the author of the book 'Sushruta Samhita'. His work is mostly related to
surgical techniques.
His works about medicinal branch are as following the key points.
1. Sushruta Samhita 2. Surgical inventions
3. Anatomy and Physiology 4. Basics of medicine
5. Diagnostic techniques 6. Dincharya as per Sushrut
1) Sushruta Samhita - It is comprehensive book based on medicine and surgery. It
covers following topics.
1. Anatomy 2. Surgical techniques
3. Use of medical plants 4. Surgical instruments
5. Surgical Procedure 6. Treatment of various conditions.

2) Surgical Techniques / Procedures and inventions.

1) Types of Surgeries -
1. Urology - Urological Procedures for treatment of Urinary Stones.
2. Managing urinary tract issues.

2) Orthopedic Surgery -
1. Treatment of fractures. 2. Treatment of dislocations.
3. Use of bandages 4. Plastic Surgery
5. Repaying injuries 6. Damage of body parts
7. Clean oiliness and sterilization

3) Anatomy and Physiology -

Anatomy is study of structure of human body. Physiology is study of
functioning of various organs in human body. Sushruta has given detail information about
these two branches of medical.
4) Basics of medicine - Balance of human body is based on three doshas - Vata, pitta and
kapha. Balance of human body can be kept by using medicines are as per following.
1. Balanced diet. 2. Proper life style
3. Herbal treatments 4. Medicinal plants
5. Use of formulation of compounds
 5) Diagnostic Techniques -
Diagnosis of human body was done as per following
1. As per symptoms of the patient
2. Pulse diagnosis
3. Observation of Physical signs.

6) Dincharya as per Sushruta -

1. Wakeup before sunrise
2. Oral hygiene - Cleaning of mouth tongue and teeth.
3. Hydration - Drinking of warm water or herbal tea for removing waste material
from body.
4. Exercise -
5. Mediation and pranayama - For mental clarity and emotional balance.
6. Balanced diet.
7. Adequate rest and sleep.
8. Self - care - 1. Massage 2. Herbal oils 3. Relaxation
1)What is specification of Sushrut Samhita?
2)What is Dincharya as per Sushrut Samhita for balanced health?

3)How Sushrut Samhita is beneficial for human health? Write in detail?

r
4.2.4 Vagbhatta Samhita
Vagbhatta was ancient physician (Doctor) he wrote two books.
1. Astang Hridayam 2. Ashtang Sangraha
His contributions in medical field are following

1)Astang Hridayam
In Ashtanga Hridayam there is information about-
1. Sutra-Santha - Fundamental Principles of Ayruveda
2. Nidana-Santha - Diagnosis of diseases
3. Vimana-Santha - Treatment mythologies
4. Chikitsa -Santha Therapeutic practices
5. Kalpa-Santha - Pharmalogy and preparations of medicine
6. Uttara-Santha Specific conditions and their treatment.
In this book there is also information about-
1. Anatomy 2. Physiology 3. Pathology
4. Approaches of therapy.

* There are following aspects of Ayurveda

1. Internal medicine 2. Surgery
3. Gynecology 4. Pediatrics - health of children.
2) Ashtanga Sanghara -
This book gives detail information about eight branches of Ayurveda including.
1. Internal medicine (Kaya chikitsa) 2. Surgery (Shalya Tantra)
* As per Vagbhatta for healthy life daily life Dincharya of individual should be as per
following.
1. Walking up early - around 15 hours before down.
2. Oral hygiene - cleaning mouth and tongue
3. Exercise - Light exercise or yoga.
4. Meditation and Pranayama - Practice breathing for mental clarity
and emotional balance.
5. Nutrition must be balanced
6. Work without pressure
7. Sleep - adequate sleep
1) As per Vagbhatta what should be Dincharya for healthy life?
4.3 Ancient Indian techniques and achievements related to metallurgy and material
science.
4.3.1 Techniques and achievements related to metallurgy.
1) The definition of metallurgy - Metallurgy is the scientific study of metals and
their uses.
Metallurgy is the scientific study of the properties and uses of metals.
In ancient India there were following processes of purification of metals and
combination of metals.

2) The use of various metals -

1. The use of purified iron - The iron Pillar in Delhi which was established in 4th
Century is famous example of pillar made up of wrought iron. It has been there due to
high purity and advanced metallurgy.
2. Production of Steel - The high quality of steel was known as wootz steel.
3. Copper and Bronze - Copper and bronze these metals were used to prepare artifacts
like statue, tools utensils (Pots). The copper and bronze were used to make decorative items.
4. Gold and Silver - Gold was used to prepare coins, jewelry and religious artifacts
silver was used to make coins, jewelry, and statues.

3) The metallurgical techniques -

1. Smelting and Refining - The metals were melted and refined for purification metal
Impurities were removed.
2. Casting and molding - The metals were casted and molded for preparing designs
and making various arts for preparation of sculptures and ritual objects.

4) The texts books about metallurgy -

1. "Rasaratna Samuccaya" 2. "Rasendramangala"
These were the two books in which there was information about.
1. Description of metallurgical processes
2. Process of preparation of metals.
3. For formation of ' allaya' combinations.
4. Medicinal practices.
'Sushrut’ Samhita' and 'Charaka Samhita' were the books in which
the following points were explained.
1. Use of metals and minerals in medicine.
1) What are metallurgical techniques?
2)Which metals were commonly used in ancient India?
4.3.2 Techniques and achievements related to material science.

1. The definition -

Material science - Material science is the study of structure of material and its
properties. It is multidisciplinary science. This is a study about ceramics, metals, polymers. It
is related to chemistry and biology. (Ceramics - made up of clay)

(Polymers - Large molecule made up of small molecules)

2. The areas of development in material science.

The material science was interconnected with three areas-

1. metallurgy 2. Engineering 3. Craftsmanship the details are as per following.

1. Metallurgy and Alloys -

A) Iron - The iron pillar of Delhi which was established in 4th Century is best
example of rust resistant properties. It is best example of alloy composition and metallurgy.

B) Steel - 'Woot 2 steels' was of high quality it was used for making sharp and strong
blades.

2. Construction materials - Use of time mortar for building temples. Because of its
chemical and material properties temples are strong and stable from hundreds of years.

Bricks and ceramics in Indus valley civilization are the best examples of
uniformity and quality of bricks.

3. Textiles - There were techniques of dyeing and weaving in the field of textiles.
These techniques were used for preparation of vibrant colors and various designs.

4. Jewelry and Gemology - There were various techniques of polishing gem stones,
diamonds, rubies, emeralds. The cuttings and designs were minute.

5. Medicine and Alchemy - During the period of Ayurveda minerals and metals were
used for the medical treatments.

6. Architectural materials and techniques -

A) Caves and temples - The rock cutting of temples of Ajanta and Ellora are the best
examples of architectural knowledge of the people in ancient India. The architectural
designs shows that the people had advance knowledge of structural design and properties
of ricks. so, these are symbols world heritage.

B) Sustainable Construction - The constructions were built of local stones and timber.
These were based on Vastu shastra and environment all factors.
 7) Ceramic Technologies - Pottery in the period of Indus valley civilization were
artistic and of high qualities. While preparing deep understanding of ceramic materials and
their properties.

8) Alchemy and Metal Treatment - The alchemists developed methods for waiting
metals to prevent corrosion.

The techniques plating and alloying were used to increase durability and functionality
of metal objects.

9) Medicinal Materials - Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita provided detailed

information about use of minerals and metals in medicine.

1)What were the areas of development of metal science?

2)What were the different types of uses of metal in ancient India?
4.4 Ancient Indian Agricultural Practices -

Ancient Indian agricultural practices were highly advanced. The agricultural

practices were varied based on environmental conditions.

The main aspects of ancient Indian agriculture were as following.

1. Irrigation Systems -

In Indus valley civilization there was proper management of water resources

as following.

1. Extensive System of canals. 2. Reservoirs

3. Wells 4. Tanks

5. Artificial lakes 6. Step wells

7. Check dams During the period of Maurya complex canal systems were built.

2. Varity of crops - There was diversity of crops for maintaining fertility of soil.
The crops were as following.

Wheat, barely, millet, legumes, lentils, chickpeas, oil seeds, sesame, mustard.

3. Techniques of Plugging - The wooden ploughs were used for Plugging.

4. Types of fertilization -

1. Natural fertilization for enriching soil. 2. Manure were prepared from animals.

3. Composites were prepared from plant residence.

4. Manure from crops.

5. Rotation system of crop plantation - The rotation system of plantation was

used for maintaining soil quality. In book 'Krishi Parqs hara' there were details about
types of soils.

6. Planning of seasonal plantation -

The farmers were planting crops as per seasonal cycles. as per monsoon and
climate conditions.

7. Agriculture manuals - In kautilya's ' Arthashtra there were details about crop
management and land use.
8. Animal husbandry (Use of animals) - In ancient period cattle, buffaloes, goats
these types of animals were the properties of individuals. These were used for farming and
dairy products.
 9. Agriculture calendars and festivals - Agriculture calendars were related to
productivity of crops and various festivals in ancient India. Pongal in Tamil Nadu and Makar
Sankranti in various parts of India are best examples of these. Rituals and community
services were related to harvest and sowing seasons.

10. Land Ownership and Community Farming - In ancient period lands were
granted to religious institutions, officials and individuals. the taxation (revenue) systems
were managed by local leaders. In some parts there was community farming based on
sharing.

11. Management of disease - Natural substances were used to control diseases

neem leaves and turmeric were used as pesticides.

12. The Texts of Agriculture and Transmission of Knowledge -

Chakrapani's 'Krishi-Vidya' was the book in which there was information about
1. Crop cultivation 2. Soil Management 3. Pest Control The agriculture knowledge was
transmitted to others in oral way or practical demonstrations.

13. Verities of Crops - Different verities of rice, wheat and legumes were
developed through process of cross breeding of plants. The process of hybridization was also
used for creation of new type of plants.

14. The labor in Agriculture - During ancient period farming was family-based
activity so the members of the family were working in field. some seasonal migration labors
were also there.

15. The agriculture planning and forecasting -

The planning and forecasting was based on -

1. Climate patterns. 2. Historical data 3. Observations

* Summary -

The agriculture practices in India were based on climate conditions and local or
regional geographical conditions.

Questions

Short answer questions

1)What type of water management sources in ancient India?

2)Write down types of fertilizers in ancient India?
3)The agriculture planning of ancient India was based on which elements?
4)Who were managing the land ownership in ancient India?
5)Write a detail note on agricultural practices in ancient India?
Questions:
Short answer questions
1)What were invitations in mathematics in ancient India? Or for what purpose ancient Indians
used mathematics?
2)Which books were written about astronomy in ancient India?
3)What is meaning of Ayurveda?
4)What is pitta?
5)What is vata?
6)What is kapha?
7)What are Panchmahabhuta?
8)Write the names of Dhatus(tissues) in human body?
9)What are four doshas?
10)In Charaka Samhita what are the bases of treatment of patient?
11)Write the Dincharya advised by the Charaka for balancing health?
12)What is specification of Sushrut Samhita?
13)What is Dincharya as per Sushrut Samhita for balanced health?
14) As per Vagbhatta what should be Dincharya for healthy life?
15) What are metallurgical techniques?
16)Which metals were commonly used in ancient India?
17)What were the areas of development of metal science?
18)What were the different types of uses of metal in ancient India?
19)What type of water management sources in ancient India?
20)Write down types of fertilizers in ancient India?
21)The agriculture planning of ancient India was based on which elements?
22)Who were managing the land ownership in ancient India?

Long answer questions

1)Which mathematical terms were developed by the ancient mathematicians write in detail?
2)What were the topics of study of ancient Indian astronomers? Write in detail.
3)Write core principles of Ayruveda?
4)What are eight sections/ Santhas of Charaka Samhita? What are the contents in the
sections?
5)How Sushrut Samhita is beneficial for human health? Write in detail?
7) As per Vagbhatta what should be Dincharya for healthy life?
8)Write a detail note on agricultural practices in ancient India?