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The document outlines the preparation materials and strategies for students taking the Standard 10 board exams in subjects including Mathematics, Science, Social Science, and English. It notes that the syllabus was reduced in 2023 and that the question papers are based on the latest patterns to help students familiarize themselves with previous exam questions. Additionally, it provides tips for effective study habits, exam strategies, and resources for visually impaired students.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
815 views54 pagesMaths (Basic) Liberty
The document outlines the preparation materials and strategies for students taking the Standard 10 board exams in subjects including Mathematics, Science, Social Science, and English. It notes that the syllabus was reduced in 2023 and that the question papers are based on the latest patterns to help students familiarize themselves with previous exam questions. Additionally, it provides tips for effective study habits, exam strategies, and resources for visually impaired students.
Uploaded by
vsd25110Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Useful for fn 2026 | Board Exam| | LIBERTY.
conn Standard 10 o
LIBERTY’S
PAPERSET
‘Y Mathematics (Basic), Science, Social Science and English
Liberty" ne
App
Mathematics (Basic) ¢ Science
| Social Science « English + Gujarati
Hindi ¢ Sanskrit ¢ Computer Note : Syllabus has been reduced in 2023 by NCERT in Mathematics and Science. But the paper is prepared based on the latest
paper pattern of October, 2023 so as to make available the previous board exam questions to the students.
“Note: As the question papers of March 2020 to March 2024 board exams are useful, the paper is prepared based on the
latest paper pattern published in October 2023 by including these question papers. So thatthe students also get the board
‘exam questions and there is no confusion about the paper pattern.
No. Details Page No.
Mathematics (Basic) [N018(E)]
} ASSIGNMENT PAPER 3 (BASED ON MARCH 2024)# ...
} ASSIGNMENT PAPER 4 (BASED ON JUNE 2024)#
3} ASSIGNMENT PAPER 6 (BASED ON JULY 2023)#
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 7 (BASED ON MARCH 2022)# ....
3 ASSIGNMENT PAPER 8 (BASED ON JULY 2022)# ..
2 ASSIGNMENT PAPER 9.
3 ASSIGNMENT PAPER 10 (MASTER PAPER) ... Science [NO11(E)]
Last Minute Revision..
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 1 (MARCH 2025) §....
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 2 (JUNE 2025) ...
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 3 (BASED ON MARCH 2024)# ....
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 4 (BASED ON JUNE 2024)# .....
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 5 (BASED ON MARCH 2023)# ....
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 6 (BASED ON JULY 2023)# ...
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 7 (BASED ON MARCH 2022)# .....
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 8 (BASED ON MAY 2021)# ....
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 9 (BASED ON MARCH 2020)# ..
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 10 (MASTER PAPER) ...
English (FL) [04(E)]
Last Minute Revision.
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 1 (MARCH 2025) ...
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 2 (MARCH 2024) ....
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 3 (BASED ON JUNE 2024)* ..
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 4 (BASED ON MARCH 2023)* ..
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 5 (BASED ON MARCH 2022)* ...
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 6 (BASED ON JULY 2022)* ...
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 7 (BASED ON MAY 2021)* ...
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 8 (BASED ON MARCH 2020)* ....
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 9 ...
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 10 (MASTER PAPER) ....
4 Social Science [NO10(E)]
Last Minute Revision 136-159
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 1 (MARCH 2025)
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 2 (JUNE 2025) ........
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 3 (BASED ON MARCH 2024)* .
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 4 (BASED ON JUNE 2024)* .....
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 5 (BASED ON MARCH 2023)* .
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 6 (BASED ON MARCH/JULY 2022)*
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 7 ..
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 8 .....
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 9 ....
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 10 (MASTER PAPER) .....
Gujarati (SL) [NO13(E)]
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 1 (MARCH 2025) §.....
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 2 (JUNE 2024) .....
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 3 ....
‘ASSIGNMENT PAPER 4...
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 5 (MASTER PAPER) ...
Sanskrit [NO17(E)]
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 1 (MARCH 2025) .
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 2 (BASED ON MARCH/JUNE 2024)
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 3 (BASED ON MARCH 2023)*
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 4 (BASED ON MARCH/JULY 2022)* ...
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 5 (MASTER PAPER) Hindi (SL) [014(H)]
1B ASSIGNMENT PAPER 1 (MARCH 2025) ....
3 ASSIGNMENT PAPER 2 (BASED ON MARCH/JUNE 2024) §...
B ASSIGNMENT PAPER 3 (BASED ON MARCH 2023)? .....
® ASSIGNMENT PAPER 4 (BASED ON MARCH/JULY 2022)* ...
3 ASSIGNMENT PAPER 5 (MASTER PAPER) ..
Computer Studies [024(E)]
® ASSIGNMENT PAPER 1 ... 215,
® ASSIGNMENT PAPER 2 ..
2 ASSIGNMENT PAPER 3 ...
1» ASSIGNMENT PAPER 4 ..
3 ASSIGNMENT PAPER 5
Board + Assignment Paper's Answers
© Mathematics (Basic) ...
© Science.
@ English (FL)....
Social Science ...
© Gujarati (SL) ..
@ Sanskrit .
© Hindi SL) ..
© Computer Studies ..
‘Note : Dear students, In every subject paper, you wil ind afew questions that are specially created for visually impaired students
“Mote to All Students: In the Section B of Science paper, Question 29 Is provided in two parts 29(A) and 29(8). All students should
‘answer Question 29{A), while visually impaired students should answer Question 29(8). Please ensure you answer the correct question."
Q. 29(A). is for Normal students. Q. 29(8). is for visually impaired students
Draw the electronic dot structure of water (H,0). Write the main component of Compressed Natural
Gas (CNG). Also write its molecular formula. Study Strat vy
@ Setting the Foundation
> Createa Timetable: Design astrict timetable
that dedicates specific hours to each subject.
Make sure to schedule each subject and stick
toit to ensure half ofyoursuccess.
> Gather Your Resources: Collect all
necessary materials—textbooks, notebooks,
previous board papers, and assignments—so
you can easily access them when youstudy.
® Solve Previous Board Papers:
» Dedicate time each week to solving full-
length board papers. This is one of the most
effective ways to understand the exam
pattern and question types.
> Practice with previous board exams and
assignments to improve your scores and
build self-confidence.
a Focus on Evaluation
© Asyou complete each practice paper, have your
subject teacher evaluate your answers. This
feedback is crucial for identifying your weak
spots and understanding how to improve your
scores.
eo
*
Build Speedand Legibility:
> Time yourself while writing to increase your
speed. Pay attention to your handwriting to
ensure itis fairandlegible.
Performance in
|___ Examination
Get your essentials ready the night before,
including your hall ticket, pens, pencils, and
compass box.
Reach the exam center early (30-40 minutes
prior) to avoid last-minute stress.
In the exam hall, listen to the instructions of the
observer andask for helpifneeded.
Carefully fill out the required information on your
answer sheet.
Read the question paper multiple times and
answer the easy questions first.
Start anew section on a new page and use serial
numbers for point-wise answers.
For language papers, remember to mention the
namesof authorsand their works.
For math and science, remember to include
formulas, rules, reasons, and clear diagrams.
Recheck all your sumsin the last 10 minutes.
Tryto complete the paper10 minutes early so you
canreview your answers,
Dor't leave any question blank. Write what you
know toat least score some marks.
Write neatly and legibly, and try to increase your
writing speed. This schedule is a template you can adjust based on your daily classes and personal commitments. The goalis to
builda consistent routine
Section A
MCQ, Objectives
(24 Marks)
> Don't waste time in solving difficult questions, solve the easy
questions first.
170 Minutes
> Identify Right Answers from given.
> Try to solve all the questions in 15 minutes.
> Verify answers of MCQs & Objectives in last 5 minutes.
> Section B: Short Answer (2 Marks): 45 Minutes.
> Section C: Long Answer (3 Marks): 60 Minutes.
Section B
Section C
Section D
Theory
(56 Marks)
> Section D: Descriptive Answer (4 Marks): 60 Minutes.
> Draw neat ‘and clean Diagrams, Mention Steps Clearly.
Last 10 Minutes | To Recap | > Check the diagrams, formulas and units in theory answers,
& Mindset and Health j yy Extra Smart Tips Zz}
© Stress Management © Group Discussion
> Practice breathing exercises and > Meet with friends and discuss difficult
meditation to stay calm and focused. topics toimproveunderstanding,
® Balanced Diet © Digital Tools
> Avoidjunkfood and eat nutritious meals. > Use online mock test apps and flashcards
> Drink enough water throughout the day. forquickrevision and practice.
© Presentation Check © Weekly Target
> Ensure neat and organized answer > Setachievable goals for every week.
presentation. > Example: “Complete revision of Important
> Use proper headings, bullet points, and Formulas in Maths this week”
well-labeled figures.
LEARNING TARGET ar is
SUCCESS $ STRATEGY 3
o MIND
TIME PRACTICE <
G Mathematics (Basic) (no18(€))
Last fy )
© Minute. "
Revision Smee.
‘e _ Every composite number can be expressed (factorised)
48 product of primes, and this factorisation is unique,
apart from the order in which the prime factors occur.
‘¢ By using the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic,
fone can find the HCF and LCM of 53]
the given two oF more numbers. <>
This method is also called Prime —*- 308
Factorisation Method. mH Ba
fe Express 315 as a product of prime
terms in the form of a factor tree.
@ Remark : The product of two positive integers is equal
to the product of their HCF and LCM, but the same
result is not true for three or more positive integers.
© LCM. (a, 6) * HCF (a, b)=a%b
LCM. (a, b) = (a * 6) + [Link] (a, 6)
2, V3, V5, V7, mete are irrational numbers.
.
| © Addition or subtraction of rational and irrational
numbers are always irrational.
© For Example: 3+ ¥2, V5 -8, /2 +7 are all
irrational numbers.
© Division and multiplication of all non zero rational
and irrational numbers are always irrational |
© For Example : 2¥3, 4¥5,
numbers.
rine cereale!
If p,q. r are different prime integers, then their LCM |
isprqer |
‘© The product of three consecutive positive integers is
divisible by 6 |
a are all irrational |
, V9 = 3,34 4,5 + v9 ete. all are
rational numbers
LCM. of smallest prime and smallest composite
number is 4. |
© [Link]. of two prime numbers is always 1. |
© IF LCM. of two numbers equals to product of two |
‘numbers then their H.C. is 1.
@ LCF. = Multiplication of terms with least exponents
of the common integral factor in the given numbers
@ LCM. = Product of terms with highest exponents of
all prime factors in the given numbers
© Eg. : For 180 and 168, [Link] and LCM. can be
found as follows
180 = 2? x 3? x 5!
HCF (180, 168) = 2 « 3'=4 «3 =12
LCM (180, 168) = 23 «3? x 51x 71=8x9x5%7
2520
@ Let p be a prime number, a be positive integer such
divisible by p, then a is also divisible by p.
If p is prime number, prove that, y/p is irrational.
Proof : Assume that, \/p rational
Vp = ${Here, a and 6 are prime numbers
with common factor 1 and 6 # 0}
Pie
2 =p (0
Hence, p is factor of a.
But since p is prime, by Theotem 1.2 p is also a
factor of a.
Let a=pe Where c is an integer.
@=pe
pb? = pc [from result (1)]
B = pe
Thus, p is a factor of 8?
But since p is prime, by Theorem 1.2, p is also a
factor of b.
Thus, the non common factor of a and b is other than 1.
Hence, a and b are not mutually prime, so our
assumption is wrong.
Thus, it is proved that, /p is irrational.
@ v2, V3, V5, v7 cam be solved as same by taking
| 23,5, 7 im place of p.
ll | © pla) = Or, g(x) = Ox* are constant polynomials.
ple) = ax + b is a linear Polynomial, where, a # 0
(2) = ar? + br + ¢ is quadratic polynomial,
pix) = ar? + bx? + ex + d is cubic polynomial.
| (where, a # 0, a, b, ¢ € R)
For linear Polynomial p(x) = ax + b, where, a # 0
To find zeros of given polynomial p(x)
| Let, ps)=0
} 4 ar+b=0
rh ae nb
constant term
‘coefficient of x
| © Polynomial p(x) = /5x —5, Its zero x
a le is
II
© If a > 0 for any given quadratic polynomial
(8) = ax? + bx +c then its graph will be like upside
‘open parabola. (U)
© If a < 0 for any given quadratic polynomial
P(e) = ax? + br +c then its graph will be like
downside open parabola. (7)
(© The highest power of given polynomial is known as
degree of polynomial
© A graph of linear equation p(x) = ar + is always
a straight line and intersect X-axis in one point only.
© At points where the graph of a given polynomial
intersects the X-axis, its x-Coordinates are the zeros
| of the given polynomial.
V5 xv5 a
For Quadratic Polynomial p(x) = ax? + bx +
To find the zeros of given polynomial p(x)
| Let PQ) =0
att bx+c=0
(By factorise ax? + br + c, we can get values of x
| which are zeros of given polynomial)
Let's assume that,
| q@ and B are zeros of given polynomial
| pe) = a+ ort
| xb _ =Coefficient of x
| aia eas -
| SmofZeosa+P= “a “Coeficen of
where, a #0
© To find quadratic polynomial from their sum and
© Find the quadratic polynomial, whose sum and
Std.10 Mathematics (Bask) )
© Sum of zeros of quadratic polynomial
Px) = 8x? ~ 10x = 3
espe SP o-(t)- P- Hit-
© Product of Zeros of quadratic polynomial
ple) = 8x? = 10x - 3
ap §-@
© Find the quadratic polynomial, whose sum and,
product of Zeros are 4 and 2 respectively,
+ let assume that a and fb are zeros of
a+ br te. |
Comparing both results we get,
a=4,b=-landc=8
ies ple) = a? + be +0 = 4x? -
So, the required quadratic polyn
OR
+8
is 4x? +8
product of zeros, the formula is
P(x) = Kb? - (a + B)x + af}, where K is constant
product of zeros are ~3 and 2 respectively.
© Solution : Here,
bash and ap-o=F
Comparing both results we get,
a=1,b=3ando=2
ie, pla) = ar? + bx +
OR
Gx) = Kis? - (a + Bx + of] - Kb? - C32) +2)
= KG? + 3x + 2), where K is constant
So, by comparing both results, we can have
a+p-5
eat?
a=1,b=3,0=2
So, our required quadratic equation is x? + 3x + 2.
Note : Generally, these kind of sums are there for 2
marks and if data and formula is correct, we can get |
1 mark easily out of 2.)
© If quadratic polynomial
pls) = ax? + bx + 6, where a # 0
has zeros a and f then & + (TH biberty Paperset 2026 « std.10 Mathematics (Basic) _
© If quadratic polynomial || @ The coefficient of x? in a quadratic polynomial
pix) = ax? + bx +c has zeros a and B which are | p(x) = ax? + bx + ¢ is positive real number (a > 0),
reciprocal of each other, then a= £=1soc=a | _then the parabola () opens upwards |
‘© The coefficient of x? in a quadratic polynomial
| play = ax? + br + c is negative real number (a < 0),
then the parabola (7) opens downwards,
© Graph of quadratic polynomial |
Been * he +c tenis Rats Ae |
‘number of points, as same as its zeros. |
@ The zeros @ and B of quadratic polynomial |
pls) = ax? + bx +c are opposite to each other then
‘© The general form of cubic polynomial is |
pix) = ax} + bx? + ox + d, where a #0, |
Ifa, B and y are zeros of cubic polynomial then,
a+p==0 ieb=0
‘¢ If the sum of zeros of quadratic polynomial
pls) = ax? + br +c, where a #0 is equal to the
product of zeros then we get —b = c.
‘efficient of x*
© Sumof zeros a +B +y=~- f = —Coetticientof
‘©The quadratic polynomial © Sum of product of two zeros
| pla) = ac + bx + © has two district zeros, then B+ By+ya= f= Coefficient of x
| parabola intersects X-axis is at two distinct points 4 ~ Coefficient of x
e The quadratic polynomial
© Product of zeros ay = = = Constant term,
phx) = ax? + bx + ¢ has two equal zeros, then the Coefficient of x°
parabola touches X-axis i.e, it intersects X-axis at © Ifthe zeros a, 8 and y of a cubic polynomial
| unique point pla) = ax! + ba? + ex #2, where a 0 is given then
@ The quadratic polynomial polynomial p(x) can be obtained as
pix) = ax? + bx + c, does not have any real zeros, pls) = Kp - (a + B + 7) x2 + (a + By + ya)x - ay]
then parabola does not intersect or touch the X-axis Where, K is any non zero real number.
a all
‘¢ An ideal form of linear equation in two variables is ax + by + ¢=0 (a, be R,a? + BP #0)
‘¢ General Form of Pair of Linear Equation is
ayx + by +c, = 0 (a? + by? + 0)
gx + bay + 02 = 0 (a? + by #0)
‘e There are mainly two methods for solving simultaneous linear equations in two variables :
i) Graphical Method (ji) Algebraic Method
‘© Algebraic method is of three types (a) Substitution Method, (b) Elimination method and (c) Cross Multiplication Method
© The following options arse for a pair of linear (ii) If 3 = GL = ZL, these equations have infinite
— a solution or indefinite solutions. Such a pair of equations
a=
ere is said to be consistent. The lines drawn in the graph
a
4 from both these equations are said to be coincide each |
4,
onde g
Such an equation, It is said to be consistent Lines iy) Consistent System : |
drawn in the graph from both these equations intersect
in a unique point.
these equations have a unique solution. i
The given pair of linear equations has atleast one
solution, then it is called consistent system.
4,4,4
i) hem GE # ZF these equations doesnot have any) jaconsistnt System +
solutions. A pair of equations is said to be inconsistent. The given pair of linear equations has no solution, then
In the graph, from both these equations, The drawn
ee itis called inconsistent system.
‘graph lines are parallel. <——?
nfl Have 1 look to the following table a
Graphical Algebra
Represe-
Pair of | a |
| 4 | Compare the
4)
Mathematics (Basic)
. 3¢-3y +4) - 10)
“By + 12 = 10y = -26
~19y = -26 - 12
ay +4
By placing y = 2 in x = 7
_ at ‘
a?
= 23) 44
xed \
Thus, (-1, 2) is the solution of given pair of linear
equations.
axtbyto=0 (I)
mxtny+s=0 ..Q)
First take one of the two given equations, consi
‘one of the variables (x or y) and keep that variable
fon the leftchand side of equals (=) and take the
other terms to the right-hand side of equals (=). If in
Eq, (1) ax + by + c= 0, x is kept on the left side of
equals (=) and other terms are taken on the right side
of equals (=) then the following equation is obtained.
ar+by+e=0
ax =-by-c
rby-e
-
[Now put value of x in equation (2)
mtay+s=0
m(=B=£) + my +s=0
By simplifying given equation, we can get value of
By placing the value of y in x we will
fc the value of x, thus the values of and y are the
Solution of given par of linear equations,
Lats have an Example,
ney A)
Be-Sy= 132)
From (1), 2e + 3y = 4
w= yea
sya
-y
By placing x - 5" 4
Br Sy= 13
in eq. (2)
244) 7-0
© First, put the variable terms x and y of both equations
to the left of the = sign and the constant term tothe |
right of the = sign.
© To equate the coefficients of any one variable
( oF )) of both equations of a pair of equations by
ying them by an appropriate number.
© By adding or subtracting both equations, eliminate
one variable. |
© Get the value of a variable.
© Substitute the obtained’ value of one variable into
one of the given equations to obtain the value of
the other variable.
For Example,
Solve: 2x ~ 5
2x Sy-4
3r-8y-$
‘© Equations for equating the coefficients of variable x |
in Equations (1) and (2). Multiply Equation (1) by
3 and Equation (2) by 2 we can get,
6 - Sy = 12... @) [Maltiply eg. (1) by 3]
= 16y = 10... (4) [Maltiply €9. (2) by 2]
By subtracting eq. (4) from eq. (3), we get
(Gx = 15y = 12) = (6x = 169 = 10)
o yee
By placing y = 2 in eq. (1), we get |
2 Sye4
2-SQ)=4
d-10=4 |
440
weld © pasar three
(where, a # 0, a, be ¢ RD
© Ifpix) = 0 ie, ax? + by + € = 0 is called a quadratic
equation in variable x
‘© Ifthe zeros of the polynomial p(x) = ax? + bx + ¢ exist
then they are called solutions or roots of the quadratic
equation ax? + by +6 #0,
eax’ + br + c= 0 (where, a #0, a, b,c € R) is called
standard form of quadratic equation,
ans were the first to solve the quadratic
© Baby
coquation
‘© Given the sum and multiplication of two p
mumbers, the Babylonians knew how to find those
method of finding length
Brahmagupta gave a clear formula for solving the
quadratic equation ax? + br = e.
Sridhar Acharya established a formula known as |
‘quadratic formula. Complete square to find the solution |
of the quadratic equation method is used. |
AlKhwarizmi, an Arab mathematician, also studied
|
diferent types of quadratic equations.
‘Abraham Bar Hiya Ha-Nasi gave the complete solution
of differential quadratic equation in his book Liber
Embadorum in Europe.
‘© For finding the factors of ax? + bx + 0,
‘© first multiply the coefficient a of x? and the constant
term ¢. We can get ax ¢ = ac
© Now, make two parts of ac such that the product of
‘the two numbers is ac and the sum is the coefficient
of x.
© That is, if ac has two parts p and g, then p x g = ac
and p + g = b.
‘© Find roots by Factorisation
6x -x-2
6 -1-2=0
Gr? - 4x + 3x-2=0
2x Bx ~ 2) + 1Gx-2) =0
Gx -2)Qx +1) =0
phx) = ax? + bx + c is a quadratic polynomial
Discriminant D = &? ~ dac, then roots are obtained
© If ~ dae <0, then the real roots of the equation
does not
0.
© If? - 4ac > 0, so the roots of the equation are real
and distinct.
If b? - 4ac = 0, so the roots of the equation are real
and equal.
It 6 dac = 0, then x = 52
Solve x? — 3x — 2 = 0 by using Quadratic Formula. _
Compare our equation with ax? + bx + ¢ = 0
We will get, a= 1, B= 3, c= -2
Discriminant D = —4ac
BP dae = (3) - (1) 2)
P—dac =9+8=17>0
Discriminant D = 6? — dae > 0
So, roots are real and distinct
xb Vb = dae
Bey a tee
a
x3) + V7
aioe dit
3+Vi7
2 = TE erty Papert 2005 + 50 Mathematics Bas)»
3 * BE ALE SS TTI.
© Chapter $ Arithmetic Progression
f
|e 'A sequence of numbers in a specific order such | @ To find sum of first m term of an AP :
| that the difference from any succeeding term to its | 1+243+ +n
| preceding term remains constant, throughout the | n(n +1)
| is called an Arithmetic progression, The| | = Se"
| sequence is cal progre
constant difference is called common difference of | | © To find sum of first n odd numbers of an AP
| that arithmetic progression. | iA ee 3 a
© To find sum of fist even numbers of an AP
(Finite Arithmetic Progression : If the number of | DHA OH cesses OM
| terms given in the A.P. is fixed, and it has the last S,=w+n
| term then it is called Finite Arithmetic progression, © If the sum of » term S, of A.P. is given, then 1
| Gi) Infinite Arithmetic Progression : If the number of term a, of AP, can be obtained from the following
terms given in the A.P. is not fixed and it does not formula :
| have the last term then, itis called Infinite Arithmetic aq = Sn- Sat
Progression Where, n> 1 and a,
(MINEO cs ure ors inn A cab
Proc the begianing : in the following way :
For, AP = ay, 2, @3, 4p ons Op ‘Number Terms ‘Common
a= a+(n-1)d of Terms Difference
Where, a = ay = First term of an AP 3 la-daatd d
(a ~ a4) = Common Difference 4 leqtae=eoede |
n= Number of Terms i fa as) |
dq = The term of given AP aCe CG ¥ |
XxCIIm ere
a, = Ha) 6 |a-Sda-3d4a-d,
wis, Ssilas etgeriqersé | “| |
=d =negative value of common difference | |_§ —
erm number J examples |
(© Find first term (a) and common difference (4) of AP: |
| © Formula to find common difference (4) from given () 26,10, 14,
| two terms am and an : Bon g= 2a
| gx i Q) 35, 32, 29, 26 ...
Here, a = 35 and d= 32-3:
-8,-2, 4, 10
Here, a= -8 and d= -2- (8)
© When first term and common difference are given
then © Find 10! term of AP 2, 7, 12, |
[AP = ay, 3, 3, sre Oy = Solution : For given AP, a= 2
S,= 5 Rat (n-)d) 7 |
n= 2 < |
‘oe ‘Number of terms, n= 10
For né* term of AP, a,
10 term of an AP :
+(n- Id
‘© When the first term and last term are given then
Sn= F (a+ ay) OR S,= F (a+) ayo = 2 + (10 ~ 1)(5)
| Where, a = a, = First term of an AP ao = 2 + (9X5) |
| d= (a, ~ a) = Common Difference Baga 2445
n= Number of Terms } a= 47
AP (last term) | So here, 10! term of an AP is 47. HL UbertyPaperset 2026» Std.10 Mathematics Base)
Find the value of k, if 3 consecutive terms of an AP| @ ‘Find the sum: 2, 7, 12, co 10 term
are 2k + 1, 13, Sk-3 Solution : For given AP, a = 2
For any AP, a3 ~ a) = as ~ a2 | d=7-2
13 - Qk +1
‘Number of terms, n = 10
13 -2k-1
12 - 2k = Sk- 16 Now, Sn = $ [2a +(n~ 1d)
2k - i
= Si = Pee + (0-115)
7k
| 2 Si = 514 + OXS)]
——— ——— ane = So = 514 +43)
Find ay if a=-11, d= 5. |
a= a+ (n= Id he * 0
= + (7-195)
ao So, Sie = 245
|
|
=-11+30 | | |
‘Two figures that have the same shape, but not necessarily the same size are called similar figures.
All circles, squares and equilateral triangles are similar figures.
All congruent figures are similar figures, but all similar figures are not congruent figures. |
Similar Triangles : In two triangles, ifthe corresponding angles are equal and their corresponding sides are proportional, |
then the given two triangles are called similar triangles. }
If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to
intersect the other two sides in distinct points, the other
two sides are divided in the same ratio.
Given : A triangle ABC in which a line parallel to side
BC intersects other two sides AB and AC at D and E
respectively.
an(ADE) = 4 AD x EN
‘And, ar(BDE) = 5 DB x EN
|
|
(ADE) _ ZX ADXEN _ AD |
‘ar(BDE) ~ Topxen “De “|
AE Moreover, ar{ADE) = 4 AE x DM
To Prove: AD = $F
‘and, ar(DEC) =
= TXAEXDM _ ag
Fxecxpm ~ EC
> ECx DM
Q)
ABDE and ADEC are on the same base DE and lying
between the parallel lines BC and DE, therefore their
areas are equal.
‘ax BDE) = af{DEC) -@)
From (1), 2) and (3)... $B = AE
‘Area of Triangle = 4 x Base x Height
If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the line is parallel to the third side. It is the
converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem.
ll J«
Intwo triangles ifthe corresponding angles are equal, then
the two triangles are similar and hence their corresponding
sides are proportional. Ths is called AAA criterion.
In two triangles, if the sides of one triangle are
proportional to the sides of other triangle, then the
two triangles are similar, and hence the corresponding
angles are equal. This is called SSS criterion,
Ione angle ofa triangle is equal to one angle of the
‘other triangle and the sides including these angles are
‘proportional, then the two triangles are similar. Th
is called SAS criterion,
In ABC, A- D ~B, A~E - C and DE || BC then
@ 4D. AE 4
AB AC /
4) DB EC /
@) AB = AC p/i_\g
«jy AD AE /
Gi) DB = EC aé———’c
If two triangles are similar, then their corresponding
sides are proportional and they are proportional to
their corresponding perimeters.
¢.g., AABC ~ APQR is n then
‘AB _ BC _ AC _ Perimeter of AABC
PQ ~ OR ~ PR ~ Perimeter of APOR
Chapter 7_ Coordinate Geometry
@ In AABC A-P-B, A-Q-C and PQ || BC.
(@) If AP = 3 om, PB = 6 cm, AQ= 7 cm,
then find AC.
(i) IfAB = 8 om, PB = 3 om, AQ= 15 em,
then find QC.
Solution :
(i) For AABC, A~ P- B,A-Q- C and
PQ || BC. re
$5 8 .. (Th. 6.1)
ere rf a
gc = 138
x3x
ac = 24342 8
2 QC = 14em
Here, A - Q- ©, therefore
‘AC = AQ +. QC
=7414
21 om
)) In ABC, A~ PB, A~Q~C and PQ | Bc
AP = AB - PB
t4
AP = 5 om
Now, $f = GG cmb 61)
$. 15
Te
x
gc = 8x3
QC = 9 cm
The formula to find distance between two points
P(x, »1) and QGx2, 92) in a coordinate plane is,
PQ
Which is called the distance formula.
Find distance between points (-5, 7) and (-1, 3) :
Let, Alay, 94 ) = A(-S, 7) and BOs, Ya) = BI, 3),
aB = Vx~aF +Oy- 9,
= MES) - CDF +0 3F
= VeSHiP rar
= Vea 16
= Vi6+16
= ¥32 = Vi6x2 = 4y2
(5-5 F+0,- 22)
© The perpendicular distance of any point fiom
the X-axis is equal to its value of y- coordinate
considering its only positive value,
© The perpendicular distance of point P(2,3) from
Xeaxis is 3.
© The perpendicular distance of any point from
the Yoaxis is equal to its value of x coordinate,
considering its only positive value,
© The perpendicular distance of point A(-S, -2) from
Yeaxis is 5.
© Mis the foot of perpendicular drawn from poi
P(x, ») on X-axis, then the coordinates of the point
Mis (x, 0).
© Ifthe perpendicular drawn from the point P(-3, 3) 16
the X-axis is M, then the coordinates of M is (-3, 0.
© Mis the foot of perpendicular drawn from point
P(x, 3) to Yours, then the coordinates of the point
Mis (0,3).
© Ifthe perpendicular drawn from the point P(-3,5) ©
the Yeaxis is ot Liberty Paperset 2026 « Std.10 Mathematics (Basic)
| Distance of Pot trom Orie Find coordinates of point Px») dviting given ine
© Distance of point P(x, y) from origin O(0, 0) is segment in the ratio 3 : 1, where (4,-3) and (8,5) are
op= yrey | the points joined to form line segment:
Let A(xi, 91) = (4, -3) and B(x, »2) = BB, 5) and
© Find Distance of P (6, -8) fom origin 0, 0, | 3 1 value of Pes 9) can be obtained by +
Let, P (x, ») = (6, -8), } |
panty toby mp (MTB, a)
+ fay | | a 7 te |
mx, y,
= Vere ’ re em and y= ns mm,
ere |
3(8)+1(4) 3(5)+ 1(-3)
| bad 347 and . 341 |
Het agg y= HES
2 |
ae B and y= |
aeeT and y=3 |
© Let A(x}, »4) and B(x, y2) are the endpoints of line Hence, P(x, y) = (7, 3) is the required coordinates of point P.
segment AB, then a
Coordinates of midpoint of line segment AB : © If points A(x, 4), Bér, yx) COs, ys) and
354)
D(xy, y4) are the vertices of Parallelogram and
diagonals of parallelogram bisect each other.
‘Mid point of diagonal AC = Mid point of diagonal BD _
+9) - (ate Bt
H) = (ASA)
Gr. XA 23. Ht AGM), 2)
‘© Find the coordinates of the midpoint of line segment ieee: |
Beis @ pa ACE, 9 aE © I£(1, 2, Gy), G6) and (3, 5) are the vertices of
= (78462), S$1) Parallelogram, then find the value of x and y. |
Let, AG, ¥1) = (1, 2), Bera, ¥2) = 4 Ds
Gx, 3) = (& 6) and Dexa, ya) = GB, 5)
‘Now, Mid point of AC = Mid point of BD
(sac) = (PAG
(
2
ltx 138) ~ (493,238)
© Point P(x, y) divides the line segment joining the
points A yx) and B(x, y2) internally in the ratio
| ae
BT
. then the coordinates of point P(x, y) can
be obuines by section Formula,
myst mys, my + m4
| Pes, 9) = (Em, nm” mm
© The word “Trigonometry” is derived from the combination of three Greek words “Wri” means three, “gon” means sides
‘and “metron" means measure. Trigonometry concept is used for finding the distances of the stars and planets from the
| earth by astronomers. Today, most of the technologically advanced methods used in Engineering and Physical Science
|____ate based on the concep of Trigonometry. (sino SosieSize . AB
(2)cos 0= Sie. BC :
, i
3)1an 0= Sepa Se - AB I}
oO as
(eaeed= SEER = AC" raamararwea
_ AC
| U1]. sim @ and cosec @ are reciprocal of each other.
sin = hoy
sin 0 cosee @= 1
[2] cos and sec 0 are reciprocal of each other.
oo '
cos O= ech
cos 8+ sec B= 1
[3] tan @ and cot @ are reciprocal of each other.
[4]
(3)
9
sin? @= 1 — cos?
cos? O= 1 - sin? @
[7] sec? @ - tan? @ = 1, where 0° < @ < 90°
sec? @ = 1 + tan? @
tar? @ = sec? 8-1
[8] cosec? 0 - cof 0 = 1, where 0° < @ < 90°
cosec? 8 = 1+ cof O
cof? 8 = cosec? 8-1
(i) iF tan®6 = YsecO = sec 0
(i) Vi cosee™O = Year = cor 0
(ii) sin 0 cor 0 = sind» 2258 = cos
cos 0 tan d= cos 0+ S08 = sing
(iv) 9(sec2 0 ~ tan? 0) = 91) = 9
(0) Mian? 0 ~ sec? 0) = -1) = -9
(vi) (see? 8 ~ 1Y(cosec? 8 ~ 1) = tan? 0 + cor
© Values of Trigonometrie Ratios for 0°, 30°, 4.
© If tan A~ $, find sin A, cosee A, cos A, sec A
and cor A. |
=-BCL4
me?
®
|
4
B ; A
AC? = AB? + BC? = 3? + 4? =9 + 16
AC? = 25 (Ea tiberty Paperset 2026 + std.i0 Mathematics (Basie)
‘© Find the Value :
@ 2 tan? 45° — cos® 30° + sin? 60°
2 2
=a (9) + (8)
=I)
=
(ii) 2 co 45° + sin? 30° — cos? 60°
-a0r+ (}-()
= 21)
=2
(iii) 2 cosec? 45° - 10 cor 45°
2(v2) - 100?
2@) - 10(1)
=4-10
4
(iv) sin? 45° =
(v) cos? 30°
© The application of Trigonometry concept is generally used for finding the height of mountains, depth of valley, for
finding distance between two apart substances and for finding the distance of celestial objects from the earth.
© If the object lies in the upper half plane of horizontal,
line, then the angle formed between the ray of vision
(sight) and the ray of horizon is called an angle of
elevation,
© Inthe given figure, the line
AC extending from the
eye of the student towards
the top of minaret is called
the line of sight (vision).
A student observed the
top of the minaret. Hence
ZBAC formed by the line
of vision (sight) with the horizontal line is called the
angle of elevation, where an observer has to see the
object by raising his eye sight in upward direction.
© Ifthe object lies in the lower half plane of horizontal
Tine, then the angle formed between the ray of vision
(sight) and the ray of horizon is called an angle of
depression (declination).
© In the figure, the
line AC extending
from the eye of the
student sitting in
the balcony of the
minaret is called
the line of vision.
A atudent observes an object lying on the earth
Hence, the ZPAC formed by the line of sight with
the horizontal line is called the angle of depression,
‘where an observer has to see the object by lowering
his eye sight in downward direction.
Mlustration (1)
‘© Angle of elevation of the top of the tower measured
from a point on the ground 60 m away from the base
of the tower is 30°. So find the height of the tower.
© Here, AB is the tower, A is the top of the tower and
point C is the observation point,
Now, in AABC ZB = 90°, ZACB = 30° and
AB
60
AB.
60
60
3
20x Y3 x V3
ap- eee
3
AB = 20/3 m
So, the height of the tower is 20/3 m.
oil IMustration (2)
© Observed from a hill 100 m high, the angle of
inclination of the top of a building is 30° and the
angle of inclination of its base is 45°. Find the height
of the building and find the distance of the building
rf
hill. (= = 0.58)
from the hill. (75 )
© Here AB is hill and CD is Building. AB = 100 m
Angle of inclination ZFAD = ZADE = 30° and
FAC = ZACB = 45°
Ke
le ‘
a2 t
=
3
4s J
1 le
In AABC, ZABC = 90°
TS
A Uberty Paperset 2026 + Std.10 Mathematics (Basic) )—
po
a '
3 = ED
+. AE “ED =
V7 BC (-: ED = BC)
1
AE = —
va BC
1
AE = — xi from ..
a 100, mm (1)
AE = 0.58 = 100
. AE 8m
We have, A- E - B,
AE + EB = AB
58+CD = 100 (EB = CD)
CD = 100-58
cD =2m
Hence the height of building is CD = 42 m and distance
from hill is BC = 100 m.
© Aline lying in the plane of a circle intersects (touches)
the circle at one and only one point is called a tangent
of a circle. The point of intersection of a circle and
its tangent is called the point of contact.
© Thus, the tangent touches the circle at only one point
but it never intersects the circle
© A line tying in the plane of a circle intersects the
circle in two distinct point is called a secant of a
cirole. Thus the secant of a circle intersects the cirele
in two distinct points,
© A tangent intersects the circle in one and only one
(unique) point.
© A line that intersects a circle in two distinct points
is called a secant of a circle
© A circle has at most two parallel tangents.
‘© The common point of circle and its tangent is called
the point of tangency. (contact)
© A circle has infinite number of tangents.
© A point inside the circle does not meet any tangent
to the circle.
© Appoint on a circle has one and only one tangent to
the circle.
© Two tangents can be drawn to the circle from a point
outside the circle,
© A parallelogram circumscribed about the circle is a
rhombus.
© A special case of an intersection in which two
endpoints meet on theit corresponding chord is a
tangent to a circle,
© The tangents drawn through the endpoints of the
diameter of a circle are parallel to each other.
(© The length of the line segment joining the outer point
P of the tangent to the point of contact with the circle
called the length of the tangent from P to the circle.
[= « —CO™Ff
© Prove that A tangent at_any point of a circle is
. .
‘ofcantact.
Given :A circle © (O,r) and a tangent XY at a point P. [
PQ = PR (CPCT) a
RESULT : 4 .
© Iftwo tangents are drawn fo a circle from an external
point, then they subtend equal angles at the centre.
|___ 209 = Zror [By CPCT}.
To prove : OP 1 XY
Proof : A circle with centre O and a tangent XY to
the circle at point P is given, Take any point Q other
than P on the tangent XY. Join OQ.
The point Q must lie outside the circle (If Q lies
inside the circle then XY will become a secant not
4 tangent)
‘Therefore, distance OQ is larger than the radius OP
of the circle.
0Q > oP.
For every point on the line XY except the point P,
OP is the shortest distance of all the distances of
the point © to the points of XY, therefore OP is
perpendicular to X¥y
ie. OP 1 XY.
of two tangents drawn from an external
-pointte-e-circle are equal. OR
is a point lying in the exterior of circle having centre
ts drawn
at the point Qand R, then prove that PQ = PR.
“Given + PQ and PR are two tangents drawn, from a
point P external to a circle (0, r).
the circle
To prove : PQ= PR
Proof : A circle with centre © having a point P lying
in the exterior ofthe circle is given. Two tangents PQ
and PR are drawn from P lying in exterior touch the
circle at Q and R. Join OP, OQ and OR.
-ZOQP and ZORP are right angles (according 0 Theo. 10.1)
In AOQP and AORP,
ZOQP = ZORP (right angles)
OP = OP (same line segment)
0Q = OR (radii of same circle)
AOQP = AORP (RHS criterion)
In two concentric circles, if the chord of the larger
circle touches the smaller circle and if the radius of
the bigger circle is r; and the radius of the smaller
circle is r, then the length of the chord can be found
from the following formula.
Length of chord
© Two tangents TP and TQ are drawn to a circle having |
centre © from an external point T then,
2PTQ = 220PQ
Ifa tangent PQ drawn from point P of a circle having
radius r intersects a line passing through the centre O
at the point Q, then the length of PQ can be found
by the formula OP? + PQ? = OQ?
L“~™~.Q
P
If a circle touches to all the four sides of given
Quadrilateral ABCD, then AB + CD = AD + BC.
A
If TP and TQ are two tangents of circle with centre
drawn from exterior point T, then
2POQ + ZPTQ = 180°
Q Shaded portion OAPB of the
circle with center © in the
figure is called Minor Sector.
Remaining portion OAQB of Q
the circle with center O in the
figure is called Major Sector.
Here, OAPB is called the
Minor Sector and OAQB P
is called Major Sector.
ZAOB iis called an angle of minor sector at centre.
‘The angle of Major Sector = 360° - ZAOB
‘@ The region of a circle enclosed by a chord and its
corresponding arc is known as Segment of a Circle
© Here, as shown in given figure, AB is a chord of
circle with centre O.
‘©The shaded portion APB is known as Minor Segment
| while remaining portion AQB is known as Major
| Seement. °
Major segment
“0
Area of Circle = a? OR td
Circumference of Circle = 2nr OR rd
0 is the angle subtended atthe cente of circle
ar’
30
" ° #0
‘Area of Major Sector with angle © = n-?- 40
Length of Minor Are of circle with angle, L= #29
‘Area of Minor Sector with angle 0 =
‘© Length of Major Are of a circle with angle,
L=2w- #0
© Area of Minor Segment APB = Area of Minor Sector |
OAPB ~ Ar (AOAB)
© Area of Major Segment AQB = 17 ~ Area of Minor
Segment.
‘Area : The measure of total space occupied by a flat surface or by any two dimensional object is called area.
Surface Area : The area of the region occupied by the surfaces of three dimensional object is called its surface area,
Volume : The amount of space occupied by the three dimensional object is called its volume.
Note : Generally the area of an object is expressed
in sq. mt. (m?) OR sq. cm (cm?). But sometimes the
bigger units like are, hectare are also used
A i,
© Generally the volume of an object is measured in
‘eu. mt. (m?) or cu. em (em). The volume of liquid
‘or gases are expressed in liters or millilitres. Total Surface Area of Cuboid = 2 (Ib + bh * hi) Volume of Cuboid
Gua Where = Length of Cuboid sinbeh
* 6 = Breadth of Cuboid
= Height of Cuboid
| am Curved Surface Area of Cylinder = 2nrh ome of Cylinder
‘Total Surface Area of Cylinder = 2ar(h +r) eh |
(Cylinder a Where, r = Radius of Cylinder Where, |
| : = Height of Cylinder wt aa fe |
| é Here, 2nr = Circumference of Base |
| Curved Surface Area of Cone = ard
| Total Surface Area of Cone = xr (I +r)
| ites | Where r= Radius of base of Cone ‘ohare of Ce
| 1 = Slant Height of Cone = $ xh
|
| ayaa ~~, Curved Surface Area of Sphere = 47 ‘Volume of Sphere
| + Where, r = Radius of Sphere ste
| Curved Surface Area of Hemi Sphere = 2x? Volume of Hemi Sphere
| ore Total Surface Area of Solid Hemi Sphere = 310? Lass
| r Where, r = Radius of Hemi-Sphere, ae
SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES OF COMBINATIONS OF SOLIDS |
‘Combined Solids Total Surface Areas and Curved Surface Areas Volumes”
|
|
TSA of Closed Cylinder + TSA of Cube ~ (2 x Base Volume of Cylinder + |
of Cylinder) Volume of Cube
Curved Surface Area of Cone + Curved Surface Area Volume of Cone
of Cylinder + Volume of Cylinder
1 Cylinder
Garve Oiciees Ae of Grieder ice tac etc oe
| ; + Volume of
ise of Hemisphere Hemisphere
i aan eae = Volt ir
Curved Surface Area of Cylinder + (2 x Curved na are,
| urface Area of Hemisph
s of ere) Hemisphere)
'Total Surface Area of Cube + Total Surface Area of oe
+ Volume of
oa — Base Area of Hemisphere aes © In class of 30-39, 30 is called the lower limit and 39
is called the upper limit.
Formula for finding class length of a class
© In 30-39, 40-49, .. classes, the upper limit of first
class and lower limit of second class are different,
So to find the class length, one can find by taking
‘any one class according to the following formula
= (Upper Limit - Lower limit) + 1
=@9-30) +1
=9e1
=10
© In 100 - 200, 200 - 300, .. classes, the upper limit
of the first class and the lower limit of the second
class ae the same. Therefore, to find the class length,
‘one can take one class and find it according to the
Class Length
following formula.
Class Length = Upper Limit ~ Lower limit
= 200 ~ 100
= 100
Mid value of the class :
© The average of the upper limit and lower limit of any
class’is called the mid value of that class.
Formula to find mid value (x)
To find the mid value of class 30 ~ 39, we can take
(&)) as follows,
__ Upper class limit + Lower class limit
2
1 2 30439
; 2
#@
2
345
n= Total Frequency
a) = Mid Value
© The table below gives the percentage distribution
of female teachers in the primary schools of rur
areas of various states and Union Territories (U:T) |
of India, Find the mean percentage of female teachers
by step deviation method.
Percentage |
af Female | 18-25) 23-38] 38-45] 4.85] 86-65] 68-75] 15.45),
Teachers
Number of
Meer | * | l r)4be foae |
=|
Percentage
of female ony lage St ie
= .T. ¥
Mt | ci. 6] oR) | aes “18
en) dt ba]: 2
ied! |, deuslim |v 4
35 | 4 [50-0] 0 0
raat "a4 | oon | 4
eau | 2. | lee ‘
se | i < | mo |emes 3
tot | wjmss | - | - | syu=—36
0, fu, = - 36, DZ = 35, h= 10
year Dede
Mean F mat Set xh
= 50+ 38 «10
so- 38> x 5x2
=90- 3
= 50 ~ 10.28
=39.72 iz |
Thus, the mean percentage of female teachers of |
primary school in rural area is 39.72. M_ = Median
1 = Lower limit of the median class |
11 = Total numberof obseratons Frequeney) |
Z = Mode % ‘umulative Frequency of class preceding the
1 = Lover limit of modal class some di
+h = Class height Sf © Frequency of median class
{fy = Frequency of modal class 4
fp = Frequency of class preceding to the modal class =
fe = Frequency of elass succeeding to the modal class Class | Frequency | Cumulative frequency
Family Size [1-3] 3-5] 5-7] 7-9 Jou 0-100 64 64
‘Number of Families vere [a [oa 100-200 2 64 +62 = 126=¢
Here the maximum frequency is 8 which is of class
+4 200-300 | ss=f | 126+ 84=210
So, 3 ~ 5 is a modal class. 300-400 n 210 + 72 = 282
1=3A=8h= 1A
Cass Height (Chass size) h = 2 400-500 | 66 282 + 66 = 348
By putting this values, we can get the value of mode Que | a | Seer
of given grouped data,
Here, total frequency n = 400,
n . 400 _
& = 400 < 290,
Z = 3.29 (approx)
© Mode of grouped data :
If the number of wickets taken by a bowler in a
series of one-day cricket matches is 4, 5, 6, 3, 4, 0,
3, 2, 3, 5, then the mode of the data is 3, because
the observation 3 is repeating for maximum times
ice. , repeating for 3 times.
‘© For finding the median of data, we first arrange the
data values of the observations in ascending order.
If value of n is odd, the median value is the value
(apy ‘observation, and if ‘n’ is even, then the
median willbe the average of (3° and ($+1)"
observations.
\x
Median M = 1 +
200 lies in the class 200-300.
Median Class is 200-300
1 = 200, ey = 126, f= 84
Class size h = 100
By putting the above values in given formula we get
the value of median.
Median M =1+(
= 200 + (2005126) « 100
= 200+ (74x00)
7400
= 200+ 7
M — = 200+ 88:10
M_ — = 288.10 (Approx)
Relation between MEAN (=), MODE (2) and
MEDIAN (M)
Z=3M-2z OR
Z -M = 2(M -¥) and Z ~ ¥ = 3(M - ¥) can be
derived from the main formula, as per the requirement.
ry | _Ubery Paperet 2026» 510 Mathematics (Base) )
Chapter 14 Probability
The definition of probability was given by Pierre
Simon Laplace.
Even numbers : 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14,
Odd Numbers : 1, 3, 5, 7,9 11, 13,
Prime numbers ({rom 1 to 100) :
2,3, 5,7, UL, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47,
$3, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97. Thus, the total
‘number of primes lying between 1 to 100 is 25.
Prime numbers (from 1 10 50)
2,3, 5, 7. 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47
‘Thus, the total number of primes lying between 1 to
50 is 15,
Perfect square numbers : 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, .
Perfect cube numbers : 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216,
Multiples of 2 (Revise table of 2)
2, 4,6, 8, 10, 12, 14, ..., ete
Multiples of 3 (Revise table of 3)
3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, ..., ete
Multiples of 5 (Revise table of 5) :
5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, ... ete
Possible outcomes of a balanced coin tossing
experiment
[H (Head) and T(Tail)] Total number of results : 2
etc
oy ote
Head Tail
Possible outcomes of an experiment of tossing a
balanced coin twice or (Possible outcomes of an
experiment of tossing two balanced coins once) :
(HH, HT, TH, TT) Total numbers of outcomes : 4
Possible outcomes of an experiment of tossing a
balanced coin three times or (Possible outcomes of
‘an experiment of tossing three balanced coins once)
(HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT )
Total numbers of outcomes : 8
If we throw a dice, we can get possible outcomes
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ie. Total numbers of outcomes : 6 |
If we throw two dice together, the possible outcomes
are as follows:
{(1, 1, (1, 2), (1, 3) (1s 4s (5), (1, 6),
Q, 1), 2, 2s 2 3), 2 4 2, 5), 2 6,
G, 1), B, 2), B, 3), B, 4), G, 5), B,
4,1), 4, 24,3), 4 4s 4, 9), G, 6,
(5, 1), (5, 2) (5, 3), 5, 4 (5, 9), (5, 6),
(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), 6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
Total number of outcomes : 36
‘Among 52 cards, 13 cards are of clubs # (Black), 13
cards are of spade # (Black), 13 cards are of Heart
¥ (Red) and 13 cards of diamond ¢ (Red).
Moreover, 4 cards are of King, 4 cards of Queen and
4 cards of Jack, All these are called face cards, which
fare in total 12 cards among 52 cards,
Write all possible oute
Total number of outcomes of event = x
‘Show events by letters (A,B,C...)
Write appropriate outcomes of events (A,B.C,....)
Number of outcomes of given (in total) events = y
's of given experiment
Use the given formula
The theoretical probability of an e
as P(E)
P(E) =
(Favourable ou
nt E)
‘Total number of outcomes)
PE) =
Example : Find the probability for the case of
throwing a di
Possible outcomes are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
Total number of outcomes = 6
Let Event A : You'll get Prime number.
Here, prime numbers are 2, 3 and 5.
+ So, the favourable outcomes of this event = 3
_ (Favourable outcomes of event E)
7) eT
(Total number of outcomes)
Event E, represents non occurring of event E that
is known as Complementary event. Here, E and E
are complement of each other. Sum of the main event
and its complementary event is always 1
e. P(E) + P(E) = 1
Examples
0.45, P(A) = 1 - PA)
= 1-045
= 055
1-(B)
= 1-053
=047
=1-RQ=1-3
If PCA
If PCB) = 0.53, P(B)
1 PCC)
For any event E, P(E) 0 < P(E) < 1 ‘An event having only one outcome of the experiment |
iscalled elementary event. The sum of the probabilities
of all the elementary events of an experiment is 1.
The probability of an event which is impossible to
‘occur is called the impossible event, The probability
of impossible event is 0 (zero)
‘The probability of an event which is sure (certain) to
‘occur is called a sure (certain) event, The probability
of the sure (certain) event is 1.
January, March, May, July, August, October,
December have 31 days. Probability for each month
that Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday,
Saturday and Sunday occurs 5 times,
= pe 3
. 7
April, June, September, November have 30 days.
Probability for each month that Monday, Tuesday,
Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday
occurs 5 times
30-28 _ 2
0528
Leap Year : A year which is divisible by 4 is called
a leap year.
The years 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016 ete
are leap years.
February has 29 days in a leap year.
Probability for each of Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday,
Thursday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday, occurring 5
29-28
29528
times in a leap year =
aa 4
‘@ Probability of an event occurring 5 times in the month
of February in a year other than a leap year is zero
@ Ina non-leap year, February has 28 days. |
© Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, |
Saturday and Sunday occuring 5 times in a non leap
year = 28528
© Probability of each event getting marks 0, 1, 2, 3,
4,5, 6,7,
sve }00 in 100 marks exam = 77°
‘© Probability for every event of geting 101 or more
marks in 100 marks exam = 0
‘© Probability of each event getting marks (0, 1, 2, 3,
4,5, 6, Tove
‘© Probability for every event of getting $1 or more
marks in $0 marks exam = 0
‘© Probability of each event getting marks (0, 1, 2, 3,
4,8,6,7,
50) jn 50 arts exam = Jr
-» 80) in 80 marks exam = gr.
© Probability for every event of getting 81 or more
‘marks in 80 marks exam = 0
‘© Probability of any time occurring 53 times in a leap
year :=
@ Leap year has total 366 (52 * 7 + 2) days, in
which probability of Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday,
‘Thursday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday occurring for
; 366-364 _ 2.
53 times = 27208 = 7
Probability of occurring 53 times in any year except
leap year :
© There are total 365 (52 x 7 + 1) days in a year
except leap year, in which the probability of Monday,
‘Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday and
Sunday occurring 53 times = 3665365 - 5. ics (Basie) )—
a
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 11 (marcx 2025)
Instructions (1) Write in a clear legible handwriting.
(2) This question paper has four section A, B, C and D and Question numbers from 1 to $4
3) All section are compulsory. Internal options are given.
(4) The number to the right respresent the marks of the questions.
(5) Draw neat diagrams wherever necessary.
(6) New section should be written in a new page, Write the answers in numerical order.
(7) Calculator, digital watch or smart watch is not allowed,
(8) General options are given but for blind students, internal option is given for figure/graph
based question.
section (Ay
Answer the following as per instructions given
(Questions : 1 to 24) (1 mark each) [24]
Choose the correct option for the questions given
below (Questions : 1 to 6)
‘Two sticks are shown in the following figure.
‘One white and other is of black. From the given
in the figure, the length of white stick will be
cm, (arch 2025)
—_—
a
em
Sa
ome
Au ®BS Oss ME
For the quadratic equation x? - 2x +1 = 0, The
value of re 4 é (arch 2025)
@-1 @l (2 (@)-2
For an AP, if d = — 4, ay = 4 then its first term
a= . (aren 2025)
6 ®7 ©» Mx
The distance between the points (2, -1) and (-1, -5)
is units. (tare 2025)
(A) 15 (Bs (© 25 (D) 41
If sin? @ = 4, then value of fan? @= __.
(March 2025)
OF BOF Oo MI
For some data, if mean and median are 21 and 23
respectively, then mode = + (March 2025)
(A) 27 (B) 22 (©) 17 (D) 23
Fill in the blanks with correct option as to make
the given statement correct (Questions : 7 to 12)
If 1080 = 2* x 3° x $ then, x= y=
(2, 0, 3) caren 2025)
10,
i.
12,
2B.
4,
15,
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
If a and b ate the zeroes of the polynomial
P(x) =x? - 2 +5 thena x b= - 3, 4, 5)
(March 205
A balanced dice is tossed once. Then the total
number of possible outcomes are
(6, 12, 36) cotaren 2025
sin 30° = ( Dae 8) (tarch 2025
tangents can be drawn from the point lying
the interior of the circle. (2, 1, 0) (arch 202
For a given data 2, 6, 4, 5,0, 3, 1, 3, 2,3,
(2, 3, 4) (mtaren 2025)
mode =
State whether the following statements are true
or false : (Questions : 13 to 16)
¥Zis an irrational number. (Mareb 2025)
HCF of 12, 15 and 21 is 1. (Maren 2025)
3x +5 is a linear polynomial. (March 2025)
The sum. of probsbilities of ‘Event E’ and
“Event not Eis 1. (tach 2025
Answer the following in one sentence or one
word or number : (Questions : 17 to 20)
bLLERRA TY
Progression or not?
is an Arithmetic
(arch 2025)
How many tangents can a circle have? (Maren 205)
If P(A) = 0.65 then, find P(X). (arch 2025)
For the following frequency distribution, find the
modal class. (March 2025)
Class | 1-3 | 3-5 | 5-7 | 7-9 | 9-11
Frequeney| 7 | 8 | 2 | 2[ 1 | ‘Match the pairs : (Questions : 21 to 24) (march 2025) : % height and the diameter of a base of a cone are
‘6 cm and 5 cm respectively. Find the slant height
(A) @)
21, Curved surface area of @ |) 1.25
cylinder
22, | Volume of a cone (b) 2x?
(©) 2nrh
(a) @)
23, |The circumference of | q) 270
circle with radius me)
24, |The area of a minor sector |(b) 2nr
of a circle of an angle'@ ~
om
> Answer the following briefly with calculation :
(Any 9) (Questions : 25 to 37) (2 Marks Each) [18]
find the zeros of the quadratic polynomial Was
YP -x- 20, (March 2025)"
\ pina ‘a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product
of whose zeroes are ~3 and 2 respectively.
(arch 2025)
27, If one zero of quadratic polynomial 6? +37
=(P ~ 2) is reciprocal of the other zero, then find
the value of P, (aren 2025)
Find 20" term of an A.P, : 2, 7, 12,),i... (March 2025)
\ Find the sum ofall integers from $1.10 100.
(arch 2025)
.40-Find the coordinates of the point which divides the
line segment joining the points (4, ~3) and (8, 5) in
the ratio 3 : 1 internally. (arch 2025
AWA citole with centre P, whose diameter is XY, The
coordinates of X and Y are (3, -10) and (1, 4).
Find the coordinates of P. (March 2025)
32,fProve that cos?0 — sin?® = 2cos%O — 1. (March 2028)
. Find the value : (arch 2025)
cor 45° — sec? 60° + sin? 60° + cos? 90°,
34, The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a
point on the ground, which is 30m away from the
foot of the tower is 30°, Find the height of the tower.
(March 2028)
35. Find the total surface area of a cube with each
edge 6 cm. (March 2025)
of the cone. (March 2025)
WA If for some frequency distribution ! = 40, f =7,
fo =3, fr =6 and h = 15, then find the mode.
(strc 2025)
section [ely
> Answer the following questions : (Any 6)
(Questions : 38 to 46) (3 Marks Each) (as)
halo has some Pigeons and Cows. The total number
of their eyes is 120 and total number of their legs
is 180. How many Pigeons and Cows does Alok
as? (March 2025)
). Solve the linear pair of equations with two variables
x+y =5, 2x - 3y = 4 by elimination method.
(are 2025)
40. If the sum of first 7 terms of an A.P. is 49 and that
f 17 terms is 289, find the sum of first 20 terms.
(rch 2025)
41. Find the coordinates of the points which divide the
line segment joining A (2, 2), and B(2, 8) into four
equal parts. (March 2025)
Show that the points (1, 7), (4, 2), (1,1) and
4) are the vertices of a square. (March 2025)
Prove ‘The tangent at any point of a circle is
perpendicular to the radius ae through the point
of contact. 2 J (larch 2025)
‘Two concentric circles are of radii Sem and 3 om.
Find the length of the chord of the larger circle
which touches the smaller circle. (March 2025)
1¢ following data gives the information on the
observed lifetimes (in hours) of 225 electrical
appliances : (arch 2025)
Lifetime
(in hours)
Frequency | 10 | 35 | 52 | 61 | 38 | 29
Determine the modal lifetimes of the appliances.
ox contains 5 red marbles, 8 white marbles and
4 green marbles. One marble is taken out of the box
at random. What is the probability that the marble
taken out will be - (March 2025)
(i) red ? (ii) not green ?
section [Bly
» Answer the following questions : (Any 5)
43.
44,
0-20 | 20-40 | 40-60 | 60-80 | 80-100 | 100-120
(Questions : 47 to 54) with calculations :
(4 Marks each) [20]
47, Prove that : If a line is drawn parallel to one side
of a triangle intersect the other two sides in distinct
points, the other two sides are divided in the same
ratio. (March 2025)
— ——_(8
48. E and F are points on the sides PQ and PR
respectively of a APQR. For each of the following
cases, state whether EF || QR. (Maren 2025)
em, PF = 3.6m, FR=2.4cm.
Gi) PE=4 em, QE =4.5 em, PF=8 em, RF=9 em.
49. Find two consecutive positive integers, sum of
whose squares is 365. (arch 2025
50. Ramkali
then increases her weekly savings by € 1.75. If in
the n™ week, her weekly savings become % 20.75
find n. (Maren 2025)
SI. The table below gives the percentages distribution
of female teachers in the primary schools of rural
areas of various states and union territories (U.T.) of
aves € 5 in the first week of a year and
India, Find the mean percentage of female teachers.
(aren 2025)
Percentage of | Number of
female teachers _|_ States/U.T.
__18-25 6
25-35, u
35-45 7
[45:55 4
55-65 4
65-75. 2
75-85. 1
52. Heart Rate : Heart rate is one of the body's “Vital
Signs” of health. It measures the number of times
the heart beats or contracts per minute. While a
normal heart rate does not guarantee that a person is
free from health problems, it is a useful benchmark.
for identifying many health problems.
ty Paperset 2026 « Std.10 Mathem:
30 Women were examined by AIIMS doctors and thy
number of heart beats per minute was recorded ang
the Summary was given as follows (March 2h,
‘Number of Number of
Heart Beats per minute | _Women
65-68 3
68-71 4
71-74 3
74-77 8
77-80 7
80-83 4
83-86 2
‘Answer the following from the above information
(i) How many women have heart beat in range of
68-77 2
ii) What is the median class of heart beats per
minute for these women ?
(iii) Find the mode for the heart beat per minute
for these women.
53. Adiceisthrown once. Find the probability of getting.
@ a prime number
Gi) number lying between 2 and 6
ii) an odd number
(iv) 7
54. One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52
cards. Find the Probability of getting
() a kiig of red colour (ii) the jack of hearts
ii) a spade (iv) a red face card.
ASSIGNMENT PAPER 2 une 2025)
section [Ay
» Answer the following as per instruction given
(Questions : 1 to 24) (1 mark each) (24)
© Choose the correct option from the Multiple
choice questions given below (Questions : 1 to 6)
1, The Pair of linear equations in two variables
2x + 3y—4= 0, 6x + 9y ~ 12 = 0 have
(A) Unique solution,
(B) Two solutions.
(C) Infinite solutions.
(D) No solutions
2. The discriminant of quadratic equation 4x? —4x+1=0
is . (Gune 2025)
(32 @)O |= ©3264
3. For any AP, age ~
(Where & is natural number.) une 2025
Ad 8d © Oa
4, The distance of point (-3, -4) from an origin is
A (une 2029
(v7 @)7 ©-5 (D) 5
5. 1 = sec? 60° = ‘Gane 2025)
(a)3 @)3
(©) tan? 60° )-1 (TA tiverty Paperset 2036+ St.10 mathemati (Bask) )
6 Por any data, if mean =X, mode = 2 and
median = M then, 2 — (M- %).
(dane 208
ws ®2 ©3 M2
@ Pill in the blanks with correct option as to make
the given statement correct (Questions ; 7 to 12)
* WOR (LL 1) © «CL, 148, 2) Gane 2028,
The product of zeros of quadratic polynomial
Pi) = ae + be +c (where a # 0) is
bb) une 029
The probability of getting O(zero) marks by any
student in mathematics question paper of 50 marks
_ (dy dp 0) ane 2025)
10. Wean (A+ B) = v3 where 0°