DEVELOPMENT SANJAY

Topics in This Chapter-

SIR
• What Development Promises- Development:- Development is generally defined as
Different People, Different growth. Some of the important goals are - seeking more
Goals. income, equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect
• Income and Other Goals. from others.
• National Development.  Development is also known as progress. Its idea has
• How to Compare Different always been with us.
Countries or States? Development: It is a situation that can fulfill
• Income and Other Criteria the aspirations or desires of people. It is the
• Public Facilities. progress or improvement in the lifestyle of the
• Sustainability of people.
Development.
Different People, Different Goals There are Three Principles of Development Goals-

It is because the life situations of people are Why do different persons have a different notions of development?
different. People see things that are most important Explain.
for them or that can fulfill their aspirations or desires. 1. Different Peoples have different
For example, the development goal of a boy from a development goals.
rich urban family would be to get admission to a
reputed college whereas the development goal of a
girl from a rich urban family would be to get as
much freedom as her brother.

Eg. A girl expects as

much freedom and
2. What may be development for
opportunity as her brother,
one, may not be for other. It may
even Destructive for the other. and that he also shares in
the household work. Her
brother may not like this.

“Conflicting goals can be developmental goals”. Elaborate Similarly, to get more

with examples. electricity, industrialists
At times, two persons or group of persons may seek things may want more dams. But
which are conflicting A girl expects as much freedom and
opportunity as her brother and that he also shares in the
this may submerge the
household work her brother may not like this. Similarly to get land and disrupt the lives
more electricity industrialists may want more dams. But this of people who are
may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people, who are displaced – such as tribals.
displaced such as the tribals. They might resent this and
Only Income is not Development.
may prefer small check
Income is only the part of dams or tanks to irrigate
Development. – their land.
Besides seeking more income, one way 3. For Development, People Look at a mix of
or the Other, People also Goals.
seek(मााँगना) things like Equal
treatment, Freedom, Security and
“Girls in India in the rural sector are sometimes not be able to get
Respects of Other. secondary level education”. Give three reasons for the statement.
For Example, Considering a job - For  Gender discrimination : India is a male dominating country. Particularly
in rural areas, girl child is discriminated against male child and not sent
Development, People Look at a mix of for education.
Why income considered is important?  Poverty : Due to wide spread poverty in rural areas people want girls to
help in the household work look after their siblings and do all household
People prefer to earn more income for chores.
fulfilling their daily requirements of life.  Distance : Secondary schools are not found in all the villages of India
Companies provide material thing like, therefore they don’t prefer their girls to go to distance like nearby village
money. But people also want non-material merely for education.
thing like, freedom, security, and respect of
others.
 How to Compare Different Countries or States? In World Development Reports, brought out by
the World Bank, this criterion is used in
 The criterion we may use depends on the purpose of classifying countries. Countries with per capita
comparison. income of US$ 63,400 per annum and above in
 For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one 2023, are called high income or rich countries and
of the most important attributes. those with per capita income of about US$ 2400 or
 Countries with higher income are more developed than others less are called low-income countries. India comes
with less income. in the category of low middle income countries
 We compare the average income which is the total income of because its per capita income in 2023 was just
the country divided by its total population. The average income about US$ 10030 per annum. The rich countries,
is also called per capita income. excluding countries of Middle East and certain
a𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 /𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 other small countries, are generally called
𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜n developed countries.
Developmental factors other than income
National Development  Income alone is not a reliable predictor of people’s
→ National development refers to ability of a nation to improve ability to access material goods and services.
standard of living of its citizens.
→ Standards of living of citizens depend upon per capital  Other factors to consider when comparing two
income, Gross Domestic Product, literacy rate and availability regions or countries are infant mortality rate
of health etc. These factors also consider as measure of (IMR), literacy rate, net attendance ratio,
improvement. human development index, available public
Mention any two national development goals of India. facilities and so on.
Other than income, what are the other factors
(i) Corruption free society.
that are important for our lives?
(ii) High per capita income.
Important factors for our lives are:
The average monthly income of X and Y is Rs 5050 . The average ● Safe environment for women at their workplace.
monthly income of Y Rs 6250 and the average monthly income X and Z is ● Freedom, respect, treatment, and security.
the Rs 5200 . The monthly income of X and Z is is ● Pollution-free environment.
A) Rs 4050 B) Rs 3500 C ) Rs 4000 D) Rs 5000 ● Political right.
Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita The aspects covered under the national
income of these families is ₹6000. If the income of three families is ₹ development
4000, ₹ 7000 and ₹ 3000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth i) Under national development, a country uses its
family?
resources in a fair and just way.
A ₹5000 B ₹10000 C ₹7500 D ₹4500
Read the given data and find out which country has most (ii) Under this only those programmes and policies
equitable distribution of income. Monthly income of five are implemented which would benefit a large number
families in country I and country II. of people.
A. B. C. D. E. (iii) Under national development, countries focus
I. 500. 600. 10000. 10400. 10500. more on social infrastructure which includes
ii. 3000 2000. 5000. 4000. 3600 education, health and other social services.
A Country I B Country II C Country I and II D None
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): This indicates the
Average income is an important criterion for development.” Explain. number of children that die before the age of one year
(i) Average income gives us an idea what an average person is likely to as a proportion of 1,000 live children born in that
get out of the total national income. particular year.
(ii) Average income is used to classify the countries into rich, poor or
developing nations. Literacy Rate: This measures the proportion of
(iii) Average income is used to make economic policies. literate population in the 7 years and above age group.
Net Attendance Ratio: This is the total number of
Public facilities: - Public facilities are those which are provided children of age group 6-10 attending school as a
by the government to satisfy the collective needs of the people. percentage of total number of children in the same age
Advantages are group.
 Public facilities is the cheapest way to provide basic services Life Expectancy at birth: It denotes average
collectively.
expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.
 Most of the poor people survive only because of public facilities.
 There are many services like police, education, transportation, Give two main reasons for low IMR in Kerala.
etc., which become affordable only if they are part of public Provision of basic health.
facilities. (ii) Provision of proper educational facility.
(iii) Proper functioning of Public Distribution System.
Imp*Why is literacy essential for the economic
‘development? Explain
 Illiterate people are easily cheated and exploited by the
traders, shopkeepers and employers.
 There is shortage of skilled workers in India, this shortage can
be reduced only through literacy.
 Most of the illiterate people are engaged in primary and
unorganised sector so their earning is very low.
The average person in Haryana has more income than the
Imp* What is meant by sustainable development? Explain
average person in Kerala but lags behind in these crucial areas?
Why
it by taking the case study of water.
 Sustainable development is the development of a country
Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services or world not only at present, but the development which
that you may need to live well. Is it true? Elucidate. is to be continued and maintained for future generations.
 For example, groundwater is a natural resource which is
 Money cannot buy all the goods and services that you replenished by nature. People of a particular generation
may need to live well. must use water in such a way that people of future
 Money cannot buy us pollution-free environment. generation may also be able to use groundwater. People
 Money cannot buy us a disease-free life and might not
should not overuse and degrade the quality of water so
be able to get protection from infectious disease.
that water is exhausted or if it remains, it is contaminated
 Beside money, people also like to have equal treatment
to such an extent that it becomes unusable for people of
in the society, freedom, dignity and honor in their
future generations.
lives, which money cannot buy them.
Explain the term ‘Development’. How is it linked with For development people look at a mix of goals’.
sustainability? Explain with example. Support the statement with suitable examples
(i) Development is a process which has a notion of going Components of development but there are other
important things, such as :
further up and improving the quality of life.
(i) People also seek things like equal treatment,
(ii) It is linked to sustainability since it has to be maintained for freedom, security and respect.
future generations. (ii) Women need safe and secure environment to take
(iii) Resources need to be used wisely so that they can be up a variety of jobs or run a business.
replenished. (iii) People also need political rights.
(iv) Overuse of resources exhaust them. For example, (iv) People seek a pollution-free environment.
petroleum. Students goal :
(v) If development is not sustainable, it will give rise to (i) Better Education.
environmental degradation and become a global problem. (ii) Pollution free environment
“Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national Mention the formula to calculate the
or state boundaries.” Justify the statement. BMI (Body Mass Index).
 Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or Body mass index (BMI) is a
state boundaries. This issue is no longer a regional or national issue. person's weight in kilograms divided
 Our future is linked together. Sustainability of development is essential by the square of height in meters.
for all the mankind and it is our common responsibility to save the
environment.
 These days it is a matter of discussion among different countries of the
world.
 Global warming, acid rain, etc., are not to be controlled by one nation.
It is a global matter of thinking and finding the solutions.

UNDP's method of measuring World Bank's

Consider the following method
statement of measuring
about
development exhaustion of natural resources. development
UNDP compares on the1)basisCrude of oilWorld Bank
resources compares
would on the
last only 50 basis of
literacy rate, gross enrolment
yearsratio,
more. per capita income.
and health status of people. 2) Oil extraction is undertaken by the Middle
East region at a very fast pace.
It gives ranks to the countries
3) It dividesfuel
Non-conventional thesources
countries according
should be to
according to their level of - Rich or high-income
encouraged that reduces use of crude oil countries
development. Which of the following- Middle-income or developing
statements gives an idea
WORKSHEET
of sustainable development? countries
a. Only 2 - Poor or low-income
b. Only 1 and 2 countries
It is a wider concept as it includes c. Only 1d. Only
It is a3narrow concept.
other things besides income.

SANJAY SIR WHATSAPP-

 WORKSHEET
1. Which one of the following is not a measure of development in the Human Development Report of the
UNDP?
a. Per capita income in US$ b. Education Levels of the people c. Body Mass Index d. Life expectancy at birth
2. Human Development Report is published by (a) UNDP (b) World Bank (c) IMF (d) WHO
3. The total number of children attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age
group is called (a) Net attendance ratio (b) Literacy rate (c) Gross enrolment ratio (d) Level of education
4. If women are engaged in paid work, what difference does it make?
A. Their dignity in the household and society decreases B. Household work of women decreases. C. Income of
the family is reduced. D. their dignity in the household and society increases
5. Assertion ( A ): Different people have different developmental goals. Reason ( R ): The capitalist approach to
development is detrimental to the poor section of the society. a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A b. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. c A is correct but R is wrong .
d. A is wrong but R is correct
6. Assertion ( A ): Per Capita Income is not an adequate indicator of economic development of a country Reason
( R ) : Per Capita Income does not tell us how this income is distributed and it might not be the income of every
individual in the state.
7. Assertion ( A ) : Environment must be conserved while development is taking place. Reason ( R ) : Resources
must be used in such a way that they are conserved for future generations
8. Assertion (A) : Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well. Reason (R) It cannot
buy pollution-free environment, unadulterated medicines, happiness, peace, etc
9. For development, people look at a mix of ______.
a) goals b) responsibilities c) accountability d) none of the above
10. To compare the development of countries, their _______ is considered to be one of the most important
attributes.
a) income b) population c) demographics d) none of the above
11. Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is Rs 5000. If
the income of three families is Rs 4000, Rs 7000 and Rs 3000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth
family?
12. (a) Rs 7500 (b) Rs 3000 (c) Rs 2000 (d) Rs 6000
13. Since countries have different _______, comparing total income will not tell us what an average person is
likely to earn.
a) economic policies b) reserves c) resources d) populations
14. In World Development Reports, brought out by the_________, per capita income criterion is used in
classifying countries. ( a) UNICEF (b) World Bank (c) World Economic Forum. (d) United Nations
15. Development of a country can generally be determined by
(a) its per capita income (b) its average literacy level
(c) health status of its people (d) all the above

Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:

One way to find out if we are properly nourished is to calculate what nutrition scientists call it Body mass index (BMI).
This is easy to calculate. Let each student in the class find out his or her weight and height. Take the weight of each student
in kilograms (kg). Then, take the height by drawing up a scale on the wall and measuring accurately with the head straight.
Convert the height recorded in centimeters into meters. Divide the weight in kg by the square of the height. The number
you get is called BMI. Then, look at the BMI-for-Age tables. A student’s BMI could be within the normal range or less
than that (underweight) or more (obesity). For example, if a girl student is 14 years and 8 month old and the BMI is 15.2,
then she is undernourished. Similarly, if the BMI of a boy aged15 years and 6 months is 28, then he is overweight. Discuss
the life situation, food and exercise habits of students, in general, without body shaming anyone.

1. What is Body mass index?

2. Identify the correct formula to calculate the BMI.?
3. Rahul is 5 ft 6 inches tall and he weighs 82 kilos. Calculate his BMI. According to
Rahul’s BMI, he is overweight or Underweight.