LECTURER : ENG JOB: PROPOSED BRIDGE CHECKED BY: DATE:

ERIC KIOKO KIILU ACROSS RIVER TANA JUNE 2018

ECE 2515: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IV

DESIGN REF CALCULATION OUTPUT

Generic information
Location: 30 km downstream of Tana town
Road class: Class A
River: River Tana
Footpath: 2 walkways on both sides = 2.0 m each
Structure type: Reinforced concrete design interior beam spacing =
1875 mm
Bridge expected span for RC girder: 25 m each (25 spans)

Carriageway width: 8.0 m

No. of traffic lanes: 2 traffic lanes
Supports: 2 Bank seats at each ends
1 wall type pier at centre

Foundation type: Shallow spread foundation

Safe bearing capacity assumed (35 kN/m2 –
hard rock)

Density of concrete = 25 kN/m3

Density of surfacing = 20 kN/m3

Channel protection: stone pitching (revetments) both sides.

Concrete strength (precast and insitu) = 40/20

Steel: High yield Fy = 460 MPa (Deformed Type ii)

Mild steel Fy = 250 MPa
BS 8110-1:
1997; Table: Exposure conditions = severe
3.3 / BS 5400 -
4:1990; Table: Use cover = 40 mm for both beams and slabs
13

Preliminary Beam and Slab sizing

Slab:
BS 8110-
1:1997
[Link] Hence;

BS 5400- Use cover = 40 mm

4:1990 Assume T12 bars used
Table: 13 Slab thickness assumed = 117.1875 + 40 + 12/2
= 163.1875 mm
= assume 200 mm solid slab

Beam:
BS 8110-1:
1997
[Link] Hence;
BS 5400-
4:1990
Assume cover = 40mm

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ECE 2515: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IV

Table: 3 Assume T25 bars = 25.0 mm dia

Hence = 1627.5 mm

Assume b = 2000 mm

BS 5400- Material properties

4:1990 Concrete Fcu = 40 N/mm2
Table: 5

BS 5400- Reinforcement bars (virgin bars) = 460 N/mm2

4:1990 (as stated earlier)
Table: 6

BS 5400- Links: Fy = 250 N/mm2

4:1990 (As stated earlier)
Table: 6

BS 5400- LOADING
2:2006 Cl Assume class A road, bridge is designed to resist the critical loading
6.1.1 of either HA or HA + HB loading.
6.4.2
[Link] Carriageway width = 8.0 m

[Link].1 No. of notional lanes = 2 notional lanes

Width of each notional lane = 8.0/2 = 4.0 m
BS 5400-
2:2006 Cl Wind loading is negligible hence ignored.
5.3.1

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT

NB: All dimensions are in mm

N.T.S.

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ECE 2515: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IV

Diaphragm located at 3rd points along the 25 m spanning girder

Kerb height = 200 mm

Surfacing = 150 mm asphalt surfacing

BS 5400-2 LOAD COMBINATION RECOMMENDED FOR

CONSINDERATION
C1: Permanent loads + Primary live loads
C2: Combination C1 + Wind +Temporary erection loads
C3: C1 +Temporary erection loads
C4: Permanent loads + Primary live loads + Secondary live loads
C5: Permanent loads + Friction resistance at Bearings
LOAD DETERMINATION
NB: For purpose of this design project load combination II is
considered.

DEAD LOAD DETERMINATION/PERMANENT LOADS

Slab self-weight = 0.2 x 25 = 5.0 kN/m2
Surfacing = 0.15 x 20 = 3.0 kN/m2
Footpath = (Tappering)

Footpath = 0.5 x 25 = 12.5 kN/m2

Kerb = 0.2 x 25 = 5.0 kN/m2

TRANSIENT LOADS/ LIVE LOADS

Normal loading (Comprising HA, KEL and Wheel load as alternate
to HA and KEL)

BS 5400-2 HA Loading
6.2.1 Loaded length = 25 m ˂ 30 m
UDL/Notional lane = 30 kN/m/Notional lane
Notional lane in this case = 4.0 m
2

For a loaded length of 50 m;

UDL = w = 151 x 50-0.475=23.55kN/m
is to be used
BS 5400-2
HA KEL = 120.0 kN
6.2.2 (2006)
UDL HA KEL = 120/4 = 30 kN/m

BS 5400-2 Alternate KEL is taken as 100.0 kN (single wheel load applied

6.2.5 anywhere on the carriageway)

Contact area = 1.1 N/mm2 (i.e. 340 mm dia. or 300mm square)

NB: 1 axle has 4 wheels

HB Loading
BS 5400-2 The minimum HB loading considered is 30 units
(2006) 1 Unit = 10 kN/axle

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ECE 2515: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IV

6.3.1

30 Units = 300kN/axle
= 300/4 = 75kN/wheel
25 Units = 250 kN/axle
=250/4 = 62.5 kN/wheel

DESIGN LOADS
BS 5400-2 Yf3 = 1.10
(1990) 4.2.3
Elastic

BS 5400-2 Yfl varies as appropriate

Table 1
Yfl = 1.75 – used when kerb/surfacing is placed after casting the slab

PERMANENT LOADS ULS

GK Design load
BS 5400-2 Nominal load (kN/m^2) Yf3 Yfl (kN/m^2)
Slab (swt) 5.0 1.10 1.20 6.60
Surfacing 3.0 1.10 1.75 5.80
Kerb 5.0 1.10 1.20 6.60
Footpath 12.5 1.10 1.20 16.80

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ECE 2515: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IV

TRANSIENT LOADS (HA ALONE)

GK Design load
Nominal load (kN/m^2) Yf3 Yfl (kN/m^2)
HA(UDL) 7.50 1.10 1.50 12.375
6.55 1.10 1.50 10.810
KEL 30 1.10 1.50 49.500
Single Wheel
Load 100 1.10 1.50 165.000

II. HA WITH HB
GK Design load
Nominal load (kN/m^2) Yf3 Yfl (kN/m^2)
HA UDL 7.50 1.10 1.30 10.7250
6.55 1.10 1.30 9.3665
KEL 30 1.10 1.30 42.9000
Single Wheel
Load 100 1.10 1.30 143.0000

III. HB ALONE
GK Design load
Nominal load (kN/m^2) Yf3 Yfl (kN/m^2)
30 Units 75.0 1.10 1.30 107.25
25 Units 62.5 1.10 1.30 89.38

FOOTPATH
GK Design load
Nominal load (kN/m^2) Yf3 Yfl (kN/m^2)
Footpath 5.0 1.10 1.50 8.25

SLAB DESIGN
The slab has three diaphragms hence a single panel is:

Ly = 8.33 m
Lx = 1.875

Design as one way slab.

For Permanent Loads + HA Loads

Slab self-weight = 5.8 kN/m2
Surfacing = 6.6 kN/m2

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ECE 2515: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IV

HA Alone; UDL = 12.375 kN/m

HA = 49.500 kN/m
= 74.275 kN/m
Say 74.28 kN/m

Load on Footpath Cantilevers on both sides

Footpaths = 16.50 kN/m
+ 8.25 kN/m
24.75 kN/m

DESIGN MOMENTS AND SHEARS

Support b and d (first interior supports)
BS 8110-1: M = -0.086 FL
1997 = -0.086 x 74.28 x 1.875 x 1.875
Table 3.12 = -22.46 kNm

Support c
M = -0.063 FL
=-0.063 x 74.28 x 1.875 x 1.875
=-16.45 kNm

Spans a-b and d-e

M = 0.075 FL
=0.075 x 74.28 x 1.875 x 1.875
=19.58 kNm

Spans b-c and c-d

M = 0.063 FL
= 0.063 x 74.28 x 1.875 x 1.875
= 16.45 kNm

Support a and e

ALTERNATIVE OF SINGLE WHEEL LOAD

P = 165 kN
 Using Westergaards for calculating the wheel load effect
 The wheel load effect is limited to the surfacing (i.e.
asphaltic surface in 450 distribution)
 Maximum when the wheel load is at the centre and
maximum fixity is ignored.

Wheel diameter = 340 mm

Surfacing = 50.0 mm

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ECE 2515: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IV

The worst case is obtained when t=50 mm

C = 340 + 2t t = 50 mm
= 340 + 2(50)
= 440

Where; P1 = wheel load

s = beam spacing
s = spacing beam = 1.875 m

ADDING EFFECT OF DEAD LOAD

CL [Link]

BS 8110-1:
1997
TABLE 3.12

Support b and c
M = -0.086 FL
=-0.086 x 12.40 x 1.875 x 1.875
=-3.75 kNm

Spans a-b and d-e

M = 0.075 FL
=0.075 x 12.40 x 1.875 x 1.875
=3.27 kNm

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ECE 2515: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IV

REACTION/SHEARS
V = 0.6 F
= 0.6 x 12.4 x 1.875 x 1.875
= 26.15 kN (support band d)

Support b and c
V = 0.5 F
= 0.5 x 12.4 x 1.875 x 1.875
= 21.80 kN

Mox = 39.30 + 3.75 = 42.67 kNm (supports)

Mox = 39.30 + 3.270 = 42.57 kNm (mid span)
Moy = 28.10 kNm

Shear = 13.95 + 0.6 x 165 = 112.95 kN

HB VEHICLE ON THE SLAB

HB contact Area Pressure = 1.1 N/mm2

Contact Area = 75 kN
2

C = 295 + 2 x 50 = 395 mm

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ECE 2515: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IV

%age increase in Mox due to P2

Mox = 1.098 x 26.8

= 29.40 kNm

Moy = Mox – 0.0676 P1

= 29.40 – 0.676 P1
= 22.15 kNm

Vx = 0.6 x 107.25 = 64.4 kN

ADDING EFFECT OF PERMANENT LOAD

29.4 + 3.75
= 33.15 kNm

Mox =33.15 kNm

Moy = 27.15 kNm

SUMMARY OF LOADS
HA SINGLE HB
POSITION/ LOADING WHEEL LOADIN
EFFECT (UDL+KEL) LOAD G
Moment
Support 28.70 44.10 34.20
Moment Span 23.50 43.20 32.70
Moy _____ 28.10 22.15
Shear 83.6 kN 112.9 16.20

NB: SINGLE WHEEL LOAD GIVES WORST/CRITICAL CASE.

SLABS
BS 5400- DESIGN
4:1990 a. Moment = 44.1 kNm
EQN. 2 b. Shear = 114 kN

Mu = 0.15 Fcubd2
Assuming a 200 mm solid slab
Cover = 30 mm

Mu = 0.15 Fcubd2
= 0.15 x 40 x 1000 x 1592
= 152 x 106 N-m
152 kNm > Mapplied

BS 5400-

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ECE 2515: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IV

4:1990
EQN. 5

Provide T12 @150 (754mm^2/m)

BS 5400-
4:1990
TABLES 8 &
9 Vc = 0.56 N/mm2

Applied shear

PUNCHING SHEAR CHECK

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ECE 2515: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IV

TRANSVERSE STEEL/LONGITUDINAL STEEL

BS 5400-
4:1990 Mu = 28.1 kNm
Eqn. 1 d = 159 -12= 147 mm

Mu = 0.15 Fcubd2
= 0.15 x 40 x 1000 x 1472
= 129.7 x 106 N-m
BS 5400-
4:1990 129.7 kNm > Mapplied
Eqn. 5

Provide T10 @150 (524mm^2/m)

TYPICAL CROSS-SECTION

CRACK CONTROL
BS 8110-1: By limiting bar spacing
1997 Max = Sv =3d = 3 x 147 = 447 mm >> (Sv = 150 mm)
[Link].7 Hence no further check is required.

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LECTURER : ENG JOB: PROPOSED BRIDGE CHECKED BY: DATE:
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ECE 2515: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IV

CANTILEVER FOOTPATH
M = 50.17 kNm
h = 400 mm

Tolerance = 5 mm
Hence d = 357 mm

Mu = 0.15 Fcubd2
= 0.15 x 40 x 1000 x 3572
= 765 x 106 N-m
= 765 kNm > Mapplied

Provide T12 @150 T1 bars (524mm^2/m)

TRAFFIC LANE / CANTILEVER

M = 67.9 kNm
Mu = 0.15 Fcubd2

= 0.15 x 40 x 1000 x 3572

= 765 x 106 N-m

Provide T12 @150 T1 bars (524mm^2/m)

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ECE 2515: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IV

DESIGN OF GIRDER (2000 MM DEEP)

Area of Cross-Section

= 715 000 mm2

= 0.715 m2
Area of cross-section = 0.715 m2 (as calculated)

Diaphragm at 3rd point:

Size = 1300 x 800 wide (diaphragm)
Slab = 1300 + 200 = 1500 mm
Density of concrete = 25 kN/m3

LOADING CONDITION

LOAD AT ULS

Self-weight = 0.715 x 25 x Yfl x Yf3

= 0.715 x 25 x 1.10 x 1.20
= 13.86 kN/m

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ECE 2515: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IV

DIAPHRAGM

Self-weight = 1.5 x 0.3 x 25 x Yf3 x Yf2 x 1.675 x 5/25

= 1.5 x 0.3 x 25 x 1.10 x 1.20 x 1.675 x 5/25
= 4.97 kN/m

SURFACING

Self-weight = 5.8 x 1.875 x 1.20

= 13.05 kN/m

SLAB

Self-weight = 6.6 x 1.875 x 1.20

= 14.85 kN/m

TOTAL DEAD LOAD:

= 46.63 kN/m

LIVE LOAD

HA UDL

= 12.38 x 1.875 x 1.20

= 27.86 kN/m

KEL

= 49.5 x 1.875 x 1.20

= 111.4 kN [Point Load]

HB LOADING

Equivalent single load acting by statics [to represent 3 loads]

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ECE 2515: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IV

ANALYSIS FOR BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE

FOR HB LOADING

By statics, Max. BM is obtained when one of the loads at a point of

action of the resultant act at equivalent from centre of the beam.

CASE 1: HA LOADING + K.E.L.

@Point Load at the Centre

SHEAR

CASE 2: SINGLE WHEEL LOAD

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ECE 2515: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IV

CASE 3: HB LOADING

REACTIONS

SFD

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ECE 2515: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IV

Max Shear occurs when the point load is moved near the support as
shown below:

EXTERNAL GIRDER
SECTION (AS BEFORE)

Self-weight as calculated before = 13.86 kNm

Diaphragm = 2.44 kN/m

Surfacing = 5.8 x 1.94 x 1.2 =13.5 kN/m

TOTAL LOADING = 53.370 kN/m

LIVE LOAD

HA UDL = 12.38 x 1.9 x 1.2 = 28.8 kN/m

KEL = 49.5 x 1.94 x 1.2 = 115.2 kN/m
Single Wheel Load = 165 kN

HB LOADING
Equivalent Single Wheel Load Reaction

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ECE 2515: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IV

By statics;
1.875 R = P [2.6 + 1.6 + 0.6]
R = P’ = 2.56 P

ANALYSIS OF BM & S.F.

CASE 1: HA UDL + KEL + DEAD LOAD

CASE 2: HA SINGLE WHEEL LOAD

CASE 3: HB ALONE

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ECE 2515: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IV

P’ = 2.56 P

P’ = 2.56 x 107.25
P’ = 274.56 kN

SFD

P’ = 2.56 P = 274.56 kN

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ECE 2515: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IV

MAXIMUM MOMENT = AREA OF C [OCCURS AT POINT OF

ZERO SHEAR]

MAXIMUM SHEAR OCCURS WHEN POSITION OF THE

POINT LOAD IS MOVED TO NEAR THE SUPPORTAS
SHOWN BELOW.

Vmax=
2229.88
kN

MD =
COMPARING THE INTERNAL GIRDER AND EXTERNAL 8971.3495
GIRDER, IT CAN BE OBSERVED THAT THE EXTERNAL kNm
GIRDER GIVES THE MOST CRITICAL MOMENTS AND
SHEARS. VD =
2229.88
kN

MDesign = 8971.3495 kNm

VDesign = 2229.88 kN

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ECE 2515: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IV

As req. =
d = 2185 mm 10751.638
hf = 200 mm 57 mm2

As prov. =
12566
BS 5400-4 mm2
EQ. 16

EQ. 17

BS 5400-4
EQ. 16

SHEAR REBARS

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ECE 2515: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IV

CONCRETE SHEAR RESISTANCE

Vc = 0.773 N/mm2

Provide 4 legs T 16 @ 200 links

CHECKING FOR SHEAR AT 1M FROM SUPPORT

b = 250 mm
V = 2229.88 – 274.56 – 53.7 x 1 = 1901.62 kN

RESISTANCE SHEAR STRESS IN CONCRETE, Vc

Vc = 0.975 N/mm2

Provide 2 legs T 16 @ 200 links

Extending to top of the slab and act as shear studs/connectors.

PIER DESIGN
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ECE 2515: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IV

Assumed End condition: Fixed at the base

Vertical load on the pier (minus self-weight)

I. Total dead load (structural):

II. Super-imposed dead load (SDL):

III. Live load reaction due to one lane of HA loading: 1 Unit =

10kN/axle

IV. Max reaction due to 30 Units of HB loading:

V. Max reaction due to footing loading:

Total/Maximum live load reaction (1 HA, 1 HB & 2 FOOTWAYS)

HORIZONTAL LOAD DUE TO RESTRAINT TO

MOVEMENT

DEAD LOAD ON PIER

SELF-WEIGHT OF PIER

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ECE 2515: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IV

FACTORED LOADS

HORIZONTAL LOAD

BS 5400-4 Condition 4 is considered;

Table 11

AXIAL LOAD PER UNIT LENGTH

BS 8110-2
1985 Charts

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ECE 2515: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IV

BS 8110-3
1985
Fy = 460 N/mm2
Chart No. 39
Fcu = 40 N/mm2

From the Chart, it can be observed that minimum percentage of

reinforcement will be required:

Asc required for both faces:

Or 1800 mm2/m EF

Provide T 25@200 EF
(Asc provided = 2454 mm2 /m)

DISTRIBUTION BARS/HORIZONTAL BARS

HORIZONTAL BARS
BS 8110-1:
1997
CL [Link]

NOMINAL MOMENT

CANTILEVER SECTION OF PIER

L = 2.0 m

h = 1200 mm
Cover = 40 mm

Allow 5mm tolerance

d = 1145 mm

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ECE 2515: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IV

Mapplied = 1912.72 kNm

Provide T25 @200 EF (2454.37mm2/m)

SHEAR RESISTANCE

Vc = 0.556 N/mm2

SHEAR STRESS

Provide 4 legs T 16 @ 200 links

FOUNDATION DESIGN

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ECE 2515: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IV

Allowable GBP = 350 kN/m2

LOADS UNFACTORED
P = 3385 + 716.7 + 1.2 x 600 +2027.10
= 6848.8 kN
H = 123.15 kN
M = 123.15 x 6 = 738.9 kNm

FACTORED LOADS
P = 8607.27 kN
M = 1.10 x 123.15 x 6 x 1.30 = 1057 kNm

H = 1.1 x 1.30 x 123.15

= 176.1045 kN

a. For the serviceability limit state

Total axial Load = 6848.8 kN
Preliminary sizing of base

Provide a base of 7.0 x 4.0

Area = 28.0 m2

b. For the ultimate limit state

Factored Load = 8607.27 kN

Assume a depth of = 1000 mm deep.

RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL LOAD

Factored horizontal load = 176.1045 kN

PASSIVE RESISTANCE
Assuming a cohesive resistance of 100 kN/m2
Assuming density of rock as = 20 kN/m3

The resistance to horizontal load is satisfactory.

The reduction in moment on the underside of the base due to

horizontal reaction from the passive earth pressure has been
neglected. Adhesion has not been considered.

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ECE 2515: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IV

DESIGN OF THE MOMENT REINFORCEMENT

I. LONGSPAN MOMENT STEEL

N = 8607.27 kN
H = 176.1045 kN
M = 1057 kNm

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ECE 2515: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IV

Vy = [1.0 x 4.0 x 330 + 0.5 x 10 x 1.0 x 4.0]

= 1320 + 20
= 1340 kN

Assumed cover = 50 mm (severe condition)

Bar dia. used = 20 mm
Effective depth for B1:

Therefore use

Area of steel required

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ECE 2515: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IV

Therefore adopt 20 mm diameter bars

(As provided = 314 mm2/m per bar)
No. of bars required is

This means the spacing would be

Provide 21 T20 bars @ 200 B2

(As provided = 6283.18 mm2/m per bar)

Minimum Area of steel required

Ast provided = 21 T20 (Ast = 6594 mm2)

CONDITION SATISFIED.

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