SQL Introduction

Database:- It is an organized collection of data

so that it can be easily accesšed.
To manage these databases,DBMS ( DataBase
Management System) are used.
DBMS Data Base

Tybes of DBMS:-
@progsammer-girl.
Relational DBMS
Non- Relational DBS

Relational DBMS:- In this DBMS, data stored in

table Format.

Name cla88
RoliNo
Jai 5th
1
2 Amar 7th
5th
3 Anuj
4 Ram 8th

(Relational DBMS)

For Example :- MysaL, Oracle.

Non-Relational DBMSs:- In this DBMS data is

stored in key-value pais.

Σ
"RollNo": 1,
" class":"5th",
2
name". "Jai"
}
CNon-Relational DBMS)

For Example :- MongoDB, Reds

SQL:- I7 stand for structured Query language.

SQL is used for update, delete, insert data in

table or Relational DataBase.

SQL

RDBMS

Relational
DataBase

@programmer-girk-
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SQL CREATE Command:-

It is used for creating Tables.

Syntax-
CREATE TABLE tableName(

Column1 datatype,
Column 2 datałybe,
‫زد‬

SAL Keywords are case-insensitive.

In MysQL, case-insensitive is an option you can

turn on and off.

For Examble:-
CREATE TABLE User (
First Name varchar,
Last Name varchar,
Email id varchar,
password varchar
‫زد‬

FisetName Last NamelEmail id pass OAd

PAAW

@programmer-girl-
SQL INSERT INTO Comman
d:-
data
It is used to insert into tables.

Syntax:
INSERT INTO table Name (colum
n1,
Column2 .... )
VALUES ( valuel, Valuez... );

A row of database table is known as record

or a tuple.

A column of database table is knowh as an

attribute.

@programmer-girta-
For Example :-

INSERT INTO USER (First Name,

LastName,Email-id, Password)
VALUES (Jai, Sharma, abc@[Link],
abc #123);

FisstName LastName Email-id Password

Jai Sharma Labc@gmaill abc #123

How to Insert Multiple Record (row, tuple):

VALUES (Jai, Sharma, aba@[Link], 123)

(Jaya,Sharma, xyz@[Link], abc);
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SQL SELECT Command :-

It is used to retrieves data from the table

Syntax
SELECT Column1, Column2
From tableName;

To Select complete table, Use * (star)

SELECT*

From tableName;

Example:- @programmer-girl--
FirstName LastName Possword
Jai Kumar 123

Jaya Singh abc

Amit Sharma xyz

Table:- USER

Command:-
SELECT FirstName
From USER;

outbut:
First Name
Jai

Jaya
Amit
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HOw DOES SQL

WORK

SQL Query

Query Language Processor

Parser+ optimizer

DBMS Engine
File Manager+
Transaction Ma
Manager
Physical Database

Parseng - In this process, Query statement is

tokenized.

optimising:- It optimize the best algorithm

for the byte code.
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FROM: It is used to specify the tables from

Wh ich data fetched.

WHERE: It is used to filter records based on

the givan condition.

JOIN:- It is used to combine data from

tables based on a common field.

GROUP BY:- It is used to group records based

on our requirement.

HAVING :- It is used to filter groups.

ORDER BY:- It is used to sort the data in

ascending or descending order.

SELECT:- It is used to retrieves data from

the table.

LIMIT:- It is used to specify how many

rows are seturned.

@programmer ginl
 SQU
Constraints
Constraints

CHECK UNIQUE DEFAULT INDEX

NOT NULL PRIMARY FOREIGN
KEY KEY

@programmer-girl-

These Constraints also

constraints.
known as Integrity
 SQL Constraints:- Constraints are the rules
and restrictions applied on the data in
a table.

NOT NULL:- Value cannot be Null in a

column.

UNIQUE:- value cannot be same in a

column.
@programmer girl--
.

PRIMARY KEY:- Used to uniquely identify a

row.

FOREIGN KEY :- References a row in another

table.

CHECK:- Satisfies a specific condition

DEFAULT:- Set default value

CREATE INDEX:- used to speedup the read

process.
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Sau Query Erxcution

Order
FROM

JOIN

WHERE

GROUP R
BY

HAVING

SELECT

ORDER BY

LIMIT

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Difforence Between ALTER

And UPDATE
ALTER UPDATE

It is a DDL. It is a DML

It is for
used It is used for
adding, deleting,and updating the data
modifying attributes in the existing table.
of the table.

Changes are made Changes are made

to the table to the data.
Structure.

It sets the specified

By default, all the value to the tuple
values in the tuple
are initialized as if update command
is used.
null if
the ALTER
Command is used.

@programmer-girl.
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SOL SELECT DISTINCT :-

It is used to return only unique values from a

specified column in a table.

Syntax:-
SELECT DISTINCT cdumn-name
FROM [Link];

Examble;

Fisst Name Last Name Password

Jai Kumar 123

Jaya Singh 123

Amit Sharma xyz
Table:- USER

Command :-

SELECT Distinct Password

FROM USER;

Outbut:
Passhiord
123
xyz

@programmer girl
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SQL_WHERE CLAUSE :

It is used to filter rows in a table based

on a specified condition.

Syntax:
SELECT column-name
FROM table-name
WHERE condition;

Example:-

FisstName Last Name

Age
Tai Kumar 19
20
Jaya Singh 21
Amit Sharma
Table:- USER

Command:-
SELECT First Name, Last Name
FROM USER

WHERE Age >20;

Oufput:- Last Name

FirstName
Amit Sharma

@programmer-girt
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SQLAND

The AND operator returns true if both

condition are true, and false otherwise.
Syntax WHERE condition1 AND condition 2;

SQLOR:

It returns true if either condition is

true, and false if both conditions are
false.

Syntax: WHERE Condition1 OR condition2;

SQL NOT:-

It returns the opposite of a condition.

Syntax:- WHERE NoT condition;

@programmer-girl--

AND, OR, NOT operators are usedto combine

Conditions in a where clause to create more

Complex Filtering conditions.

SQL ORDER BY:-

It is used to sort the result of a query

in ascending or descending order.
Syntax
SELECT column1, column2,
FROM table-name

ORDER By Column1 [ASCJIDESC],column2

CASCJEDESCJ,.

is
ASs : I Ia used to Bont the hesult in axcending ondes.
Order.
descending
@programmer gint
Examble:-
FirstName LastName
Age
Jai Kumar 49

Jaya Singh 20

Amit Sharma 21

Table :- user
Command:-
SELECT * FROM user

ORDER BY Age;

Outbut:
FirstName LastName Age
Jaya Singh 20

Amit Sharma 21

Jai Kumas 49
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INSERT INTO :-

It is used to insert data into a table.

Syntax:
Insert into tablename (column1, column2,.)
Values ( value1, value 2,;

Note: There must be the same number of values

as the same number of columns specified.
Examble:-

FirstName Last Name Age

Jai Kumar 10

Jaya Singh 15
Amit Sharma 20

Table: user
Command:-

Insest into uses (FirstName,LastName, Age)

Values (abc, xy2, 25);
@programmer-gial
Dutbut:

FirstName LastName Age

Jai Kumar 10

Jaya Singh 15
Amit Sharma 20

abc 25
nyz
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SQL NULL Values

It is used to represent missing or unknown

data.

Note:- Null is different from zero or empty string.

Insert Null value:-

INSERT INTO tablename( column1,column2,.)

VALUES Cvalue1, Null,..);

To Check for Null values:

IS NUП :- SELECT column1, Column2,...

From table-name

WHERE column2 Is NULL;

IS NOT NULL:-

SELECT column1, column2,...

FROM table-name

WHERE Column1 IS NOT NULL;

@programmer girl
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SQL UPDATE ;-

It is used to modify existing data in table.

Syntax:-
UPDATE table-name

SET Column1 = Valuel, column 2 = Value2

,...
WHERE some-column = Some-valuе?

SEI: T+ is used to specify the column and

values to update.

Example:-
First Name LastName
Age
Jai Kumar 10

15
Jaya Singh
Amit Sharma 20

Table:- Users
command :-
@programmer gink-
UPDATE USERS

SET age = age+1;

outbut:-
FirstName LastName
Age
Tai Kumar

Jaya Singh 16

Amit Sharma 21
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SQL DELETE

It is used to remove existing record fram

a table in a SQL Database.

Syntax-
DELETE FROM tablename WHERE Condition;

Note:- This operation is not reversible, So be

careful when using DELETE Statements!

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SQL Wildcards:-

Wildcards special characters used in

are

SQL 'LIKE' operator to Bearch for a specific

pattern in a column of a table.

The percent sign (%) represents

.

zero, one
or multiple characters.

The sign (-) represents one,

underscore
Single character.

SQL LIKE:-
It is used to search for a specific
pattern in a column of a table.

Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2,...
FROM table-name
WHERE Column-name LIKE pattern;

@[Link]
 SQL IN:-

It is used to specify multiple values in a

WHERE clause for filtering data.
Syntax
SELECT column1, column2,...
FROM table-hame
WHERE Columnname IN Cvalue1,Value2);

SQL Between :-

It is used to filter data based on a

range of values in a wHERE clause.

Syntax
SELECT column1, column2,...
FROM table-hame
WHERE column-name Between
value1 AND value 2;

SQL Alias:- @programmer-girl..

It is used to give a temporary name to

a table or a column in a query.

Syntax-
SELECT column-name As alias-name
From table_name;
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SQL UNION Operator :=

It is used to combine the result sets of

two or more SELECT statements into a

Single result set.

NOTE: It returns only distinct rows.

Syntax-
SELECT column-name
FROM table-name-1
UNION
SELECT column-name
FROM table-name-2;

Example:- SELECT A SELECTВ

1 3
2 4
Union
3
↑ 5

1
2

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SQL GROUP BY It is used to group rows that

have the same values into
Summary
rows, Like "Find the number of customers in
each city."

SQL HAVING i It is used to filter the results of

a GROUP BY' query Based on the
values of an aggregate function.

SQL EXISTS:- It is used to check if a subqueny

returns any rows.
It returns a boolean value.

SQL ALL:- It is used to compare a value with

the result of a subquery.

It returns true if the value is true for all elements.

SQLANY:- It is also a comparison operator.

It returns true if the value is true
for at least one element.

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Types of Erior In Sal

Syntax Errors:- These occur when SQL statements
do not follow the correct syntax and structure
of the language.
Semantic Errors:- These occur when the SQL

statement is grammatically correct, But does not

produce the desired result due to incorrect Logic.

Constraint voilations:- These occur when the SQL

Violates One or more constraints on the database,

Datatype Errors: These occur when data is

inserted in a way that does not match the
expected data type.
For Fxample :- Ihsest a string into a numesic field.
Transaction Errors:- These occur when a

transaction fails locking.

due to problems with lo

@programmer girt
 SQL JOINS

SQL JOINS:- These statements allow us to

access information from fwo or more tabler
at once.

They also keep our database normalized.

Tybes of Joins:-

INNER JOIN
LEFT JOIN
RIGHT JOIN
FULL JOIN

@programmer girl
Swipe..
 INNER JOIN

INNER JOIN:- It returns dataset that hav

matching values in both tables.
-table1 tablez

SELECT Column-name
FROM table1
INNER JOIN table 2

ON [Link]-name = table 2. Column-name;

@programmer-girl.-
Swipe→...
 LEFT JOIN

LEFT JOIN:- It returns all records from the

left table and matched records from the
right.
table 2
table1t

SELECT column-name
FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table 2.

ON [Link]-name = [Link]-name

@progsammer-girl-
Swibe...
 RIGHT JOIN

RIGHT JOIN:- It returns all records from

the right table and the matched records
from the left.
fable1 table 2

SELECT Column-hame
FROM table1
RIGHT JOIN table 2
ON [Link]-name = table [Link]-name;

@programmer-girl..
Swibe →...
 5/5
FULL JOIN

FULL JOIN:- It returns all records when

there is a match in either the left table
or right table.

tablei table 2

SELECT column-name
FROM table 1

Full OUTER JOIN table 2.

ON table 1. column-name = table 2. column-hame
WHERE Condition.

@programmer-girl--
+ Primary,Key and Foreign Key

- It is a unique value

in
ory log
a table.
that te wed ln. identilya
a row.

If you are thinking about unique constant.

then you must to know the differe nce
Unique constant can store null vatue also

Primary key Cannot store null value

SYntax @pregrammez-girl-
Create table tablename(
columni datatype
columnz datatype

Brimary kay(columnname)
A table can contain anly one primary Key
→ Fordgin key key which is used to.
It is a
link. two table tegether
→ Foreign key can have multifle null values.

yntax:- @[Link]
Create table tablename (

columnidatatype
column2 datatype
I column1,- J
Foreign key CColumm
References [primary key dable name]
‫ود‬
 LET'S TAKE EXAMPLE:-
Student

ROlLND Name Address

Primary RAM Delhi

Mumbai
Key 2 Lalit
3 RAM. Delhi

Name and Address are not unique.

Here RollNo is unique.
st
is
we discus
and
sed hefor
not
e, Pnima
null
ry
vala e
key
unique Result table
Maths Science
10%0
English
80%6. 70%0

90%0 60%0 20°10.

70% 50% 21%%
 Maths Science English
70%0
10%0 80%6

60%0 2010
90%0
70% 50% 21%

You want to check RollNO3 marks in

ma th s, into picture
Foreign key cametable.
Student tablet Resut

we we have to add primary Key

in Result table which act as

Foruign Key Foreigh

P
Mathe Science
10%% 80 0
English
70%
RolIND.

6010 2
90%0 20°%0
70% 30% 3
21%
* Commit and Rollback:-

2 commit and Rollback are transaction

Statements.
* Commit-

It ts used to stosingtransacti pizmanantly

changes on.
performed by a
Commit Syntax:-
→

COMMIT
@progranmezagist
* Rollback:

It is used for rever

saction.
tran
ting chan ges puformed
by
a
a
ck &y
RoblbaRoll nt ax
back;
?