Endocrine System
Control of Our Bodies Homeostasis
The Endocrine System
How do the nervous system
and endocrine system work together?
They work together to
maintain the homeostatic
Hormones and the Endocrine System
• The Endocrine System produces chemicals that control many of the
body’s daily activities. The endocrine system also regulates long-tern
changes such as growth and development.
• Endocrine glands produce and release their chemical products
directly into the bloodstream. The blood then carries
those chemicals throughout the body.
Hormones
• The chemical product of an endocrine gland .
• It turn on, turn off, speed up or slow down the
activities of different organs tissues.
• You can think of hormone as a chemical messenger.
• Hormones are carried throughout the body by the
blood.
• Therefore, hormones can regulate activities in
tissues and organ that are not close to the glands
that produce them.
What causes the release
of Hormone?
• Often, nerve impulse from the brain make that happen.
• Example: a person sees a deadly, knife-edged pendulum.
• The brain interprets the information and then sends an impulse to an
endocrine gland.
• The gland, in turn, releases the hormone adrenaline into the
bloodstream. ADRENALINE immediately makes the heart rate and
breathing rate increase.
Hormone Action
• In contrast to the body’s response to nerve impulse, hormones
usually cause a slower, longer lasting, respponse.
When a hormone enters the bloodstream, it
affect some organs but not another. Why?
• The hormone interact only with specific target cell.
• Target cell are cells that recognize the hormones
chemical structure
• Hormone will travel through the bloodstream until
they find the “Lock” or particular cell type – that
they fit.
Functions of the Endocrine System
• To secrete hormones into the blood and control
activities throughout the body.
• The hormones are first released into the
bloodstream.
• They carried to areas of the body where a receptor
by the hormones are called target cell.
Function of Endocrine Glands
• Endocrine Gland Releases different hormones and thus control the
process.
Negative feedback
• The endocrine system often uses negative
feedback to maintain homeostasis.
• Through the negative feedback, when the amount
of particular hormone in the blood reaches a
certain level, the endocrine system sends signals
that stop the release of that hormone
• Example is the thermostat in cool
room the endocrine system senses when there’s
not enough thyroxin in the blood.
• Thyroxin is a thyroid hormone that controls how
much energy is available to the cell.
• When there’s not enough energy available, the
hypothalamus signal the pituitary gland to
release tyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH)
Endocrine Glands
Section 39-1
Pineal gland
The pineal gland releases melatonin, which
Hypothalamus
is involved in rhythmic activities, such as
The hypothalamus makes
daily sleep-wake cycles.
hormones that control the
pituitary gland. In addition, it
makes hormones that are stored
in the pituitary gland. Thyroid
The thyroid produces thyroxine, which
regulates metabolism.
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland produces
hormones that regulate many of the Pancreas
other endocrine glands. The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, which
regulate the level of glucose in the blood.
Parathyroid glands
These four glands release Ovary
parathyroid hormone, which The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone.
regulate the level of calcium Estrogen is required for the development of secondary
in the blood. sex characteristics and for the development of eggs.
Progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg.
Thymus
During childhood, the thymus
releases thymosin, which Testis
stimulates Tcell development. The testes produce testosterone,
which is responsible for sperm
production and the development of
Adrenal glands male secondary sex characteristics
The adrenal glands release
epinephrine and nonepinephrine,
which help the body deal with stress.
Pituitary Gland
• Master gland
• Controls the other endocrine
glands
• Growth Hormone (GH)
• Too much – gigantism
• Too little – dwarfism
• Antidiuretic (ADH)
• Stimulates kidneys to
keep water
Hypothalamus
• Part of brain and attached to pituitary
• Controls pituitary secretions
Thyroid
THYROID GLAND
• Regulates
• Metabolism and energy balance
Thyroid Hormones
• Thyroxine
• Regulates body energy usage
• Calcitonin
• One hormones that regulates calcium and phosphate in blood
Parathyroid
Calcium Regulation
PARAthyroid Glands
• PTH-Parathyroid hormones
• Increases calcium, phosphate, and magnesium absorption in
intestines.
• Causes bones to release calcium and phosphate
• Causes removal of calcium and magnesium from urine by kidneys
• Increases the making of Vitamin D in body
Negative Feedback Mechanism
• Our body uses feedback mechanism to maintain homeostasis within
our body.
• Regulation of calcium is one example of this process.
Adrenal Gland
• Releases hormones to deal with stress
Adrenal Gland Cont.
• Cortex
• Produces more than 2 dozen
steroid hormones
• corticosteriods
• Medulla
• “fight or flight”
• Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Glucose Regulation
Two Ways:
1. Eating Regularly
2. Hormone Adjustments
Pancreas:
Endocrine and Exocrine
• What did the pancreas do in digestion?
Secreted Enzymes
Pancreas also secretes hormones
Endocrine glands
- ductless organ that releases hormones DIRECTLY into
the bloodstream.
Blood Glucose Level
• Pancreatic Hormones regulate blood sugar level
before and after meals.
• Islets; clusters of cells in pancreas
• Alpha→secrete glucagon – increases sugar
• Beta→ secrete insulin – decreases sugar
What Happens?
• Between meals
Blood glucose low→Pancreas secretes glucagon→Liver
changes glycogen to glucose→glucose sent to target
tissues
• After a meal
Blood glucose high→Pancreas secretes insulin→Glucose
goes to the Liver(Glygogen) and goes to Target tissues
Reproductive Glands
• Production of gametes
• Secretion of sex hormones
• Female – Ovaries - Estrogen
• Males – Testes - Testosterone