JavaScript TOP 50 (HashedIn Level)

PART 1 — ( to ) FOUNDATION + EXECUTION (MOST IMPORTANT)

JavaScript kya hai?

JavaScript ek single-threaded, interpreted language hai.

Ye mainly browser me dynamic behavior add karne ke liye use hoti hai.
Aajkal [Link] ke through backend me bhi use hoti hai.
Event-driven aur async nature iski strength hai.

JavaScript single-threaded hone ke baad bhi async kaise hoti hai?

JS ek hi call stack use karti hai.

Async ka kaam Event Loop, Web APIs aur Callback Queue handle karte hain.
Long-running tasks background me chalte hain.
Isse UI block nahi hota.

Execution Context kya hota hai?

Execution context wo environment hai jahan code run hota hai.

Isme variable environment, scope chain aur this hota hai.
Global execution context sabse pehle banta hai.
Har function ka apna execution context hota hai.

Hoisting kya hota hai?

Hoisting me variables aur functions memory me upar le jaaye jaate hain.

var hoist hota hai but undefined rehta hai.
let aur const hoist hote hain but TDZ me rehte hain.
Functions completely hoist ho jaate hain.

var, let, const me difference

var function scoped hota hai.

let aur const block scoped hote hain.
const ko reassign nahi kar sakte.
Modern JS me var avoid karte hain.
 Temporal Dead Zone (TDZ) kya hota hai?

TDZ wo time hota hai jab variable declared hai

but access nahi kar sakte.
let aur const TDZ me rehte hain.
Isse bugs kam hote hain.

this keyword kya hota hai?

this ka value context pe depend karta hai.

Global me this window ko refer karta hai.
Function, object aur arrow function me behavior different hota hai.
Interview me ye favorite trap hota hai.

JavaScript TOP 35 (HashedIn Level)

PART 2 — ( to ) SCOPE, CLOSURE, FUNCTIONS

Scope kya hota hai?

Scope decide karta hai variable kahan accessible hoga.

JavaScript me global, function aur block scope hota hai.
let aur const block scope follow karte hain.
Scope chain se variable resolve hota hai.

Lexical Scope kya hota hai?

Lexical scope ka matlab function ka scope code likhne ki jagah se decide hota hai.
Inner function outer function ke variables access kar sakta hai.
Runtime pe scope change nahi hota.
Closure ka base yahi concept hai.

Closure kya hota hai?

Closure tab banta hai jab function apne outer scope ke variables yaad rakhta hai.
Function return hone ke baad bhi data retain rehta hai.
Data privacy aur currying me use hota hai.
Interview ka favourite topic hai.
 Closure ka real-life use case

Data hiding ke liye use hota hai.

Jaise counter, private variables, debounce/throttle.
React hooks internally closures use karte hain.
Async code me bhi kaam aata hai.

Normal function vs Arrow function

Arrow function ka apna this nahi hota.

Ye lexical this follow karta hai.
Constructor ke tarah use nahi kar sakte.
Callbacks me arrow function zyada safe hota hai.

call, apply, bind kya hote hain?

Ye methods function ka this manually set karte hain.

call aur apply immediately execute hote hain.
bind new function return karta hai.
Borrowing functions ke liye use hota hai.

First-class functions kya hote hain?

Functions ko variables me store kar sakte hain.

Functions ko argument ke tarah pass kar sakte hain.
Functions return bhi kar sakte hain.
Functional programming ka base hai.

JavaScript TOP 35 (HashedIn Level)

PART 3 — ( to ) ASYNC, PROMISE, EVENT LOOP

Callback kya hota hai?

Callback ek function hota hai jo dusre function ko argument me pass hota hai.
Ye async operations handle karne ke kaam aata hai.
Zyada callbacks se callback hell problem hoti hai.
Promises ne ise better banaya.
 Callback Hell kya hota hai?

Nested callbacks ki chain ko callback hell kehte hain.

Code unreadable aur hard to maintain ho jata hai.
Error handling mushkil hoti hai.
Promises aur async/await se solve hota hai.

Promise kya hota hai?

Promise future me milne wali value ka representation hai.

Iske states: pending, fulfilled, rejected.
Async code ko clean banata hai.
.then() aur .catch() se handle karte hain.

async/await kya hota hai?

async/await promises ko sync-like banata hai.

await promise ke resolve hone ka wait karta hai.
Code readable aur error handling easy hoti hai.
Internally promise hi use hota hai.

Event Loop kya hota hai?

Event loop JS ka heart hai.

Ye call stack aur callback queues ko monitor karta hai.
Jab stack empty hota hai tab queue se task uthata hai.
Async behavior ka reason yahi hai.

Microtask queue vs Callback queue

Promises microtask queue me jaate hain.

Callbacks macro task queue me jaate hain.
Microtasks pehle execute hote hain.
Isliye promise callbacks fast lagte hain.
 setTimeout 0 ms pe bhi late kyun chalta hai?

setTimeout callback queue me jata hai.

Call stack aur microtasks clear hone ke baad hi chalta hai.
0 ms minimum guarantee nahi deta.
Event loop rule follow karta hai.

JavaScript TOP 35 (HashedIn Level)

PART 4 — ( to ) OBJECTS & PROTOTYPE

Object kya hota hai?

Object key–value pair ka collection hota hai.

Ye real-world entities ko represent karta hai.
Properties aur methods dono ho sakte hain.
JS me almost sab kuch object hi hota hai.

Prototype kya hota hai?

Prototype ek mechanism hai jisse objects properties inherit karte hain.

Har object ka hidden [[Prototype]] hota hai.
Prototype chain se lookup hota hai.
Memory efficient inheritance provide karta hai.

Prototype chain kya hoti hai?

Jab property object me nahi milti,

JS prototype ke through parent object me dhundta hai.
Ye chain tab tak chalti hai jab tak null na mil jaaye.
Performance ke liye short chain better hoti hai.

__proto__ aur prototype me difference

__proto__ object ka actual prototype hota hai.

prototype constructor function ki property hoti hai.
Objects __proto__ se prototype chain banate hain.
Interview ka common confusion topic hai.
 JavaScript me class kya hoti hai?

Class prototype-based inheritance ka syntactic sugar hai.

Behind the scenes prototype hi use hota hai.
ES6 me introduce hui.
Readable aur OOP-friendly syntax deta hai.

new keyword ka kaam kya hota hai?

new empty object create karta hai.

Prototype set karta hai.
Constructor function call karta hai.
this ko us object se bind karta hai.

Inheritance JS me kaise hoti hai?

Prototype ke through inheritance hoti hai.

Classes extends keyword use karti hain.
Child class parent ke methods access kar sakti hai.
Method overriding bhi possible hai.

JavaScript TOP 35 (HashedIn Level)

PART 5 — ( to ) BROWSER, PERFORMANCE, SECURITY

DOM kya hota hai?

DOM ek tree-like structure hota hai.

Browser HTML ko DOM me convert karta hai.
JavaScript DOM ke through page manipulate karti hai.
UI updates DOM operations se hoti hain.

DOM Manipulation costly kyun hoti hai?

Har DOM change browser reflow aur repaint karata hai.

Ye performance slow karta hai.
Batch updates better hote hain.
Virtual DOM is problem ko optimize karta hai.

Event bubbling aur capturing

Event bubbling me event child se parent jata hai.

Capturing me parent se child jata hai.
Default behavior bubbling hota hai.
Event delegation bubbling ka use karta hai.

Event delegation kya hota hai?

Parent element ek hi event listener handle karta hai.

Child events bubbling ke through handle hote hain.
Memory aur performance dono improve hoti hai.
Dynamic elements ke liye best hai.

Debouncing vs Throttling

Debouncing event ko delay karta hai.

Throttling fixed interval me event run karta hai.
Search input ke liye debounce.
Scroll, resize ke liye throttle.

LocalStorage vs SessionStorage vs Cookies

LocalStorage permanent hota hai.

SessionStorage tab close hone pe clear ho jata hai.
Cookies server ke sath jaati hain.
Security sensitive data cookies me rakhte hain.

JavaScript me memory leak kaise hota hai?

Unused references memory me reh jaate hain.

Global variables common reason hote hain.
Detached DOM nodes bhi leak karte hain.
Proper cleanup se avoid hota hai.
 JavaScript EXTRA TOP 15 (3 –5 )

HIGH-IMPACT + REAL-WORLD

Shallow copy vs Deep copy

Shallow copy sirf top-level reference copy karta hai.

Nested object same reference share karte hain.
Deep copy poora object clone karta hai.
structuredClone ya custom logic deep copy ke liye use hota hai.

== vs ===

== type coercion karta hai.

=== strict comparison karta hai.
Unexpected bugs == se aate hain.
Production code me === preferred hota hai.

Type coercion kya hota hai?

JS automatically types convert karta hai.

Ye implicit ya explicit ho sakta hai.
Kabhi useful, kabhi dangerous hota hai.
Interview me examples poochte hain.

NaN kya hota hai?

NaN ka matlab Not a Number.

Ye invalid numeric operations ka result hota hai.
NaN !== NaN hota hai.
Check ke liye [Link]() use karte hain.

undefined vs null

undefined default unassigned value hoti hai.

null intentionally empty value hoti hai.
typeof null object hota hai (JS bug).
Semantic difference interviewer check karta hai.
 Immutability kya hoti hai?

Immutability ka matlab data change nahi hota.

Naya copy create hota hai.
React state management me important hai.
Bug-free predictable code deta hai.

Pure function kya hota hai?

Same input pe same output deta hai.

Koi side-effect nahi hota.
Test aur debug karna easy hota hai.
Functional programming ka base hai.

map, filter, reduce ka use

map transform karta hai.

filter condition based selection karta hai.
reduce single value me collapse karta hai.
Clean functional code likhne me use hota hai.

forEach vs map

forEach kuch return nahi karta.

map naya array return karta hai.
Transformation ke liye map better hai.
Return value ka trap common hai.

Optional chaining (?.)

Null/undefined safe access deta hai.

Error throw hone se bachata hai.
Nested objects ke liye useful hai.
Modern JS feature hai.

Nullish coalescing (??)

Sirf null aur undefined check karta hai.
|| se zyada precise hota hai.
False values ko ignore nahi karta.
Default value logic clean karta hai.

Module system (import/export)

Code ko reusable modules me todta hai.

Scope pollution avoid hoti hai.
ES6 standard module system hai.
Large codebase ke liye must hai.

Tree shaking kya hota hai?

Unused code remove karna tree shaking kehte hain.

Bundle size kam hota hai.
ES modules ke sath kaam karta hai.
Performance improve hoti hai.

CORS kya hota hai?

Browser security mechanism hai.

Different origin request ko restrict karta hai.
Server headers se allow hota hai.
Frontend-backend interviews me common hai.

JavaScript me security issues kaise hote hain?

XSS aur CSRF common attacks hain.

Untrusted input se XSS hota hai.
CSRF cookies-based auth me hota hai.
Proper validation aur tokens se avoid hota hai.