BASIC
STATISTICS
Statistics
- is the science that deals with the
collection, organization and presentation,
analysis, and interpretation of all kinds of
data relevant to the study being
considered, so that meaningful
conclusion can be drawn.
Statistics involves the ff. processes:
1. Collection of Data – this is
the process of gathering
information through direct or
interview, indirect or
questionnaire, observation,
registration, and experiment
method.
2. Organization and
Presentation of Data –
this is a process of
organizing data into
texts, tables, charts, or
graphs.
3. Analysis of Data – this involves the process of
extracting relevant information from the
organized collected data. Statistical techniques
are needed in this process.
4. Interpretation of Data – this is the process of
drawing conclusions from the analyzed data. It
involves the formulation of conclusion about a
large group based on the gathered data from a
small group.
USES OF 1. It aids in decision-
making
STATISTICS - Provides comparison
- Explains action that
have taken place
- Justifies a claim or
assertion
- Predicts future
outcome
- Estimates unknown
quantities
USES OF 2. It can give a precise
description of data
STATISTICS -enables us to make
accurate statement or
judgments about
averages, variability,
and relationship.
USES OF 3. It can predict the
behavior of an
STATISTICS individual
-through the results of
psychological test, this
becomes an indicator of
the behavior of an
individual.
In Business, they use statistics to
make decisions, reveal trends,
forecast performance, optimize
operations, drive strategic planning
to enhance profitability and reduce
risks.
In Hospitality Industry, they use
statistics to personalized guest
experience, optimize pricing, improve
marketing efforts, enhance food and
beverage sales, analyze competitors,
and etc.
In Information Technology, they use
statistics in data analysis and data
mining, artificial intelligence,
performance monitoring and
optimization, cybersecurity and
fraud protection, and etc.
In Tourism Industry, they use
statistics in predictive analysis of
tourism market demand, research
on the optimal allocation of tourism
resources and products, planning
and protection of tourism resources,
and etc.
In Psychology, psychologists are
able to understand better the
human person if they are able to
systematize, analyze, and interpret
data on intelligent scores, aptitudes,
personality trait rating, and attitudes.
Examples:
1. School
2. Industry
3. Teacher’s performance
4. Success of student,
teacher, or a worker
4. It can be used to test
USES OF hypothesis
- We can determine
STATISTICS whether a variable is
related or not to another
variable through a test of
inference such as
correlation, t-test, Anova,
and others. Includes scale
of measurement and its
distribution (normal or
not.)
5. Essential tool in:
USES OF - Education (enrollment,
finance)
STATISTICS - Government (Data on
resources)
- Business and
Economics
- Sports
- Surveys, Unemployment
rates,
POPULATION AND SAMPLE
Population – complete set of individuals, objects,
places, events, and reactions having some
characteristics in common. Examples: Finite,
Infinite
Sample – it is a representative cross-section of
elements drawn from a population. (Simple
random, Cluster, Stratified, Quota, Purposive, etc.)
All the people who have the ID proofs is the
population and a group of people who only
have voter id with them is the sample.
All the students in the class are population
whereas the top 10 students in the class are
the sample.
All the members of the parliament is
population and the female candidates
present there is the sample.
PARAMETER AND STATISTIC
Parameter – is defined as a numerical
characteristic of the population.
Statistic – is defined as a numerical
characteristic of the sample.
The average length of egg plant.
In the year 2016, the population
of the town is about 10,000.
According to a survey in 601 city
residents, garbage collection
was the service people like the
most.
The researcher interviewed the
80% of Covid-19 survivors.
The daily average temperature
in the Philippines is 39 degrees
Celsius in the past month.
The scores of 50 students in a
mathematics exam are found to
range from 20 to 90 out of 100.
A car company records the number of
kilometers on which 13 cars can drive on a
full tank of gas. The following data give the
kilometers travelled on a full tank of gas until
the gas gauge indicated “empty”: 650, 700,
670, 590, 600, 650, 670, 620, 640, 650, 670,
600, and 600. Solve its mean, median, and
mode.
The following are the number of times 16
customers visit a mall in a year: 48, 24, 51, 39,
27, 36, 30, 51, 33, 36, 57, 24, 51, 55, 25, and 33.
a. How many times do the customers visit
the mall most often in a year?
b. What is the average number of times the
customers visit the mall in a year?