RN SHETTY TRUST®

RNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NAAC with 'A+' Grade
Channasandra, Dr. Vishnuvardhan Road, Bengaluru - 560 098
Ph:(080)28611880,28611881 URL: [Link]

Department of Computer Science & Engineering-Cyber Security

1 R N C Y
CIE – Test 3
Sem: VII Date: 5/12/2025
Subject: Machine Learning Time: 9:30-11:00
Subject Code: BIC703 Max. Marks: 50
Instruction: Answer any 5 full questions, selecting ONE question from each part.
Vision: To be a global leader in Cyber Security education, research, & development and empowering young minds to safeguard the digital world

[Link]. Question Marks RBT* COs

1 a Discuss the different probabilities on which Baye’s theorem works. 05 L2
CO4
Prior Probability • It is the general probability of an uncertain event before an
observation is seen or some evidence is collected. • It is the initial probability that is
believed before any new information is collected. • Think of it like your initial guess
based on past knowledge or general information, before you get any new clues.
Likelihood Probability • Likelihood probability is the relative probability of the
observation occurring for each class or the sampling density for the evidence given
the hypothesis. • It is stated as P (Evidence | Hypothesis), which denotes the
likeliness of the occurrence of the evidence given the parameters. • Likelihood
Probability tells you how likely the evidence is if a certain hypothesis is true. • In
other words, it's: If I assume something is true, what are the chances I would see this
evidence?
Posterior Probability It is the updated or revised probability of an event taking into
account the observations from the training data. P (Hypothesis | Evidence) is the
posterior distribution representing the belief about the hypothesis, given the
evidence from the training data. Therefore, Posterior probability = prior probability
+ new evidence
b Describe Bayesian Learning and explain Baye’s theorem. 05 L2
Bayesian Learning • Bayesian Learning is a method in machine learning and
statistics that uses Bayes’ Theorem to update the probability estimate for a
hypothesis as more evidence or data becomes available. • It's especially useful in
situations where there's uncertainty or incomplete data. • It uses Bayes theorem to
infer the unknown parameters of a model. Bayesian inference is useful in many
applications which involve reasoning and diagnosis such as game theory, medicine,
etc. • Bayesian inference is much more powerful in handling missing data and for
estimating any uncertainty in predictions.

P(Hypothesis h∣Evidence E)=P(Evidence E∣Hypothesis h) * P(Hypothesis h) /

P(Evidence E) Where:
● P(Hypothesis h) is the prior probability of the hypothesis h without observing the
training data or considering any evidence. It denotes the prior belief or the initial
probability that the hypothesis h is correct.
● P(Evidence E) is the prior probability of the evidence E from the training dataset
without any knowledge of which hypothesis holds. It is also called the marginal
probability.
● P(Evidence E | Hypothesis h) is the prior probability of Evidence E given
Hypothesis h. It is the likelihood probability of the Evidence E after observing the
training data that the hypothesis h is correct. P(Hypothesis h | Evidence E) is the
posterior probability of Hypothesis h given Evidence E.
OR

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2 a Consider the below table and analyze the zero-probability error.
L4 CO4
Sl no CGPA Job Offer
1 ≥9 Y 05
2 ≥8 Y
3 ≥9 N
4 <8 N
5 ≥8 Y
6 ≥9 Y
7 <8 N
8 ≥9 Y
9 ≥8 Y
10 ≥8 Y

b What is Laplace correction? Considering the above example demonstrate how the 05 L3
zero-probability error can be solved using this.

3 a Given the hypothesis space with 4 hypothesis h 1, h 2, h 3, h 4 . . Determine if the patient

is diagnosed as COVID positive or COVID negative using Bayes Optimal Classifier. 05 L4
CO4
The posterior probabilities of four different hypotheses for a new instance are given.

P(h 1/T) P(COVID P(COVID

Positive/h 1/T Negative/h 1/T
0.3 0 1
0.1 1 0
0.2 1 0
0.1 1 0

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 b What is maximum A Posteriori hypothesis. Describe how it is used in the Naïve 05 L2
Bayes algorithm.

OR
4 a Consider a boy who has a volley ball tournament on the next day, but today he feels 05 L4
sick. It is unusual that there is only a 40% chance he would fall sick since he is a CO4
healthy boy. Now, find the probability of the boy participating in the tournament.
The boy is very much interested in volley ball, so there is a 90% probability that he
would participate in tournaments and 20% that he will fall sick given that he
participates in the tournament

b Explain the different types of Bayes algorithm. 03 L2

5 a What is Density based clustering? Explain the working of DBSCAN algorithm. 6 L2

CO5
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 b List the advantages and disadvantages of clustering algorithms. 4 L2

OR
6 a Stating the properties of proximity measures, describe the different types of 10 L2 CO5
proximity measures used to group the objects.

Hamming
Cosine similarity

7 a Consider the data points shown in the table. Apply single linkage clustering 6 L4
algorithm.
Objects X Y
0 1 4 CO5
1 2 8
2 5 10
3 12 18
4 14 28

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b Highlight the differences between Clustering and Classification. 4 L2

OR
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8 a Explain the Reinforcement Learning Agent Types. CO5
5 L2

b Describe the characteristics of Reinforcement Learning.

5 L2

9 a What is Reinforcement Learning? Analyze the component s of Reinforcement

Learning with suitable diagram. 10 L2
CO5

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 OR
10 a Assume the universities’ hold on a town is initially 60% and 40%. So, what would
be the prediction after on month, that is, the hold of university after a year. After two 05 L4
years, will the hold remain the same or change? Assume the rest of the probability CO5
transition information from the markov chain below.

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b Stating the difference, explain the Monte Carlo method and Temporal difference
05 L2
algorithms of Reinforcement Learning.

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* Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy: L1-Remember, L2-Understand, L3-Apply, L4-Analyze, L5-Evaluate, L6-Create

CO4: Build probabilistic learning models and design neural network models using perceptron and multilayer
architectures.
CO2: Utilize clustering algorithms to identify patterns in data and implement reinforcement learning techniques.

Course Coordinator Module Coordinator Program Coordinator/HOD

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