0% found this document useful (0 votes)
4 views56 pages

Trigonometry Concepts and Formulas

The document provides an extensive overview of trigonometry, including definitions, functions, and formulas related to angles, arc lengths, and properties of triangles. It covers trigonometric equations, compound and multiple angles, and integration formulas with their properties. Additionally, it includes specific values and relationships for various angles and trigonometric functions.

Uploaded by

shindeprem628
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
4 views56 pages

Trigonometry Concepts and Formulas

The document provides an extensive overview of trigonometry, including definitions, functions, and formulas related to angles, arc lengths, and properties of triangles. It covers trigonometric equations, compound and multiple angles, and integration formulas with their properties. Additionally, it includes specific values and relationships for various angles and trigonometric functions.

Uploaded by

shindeprem628
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

SUB - MATHS

Trignometry
S

(I) Angles and Arc lengths Ө


r

�����ℎ �� ��� �
1. �= ������
=� � �� �������
1 1
2. Area of a sector = 2 �2 � = 2 ��
3. πc = 180°or 180° = π radians (degrees)

(II) Trignometrical Functions


1. ���2 � + ���2 � = 1
2. ���2 � = 1 + ���2 �
3. �����2 � = 1 + ���2 �
4. T-ratios of (90° - Ө)
(a) sin (90° − � ) = cos �
(b) cos 90° − � = sin �
(c) tan 90° − � = cot �
5. (a) sin (-�) = - sin �
(b) cos ( − �) = cos �
(c) tan ( − � ) = − tan �
6. T – ratios of (90° + �)
(a) sin (90° + �) = ����
(b) cos (90° + �) = − sin �
(c) Tan 90° + � = − cot �
7. T – ratios of (180° - �)
(a) sin (180° − �) = sin �
(b) cos (180° − � ) = − cos �
(c) tan (180° − � ) = − tan �
8. T – ratios of (180° + �)
(a) sin (180° + � ) = − sin �
(b) cos (180° + �) = − cos �
(c) tan (180° + �) = tan �

(III) Compound and Multiple Angles

1. sin � + � = sin � cos � + cos � sin �


sin � − � = sin � cos � − cos � sin �
cos � + � = cos � cos � − sin � sin �
cos � − � = cos � cos � + ��� � sin �
tan �+tan �
tan � + � = 1−tan � tan �
tan �−tan �
tan � − � =
1+tan � tan �
tan �+tan �+tan �−tan � tan � tan �
tan � + � + � = 1−���� tan �−tan � tan �−tan ���� �
2. sin � + � sin � − � = ���2 2�
� − ���
cos � + � cos � − � = ���2 � − ���2 �
�+� �−�
3. sin � + sin � = 2 sin 2
cos 2
�+� �−�
sin � − sin � = 2 cos 2 sin 2
�+� �−�
cos � + cos � = 2 cos 2 cos 2
�+� �−�
cos � − cos � = 2 sin ���
2 2

1
SUB - MATHS

4. 2 sin � cos � = sin � + � + sin (� − �)


2 cos � sin � = sin (� + �) − sin (� − �)
2 cos � cos � = cos � + � + cos � − �
2 sin � sin � = cos � − � − cos (� + �)
5. Double angle formulae
sin 2� = 2 sin � cos �
cos 2� = ���2 � − ���2 �
���2� = 1 − 2���2 �
2 tan �
���2� = 1−tan2 �
2 tan �
sin 2� = 1+���2 �
1−���2 �
cos 2� = 1+���2 �
1−���2�
���2 � = 1+���2�
6. Triple – angle formulae
sin 3� = 3 sin � − 4 ���3 �
cos 3� = 4 ���3 � − 3 cos �
3 tan �−���3 �
tan 3� = 1−3 ���2 �

(IV) Trignometric Equations

1. sin � = sin � ; � = � � + −1 � �
cos � = cos � ; � = 2�� ± �
���� = tan � ; � = �� ± �
2. ���2 � = ���2 � ;
���2 � = ���2 � ; � = �� + �
2 2
��� � = ��� � ;
3. sin � = 0 ; � = ��

cos � = 0 ; � = 2 � + 1 2
tan � = 0; � = ��

(V) Properties of Triangle

� � �
1. sin �
= sin � = sin �
2. Projection formulae
� = � cos � + c cos �
� = � cos � + � cos �
� = � cos � + � cos �
�2 + �2 − �2
3. ��� � = 2��
�2 + �2 − �2
cos � = 2��
�2 + �2 − �2
cos � = 2��
4. Area of Triangle
1 1 1
∆ = 2 ����� � = 2 �� sin � = 2 �� sin �

NOTE :-
5−1
sin 18° = cos 72° =
4
5+ 1
cos 36° = sin 54° =
4
10+2 5
cos 18° = sin 72° = 4

2
SUB - MATHS

10−2 5
sin 36° = cos 54° = 4
1° 2− 2
sin 22 2
= 2
1° 2+ 2
cos 22 =
2 2

tan 22 2 = 2−1

cot 22 2 = 2+ 1

NOTE :-
sin 2��
cos � cos 2� . cos 3�…. cos 2�−1 � = 2� sin �
���4 � + ���4 � = 1 − 2 ���2 � ���2 �
���6 � + ���6 � = 1 − 3 ���2 � ���2 �

Trignometry
S

(VI) Angles and Arc lengths Ө


r

�����ℎ �� ��� �
4. �= ������
=� � �� �������
1 1
5. Area of a sector = 2 �2 � = 2 ��
6. πc = 180°or 180° = π radians (degrees)

(VII) Trignometrical Functions


9. ���2 � + ���2 � = 1
10. ���2 � = 1 + ���2 �
11. �����2 � = 1 + ���2 �
12. T-ratios of (90° - Ө)
(d) sin (90° − � ) = cos �
(e) cos 90° − � = sin �
(f) tan 90° − � = cot �
13. (a) sin (-�) = - sin �
(b) cos ( − �) = cos �
(c) tan ( − � ) = − tan �
14. T – ratios of (90° + �)
(d) sin (90° + �) = ����
(e) cos (90° + �) = − sin �
(f) Tan 90° + � = − cot �
15. T – ratios of (180° - �)
(d) sin (180° − �) = sin �
(e) cos (180° − � ) = − cos �
(f) tan (180° − � ) = − tan �
16. T – ratios of (180° + �)
(d) sin (180° + � ) = − sin �
(e) cos (180° + �) = − cos �

3
SUB - MATHS

(f) tan (180° + �) = tan �

(VIII) Compound and Multiple Angles

7. sin � + � = sin � cos � + cos � sin �


sin � − � = sin � cos � − cos � sin �
cos � + � = cos � cos � − sin � sin �
cos � − � = cos � cos � + ��� � sin �
tan �+tan �
tan � + � =
1−tan � tan �
tan �−tan �
tan � − � = 1+tan � tan �
tan �+tan �+tan �−tan � tan � tan �
tan � + � +� =
1−���� tan �−tan � tan �−tan ���� �
2 2
8. sin � + � sin � − � = ��� � − ��� �
cos � + � cos � − � = ���2 � − ���2 �
�+� �−�
9. sin � + sin � = 2 sin
2
cos
2
�+� �−�
sin � − sin � = 2 cos 2 sin 2
�+� �−�
cos � + cos � = 2 cos 2 cos 2
�+� �−�
cos � − cos � = 2 sin 2 ��� 2
10. 2 sin � cos � = sin � + � + sin (� − �)
2 cos � sin � = sin (� + �) − sin (� − �)
2 cos � cos � = cos � + � + cos � − �
2 sin � sin � = cos � − � − cos (� + �)
11. Double angle formulae
sin 2� = 2 sin � cos �
cos 2� = ���2 � − ���2 �
���2� = 1 − 2���2 �
2 tan �
���2� = 1−tan2 �
2 tan �
sin 2� =
1+���2 �
1−���2 �
cos 2� = 1+���2�
1−���2�
���2 � = 1+���2�
12. Triple – angle formulae
sin 3� = 3 sin � − 4 ���3 �
cos 3� = 4 ���3 � − 3 cos �
3 tan �−���3 �
tan 3� = 1−3 ���2 �

(IX) Trignometric Equations

4. sin � = sin � ; � = � � + −1 � �
cos � = cos � ; � = 2�� ± �
���� = tan � ; � = �� + �
5. ���2 � = ���2 � ;
���2 � = ���2 � ; � = �� ± �
2 2
��� � = ��� � ;
6. sin � = 0 ; � = ��

cos � = 0 ; � = 2 � + 1 2
tan � = 0; � = ��
7. If two eqn. are given then most general value of � = 2�� + �

4
SUB - MATHS

8. � sin � + � cos � = � then both sides dividing by �2 + �2

(X) Properties of Triangle

� � �
5. sin �
= sin � = sin �
6. Projection formulae
� = � cos � + c cos �
� = � cos � + � cos �
� = � cos � + � cos �
�2 + �2 − �2
7. ��� � = 2��
�2 + �2 − �2
cos � = 2��
�2 + �2 − �2
cos � =
2��
8. Area of Triangle
1 1 1
∆ = 2 ����� � = 2 �� sin � = 2 �� sin �

NOTE :-
5−1
sin 18° = cos 72° =
4
5+ 1
cos 36° = sin 54° =
4
10+2 5
cos 18° = sin 72° = 4
10−2 5
sin 36° = cos 54° =
4
1° 2− 2
sin 22 2
= 2
1° 2+ 2
cos 22 2 = 2

tan 22 2 = 2 − 1

cot 22 2 = 2 + 1

NOTE :-
sin 2��
cos � cos 2� . cos 3�…. cos 2�−1 � = 2� sin �
���4 � + ���4 � = 1 − 2 ���2 � ���2 �
���6 � + ���6 � = 1 − 3 ���2 � ���2 �

5
1

SUB –MATHS
Integration - formulas
properties
(1) ∫�(�)�� = �(�) + �

(2) ∫��(�)�� = �∫�(�)��

(3) ∫[�(�) + �(�)]�� = ∫�(�)�� + ∫�(�)��

(4) ∫[�(�) − �(�)]�� = ∫�(�)�� − ∫�(�)��


(5) ∫� ⋅ ��� = �∫��� − ∫ (�) ∫��� �x
��

1
(6) ∫�(��)�� = � �(��) + �

�' (�)
(7) ∫ �(�) �� = log �(�) + �

1
(8) ∫�' (�)�(�)�� = 2 �2 (�) + �

(9) ∫�(�)�' (�)�� = �(�)�(�) − ∫�(�)�' (�)��

Formulas
��+1
1) ∫�� �� = �+1
+ � � ≠− 1

1
2) ∫ � �� = log |�| + �

3) ∫sin ��� =− cos � + �

4) ∫cos ��� = sin � + �

� � �
5) ∫cosec� = log tan +� AND ∫sec ��� = log tan + +�
2 2 4
2

(6) ∫cosec2 ��� =− cot � + �

(7) ∫sec2 ��� = tan � + �

(8) ∫tan ��� =− log |cos �| + �

(9) ∫sec �tan ��� = sec � + �

(10) ∫cosec�cot ��� =− cosec� + �

(11) ∫���� = �� + �

(12) ∫�� �(�)�� = �(�) − �(�)

�� 1 �+�
(13) ∫ �2−�2 = 2� log �−�
+�

�� 1 �−9
(14) ∫ �2−�2 = 2� log �+�
+�

�� 1 �
(15) ∫ �2+�2 = � tan−1 �
+ �

��
(16) ∫ = log � + �2 − �2 + �
�2 −�2

��
(17) ∫ = log � + �2 + �2 + �
�2 +�2

� �2 �
(18) ∫ �2 − �2 �� = 2 �2 − �2 + sin−1 + �
2 �

� �2
(19) ∫ �2 + �2 �� = 2 �2 + �2 + 2
log � + �2 + �2 + �
3

Logarithms - Formulae
Take positive real numbers �, �, �, �, � Natural Number → �, � = log� � iff � = �� , � > 0
�≠1
(1) log� 1 = 0

(2) log� � = 1

(3) log� 0 =− ∞ if � > 1 & +∞ if � < 1

(4) log� (��) = log� � + log� �


(5) log� �
= log� � − log� �

(6) log� �� = �log� �

1
(7) log� �1/� = � log� �

log �
(8) log� � = log� � = log� � − log� � � > 0, � ≠ 1

(9) log� � = log� �

10) � = �log� �

(11) log10 � = log �

(12) log� � = ln �

Differentiation-Formulae
Properties
� (1) �� ��
(1) �� �1 ± �2 (�) = 1 ± 2 �� ��

� ��1 (�)
(2) �� ��1 (�) = � ��
4

� ��1 ��2
(3) �� �1 ⋅ �2 = ��
⋅ �2 + �1 ⋅ ��

�� ��
� �1 �2 ⋅ ��1 −�1 ⋅ ��2
(4) ���2
= �2 2

��
�� �� ��
(5) � = �1 (�), � = �2 (�) then �� = ��
�� = ��
÷ ��
��

Formulas,

(1) �� (�) = 0


(2) �� �� = ���−1

� 1
(3) �� (log �) = �


(4) �� �� = ��


(5) �� (sin �) = cos �


(6) �� (cos �) =− sin �


(7) �� (tan �) = sec2 �


(8) �� (cot �) =− cosec2 �


(9) �� (sec �) = tan � ⋅ sec �


(10) �� (cosec�) =− cot � ⋅ cosec�

� 1
(1i) �� sin−1 � =
1−�2
5

� −1
(12) �� cos−1 � =
1−�2

� 1
(13) �� tan−1 � = 1+�2

� −1
(14) �� cot−1 � = 1+�2

� 1
(15) �� sec−1 � =
|�| �2 −1

� −1
(16) �� cosec−1 � =
|�| �2 −1
SUB - MATHS

Definite Integrals
� �
1. �
� � �� = � � � ��
� �
2. � � � �� =− � � � ��
� � �
3. �
� � �� = � � � �� + � � � ��
Types of questions :- (a) Direct
(b) Modulus functions
(c) Box function (G.I.F)

� �
4. �
� � �� = �
� � − � ��
� ���
��. − (a) 0 1+���2 �
�/2 ��
(b) 0 1+���3 �
�/2 ���5/2 � ��
(c) 0 ���5/2 �+���5/2 �

5. −�
� � �� = 0; �� � � = odd function

=2 0 � � �� ; �� � � = ���� �������� .
2� �
6. 0 � � �� = 2 0 � � �� = 0 � 2� − � = �(�)
� 2� − � =− �(�)
� �
7. � � � �� = � �
� + � − � ��
5 � �� �−� 5−2 3
Ex:- 2 7−�+ � Ans. 2
= 2
=2
�⊺ ⊺
8. (a) 0 � � �� = � 0 � � ��
�⊺ ⊺
(b) �⊺ � � �� = � − � 0 � � ��
�+�⊺ ⊺
(c) �
� � �� = � 0 � � ��
; Where T is a Periodic function
9. Integration of modulus function
4
(1) 1
|� −
3| ��
�−3=0 (x - 3)
�=3 1 - +
3 4
3 4
= − 1 � − 3 �� + 3 (� − 3)��
4
(2) 0
| �3 − 3� + 2|��
�2 − 3� + 2 = 0
�−1 �−2 = 0 (x – 1) (x-2)
� = 1, � = 2 0 + 1 - 2 + 4

1 2 2 4
2 �2 − 3� + 2 ��
= 0 (� − 3� + 2) �� − 1 (� − 3� + 2) �� + 2

10. Greatest Integral function [x] or [x] (OR FLOOR FUNCTION OR STEP FUNCTION)
4
(1) 1 [ � − 1]��
Solve your self

1
SUB - MATHS

Differential Equation
��
 Sub tangent = y1 ��
��
 Sub normal = y1 ��
�� 2
 Length of tangent = �1 1 + ��

�� 2
 Length of normal = �1 1 + ��
1. Equations reducible to variable separable form
��
Differential equations of the form �� = � �� + �� + � can be reduced to variable separable form by the
substitution ax + by + c = v.
��
Example :- ���−1 ��
=�+�
��
��
= sin (� + �)
�+�=�

2. Homogeneous differential Equation :-


STEP I : Put the differential equation in the form
�� � �, �
��
= �(�,�)
�� ��
STEP II : Put y = vx and �� = � + � ��
Remark : Sometimes a homogeneous differential equation is expressible in the form
�� �(�,�)
��
= �(�,�)
�� ��
Then, we put x = vy and �� = � + � ��

3. Linear differential equations


A
��
STEP I : Write the differential equation in the form �� + �� =
� �ℎ��� � & � ��� �������� �� � �� �����.
��� ��
STEP II : Find integrating factor (I.F) given by I.F. = � ��
+ �� − �
STEP III : Multiply bath sides of equation in step I by I.F.
STEP IV : Integrate both sides of the equation obtained in step III with respect to x to obtain.

B
��
Write the differential equation in the form ��
+ �� = � �ℎ��� �&� ��� �������� �� � �� �����.
Further STEPS to be followed as per above instructions.

2
SUB - MATHS

Differentiation

1. ��
�� = ���−1

2. ��
�� = ��

3. ��
�� = �� loge �
� 1
4. ��
loge � =

� 1
5. ��
loga � = � log �
e

6. ��
( sin �) = cos �

7. ��
( cos �) = − sin �

8. ��
tan � = ���2 �

9. ��
( cot �) = − �����2 �

10. ��
( sec �) = sec � tan �

11. ��
����� � = − ����� � cot �
� 1
12. ��
���−1 � =
1−�2
� 1
13. ���−1 � = −
�� 1−�2
� 1
14. ��
���−1 � = 1+�2
� 1
15. ��
���−1 � = − 1+�2
� 1
16. ��
���−1 � = −
|�| �2 −1
� 1
17. ��
�����−1 � = −
|�| �2−1

18. ��
�������� = 0
� � 1
19. ���−1 =
�� � �2 − �2
� � �
20. ��
���−1 � = �2 + �2
� � �
21. ��
���−1 � =
� �2 − �2

Expression Substitution

1. �2 + �2 � = � tan �
2. �2 − �2 � = � sin �
3. �2 − �2 � = � sec �
�−� �+�
4. �+�
��,
�−�
� = � cos 2 �

�2 −�2 �2 + �2
5. ��, �2 = �2 cos 2�
�2 + �2 �2 − �2

Limits
1. lim � � = lim+ �(�) �. �. ��� �� � = � = ��� �� � = � , then we say that lim � � ������.
�→�− �→� �→�

3
SUB - MATHS

2. LHL → • lim− �(�)


�→�
• lim �(� − ℎ)
ℎ→0
3. RHL → • lim+ �(�)
�→�
• lim �(� + ℎ)
ℎ→0
4. � � is odd if f(-h) = - f (h)
5. � � �� ���� �� � −ℎ = �(ℎ)
6. Algebra of limits
 �±� � = � � ± � �
 �� � = � � � (�)
 (�/�)(�) = � � /� (�), if g(x) ≠ 0 for any � ∈ �
 lim � � � = � lim � � , where k is consent.
�→� �→�
 lim | � � = lim �(�) | = �
�→� �→�
7. Irrational root occur in pair for example, if there is a root (� + 2) of any equation then (� − 2) will also
be a root of that equation.
��− ��
8. lim = ���−1
�→� �−�
9. If � is measured in radians, then
(i) lim sin � = 0 ��� lim cos � = 1
�→� �→0
sin �
(ii) lim =1
�→0 �
tan �
(iii) lim =1
�→0 �
sin (�−�)
(iv) lim =1
�→� �−�
tan (�−�)
(v) lim =1
�→� �−�
1
sin (�−�) sin �
10. (i) lim = 1 ��� lim 1 =1
�→� �−� �→∞

tan (�−�)
(ii) lim �−�
=1
�→�
1
tan
and lim 1

=1
�→∞

�� −1
11. (i) lim = loge �
�→0 �
log (1+�)
(ii) lim e � =1
�→0

� −1
(iii) lim � = loge � =1
�→0
1 �(�)
lim
12. lim 1 + � � �(�) = ��→� �(�)
�→0
1/�
13. (i) lim 1 + � =�
�→0
1 �
(ii) lim 1 + � =�
�→∞

NOTE :- Evaluation of Algebraic Limits

�2 + 1
(i) Direct substitution method lim
�→1 �+1
�4 − 16
(ii) Factorisation method (lim �−2
�→2
1+�+�2 −1
(iii) Rationalisation Method lim �
�→0
��−��
(iv) By using some standard limits lim �−� = �·��−1
�→�
��2 + ��+�
(v) Methods of evaluation of algebraic, limits at infinity lim ��2+ ��+�
�→∞

4
SUB - MATHS

 lim �� → ∞ ��, lim �−� → 0


�→∞ �→∞
 lim �−� → 0 ��, lim �� → ∞
�→∞ �→∞
 lim �� → 0, �� � < |
�→∞
 lim �� → ∞, �� � > 1
�→∞

5
SUB - MATHS

Binomial Distribution

1. � � = � = � �� � � � �−�

2. Mean = np
3. Variance = npq
4. Standard Deviation = SD = �������� = ���
{� = 1 − � & � = 1 − �}

Binomial Theorem
n
1. �+� �
= Σ ��� ��−� ��
�=0
2. Number of terms in the expansion of (x + a)n is = n + 1
3. �+� � + �−� � =2 �
�0 �� �0 + �
�2 ��−2 �2 + �
�4 ��−4 �4 + ….
= 2 ��� �� ����� �� ��� ������
4. �+� �
− �−� 4
=2 ��
1 ��−1� + � �3 ��−3 �3 + …. .
= 2 ��� �� ����� �� ���� ������

�+1
NOTE :- (a) If n is odd then the number of terms in [(x + y)n + (x –y)n] and [x + y)n – (x-y)n] equal to 2

� � �
(b) If n is even, then the no. of terms in � + � + �−� �� 2
+1 ��� ��

� � �
�+� − �−� �� 2

5. General Term
��+1 = ��
� ��−� ��
6. Round table questions for ‘n’ people = � − 1 !
7. No. of diagonals in a polygonal n sides
= ��2 -n

Complex Number

1. � = � + �� = (x, y)
P(x, y)
Imaginary axis � 2 + �2

y
Ө Real axis �4� = 1
x

1
SUB - MATHS
1
= −� �2 = − 1

�10 = − 1
�101 = �
2. ��������� �� � : � = � + ��
� = � − ��
3. Additive inverse : � = � + ��
Additive inverse of � = − � − ��
4. Multiplication Inverse :
� = � + ��
� 1 � �(−�)
�� �� = �2
= � = �−1 = �2+ �2 + �2+ �2
5. Modules of z = |z| = �2 + �2
All complex no having the same modulus lie on a circle with centre as origin and radius, � = �
6. Cube root of unity
� = 1 1/3
�3 = 1
�3 − 1 = 0
� − 1 �2 + � + 1 = 0
−1± −3
� = 1, � = 2
−1+ � 3 −1−� 3
� = 1, � = 2
,�= 2
2
� = 1, �, �
(a) 1 + � + �2 = 0
(b) �3 = 1
(c) 1, �, �2 ��� �� ��
(d) 1, �, �2 ��� �������� �� �� ����������� ��������
−1 3 −1 − 3
(1, 0) ,
2 2 2
, 2
7. Principle argument or Amplitude of a complex number (Ө)
� = � + �� −� < � ≤ �
−1
arg � = � = ��� (�/�)
There is difference b/w Argument and principle argument.
Argument → 0 ≤ � < 2�
Principle argument → π < � ≤ �
(a) � > 0, � > 0
arg � = �
(b) � < 0, � > 0
arg � = � − � Take y/x always positive
(c) � < 0, � < 0
arg � = − � + �
(d) � > 0, � < 0
arg � = 2� − � �� − �
(e) arg �1 �2 = ���(�1) + ���(�2 )
�1
(f) arg �2
= arg �1 − arg �2
(g) arg ��
= � arg ( �)
(h) Argument of 0 is not defined
Steps to find argument of z = x + iy �−� �
Step I : find � = ���−1 (�/�)
− � + �/ � + � 2� − �/ − �

2
SUB - MATHS

Step II : Identify the Quadrant in which z lies


Step III : use the diagram to find arg z

8. Modulus of a complex number


(a) � = � + ��
� = �2 + �2
(b) � = � − ��
� = �2 + �2
∴ � = � = −� = |��|
(c) �1 + �2 ≤ �1 + �2
(d) �1 − �2 ≥ �1 − �2
�1 |� |
(e) �2
= |�1|
2
(f) �1 . �2 = �1 �2
(g) �� = � �
(h) �1 + �2 2 = �1 2 + �2 2 + 2 �1 �2 cos �1 − �2
(i) �1 + �2 2 + �1 − �2 2 = 2( �1 2 + �2 2 )

9. Polar form
(a) � = � + ��
� = � cos �
� = � sin �
� = � cos � + �� sin �
� = � cos � + � sin �
� = �. ��� �= �2 + �2 = |�|
(b) ��� = cos � + � sin �
�−�� = cos � − � sin �

10. Demorgan’s Theorem


(a) cos � + � sin � � = cos n � + � sin n �
(b) cos � − � ��� � � = cos ( − � + � sin ( − � ))� = cos ( − ��) + � sin ( − �� )
(c) ���� + � sin � cos � + � sin � cos � + � sin �) = cos (� + � + � + � sin (� + � + �)

11. �2 − 1 = �−1 �+1


�3 − 1 = � − 1 �2 + � + 1
�4 − 1 = � − 1 (�3 + �2 + � + 1)
.
.
.
�� − 1 = � − 1 ��−1 + ��−2 + ……� + 1

12. Addition
�1 + �2 = �1 + ��1 + �2 + ��2 = �1 + �2 + � �1 + �2
13. Subtraction
�1 − �2 = �1 − �2 + �(�1 − �2 )
14. Multiplication
�1 �2 = �1 �2 + ��1 �2 + ��2 �1 − �1 �2
15. Division

3
SUB - MATHS

�1 � + �� �1 + ��1 �2 − ��2
�2
= �1+ ��1 = �2 + ��2 �2 − ��2
2 2
16. Square root of a complex No. : � + �� = �
If b is positive then
1 1
� + �� = ± � + � + � � − �
2 2

If b is -ve then
1 1
� − �� = ± � + � − � � − �
2 2

17. Conjugate of complex No.

(i) � + � = 2 �� �
(ii) � − � = 2� �� �
(iii) � � = �2 + �2 = � 2
where z = a + ib
(iv) � = �
(v) �1 ± �2 = �1 ± �2
(vi) �1 �2 = �1 �2
�1 �
(vii) �2
= �1 �2 ≠ 0
2
2
(viii) � � = �

Logarithm
�� = �

� = �1/�

� = loga �

NOTE :

(1) loge �� = log10 � + log10 �



(2) loge = log10 � − log10 �

(3) loge �� = � log10 �
(4) �loga � = �
(5) Base change formulae
log �
(a) logb � = loge �
e
1
(b) logb � = loga �

4
SUB - MATHS

Matrices and Determinants

1. Let two matrix be ���� ��� ���


• AB exists if n = n
• BA exists if o = n
• order of AB = m × o
• order of BA = n × n, if m = 0
2. If [���] = [���], symmetric matrix then A = ��
3. Skew – symmetry matrix, if aij = - aji then A = - ��
4. •� + �� → is a symmetric matrix
• � − �� → �� � ���� − ��������� ������
• ��� ��� �⊺ � are symmetric matrices

5. (i) �� =� (ii) � + � �
= �� + ��

(iii) �� = ��� (iv) �� �
= �� ��
� = �� �� ��
(v) ���

6. Inverse
Algorithm
STEP I : Find |A|
STEP II : If |A| = 0, then ‘A is a singular matrix and hence not invertible
STEP III : Calculate the cofactor of elements of A.
STEP IV : Write the matrix of cofactors of elements of A and then obtain its transpose to obtain adj A.
(��� �)
STEP V : Find the inverse of A by using the formula �−1 = |�|

7. For a matrix �� × �
det (cA) = ��( det �)
�−1
8. ��� � = �
9. Determinant of an orthogonal matrix = ± 1
10. A matrix is not a number

Quadratic Equations
1. ��2 + �� + � = 0
−� ± �2 − 4��
�= 2�

2. Sum and product of the roots

5
SUB - MATHS
−�
�+ �=


�� = � , �2 − � + � � + � � = 0

3. Formation of equations
�2 − (sum of roots) x + product f roots = 0
4. (a) �2 − 4�� is negative (D < 0) when the roots are complex.
(b) �2 − 4�� = 0 (D = 0) when roots are equal and real (α = �)
(c) �2 − 4�� is + ve (D > 0) when the roots are real and unequal
5. Imaginary roots always exist in pair.
6. Irrational root always exist in conjugate pairs.
Like one root in 2 − 3 then other will be 2 + 3

Sequence and Series


AP :-

1. �� = �(�) − �(�−1)
2. �� = � = � + � − 1 �
3. Sum of n Terms of an AP

(a) � = � + �2

(b) �� = 2 (2� + � − 1 �)
�+�
4. Arithmetic Mean = 2
=�
5. If a, b & c are in AP then : b-a = c-b

GP

6. Geometric Progression
�� = ���−1
7. �� = ��
8. Sum of n terms of a Geometric series
� 1−�� �·(��−1)
�� = 1−�
,�<1 �� = �−1
,� >1
9. GP of ∞
�−��� � ��
�� = 1−�
= 1−�
− 1−�

�∞ = 1−�
�(�+1)
10. Σ� = 2
� �+1 (2�+1)
11. Σ�2 = 6
12. Σ�3 = Σ� 2
13. In an AP.
��+� + ��−� = 2��
14. In cases 2 + 22 + 222 …… n or 5 + 55 + 555 +….. n terms

6
SUB - MATHS

�� = 81 10�+1 − 9� − 10 where a is the first digit

15. Arithmetic Means


�−�
Step I . � = �+1
Step II �1 = � + �
�2 = � + 2�
�3 = � + 3�
.
.
.
�� = � + ��
16. Geometric means
� 1/(�+1)
Step I �= �
Step II �1 = ��
�2 = ��2
�3 = ��3
.
.
.
�� = ���

SETS
� ⊂ � → � is a subset of X

�, � → open interval a < y < b

�, � → closed interval � ≤ � ≤ �

[�, �) → � ≤ � < �

(�, �]→ a < x ≤ b

If A⋂B = � then A and B are called disjoint sets.

�' = � − �
'
�' = �

De Moiver’s theorem

� � � ' = �' ⋂ �'

� ⋂ B ' = A' U B'

� U A' = �

(� ⋂ �') = �

7
SUB - MATHS

�' ⋂ � = �

�' = �

�' = �

Let A and B be finite sets


(a) If A ⋂ � = �
� � � � = � � + �(�)

(b) If A ⋂ � ≠ �
� � � � = � � + � � − � (� ⋂ �)
(c) (A U B U C) = � � + � � + � � − � � ⋂ � − � � ⋂ � − � � ⋂ � + � (� ⋂ � ⋂ �)

 No. of subsets = 2n = no. of power sets


 No. of ordered pair of set A and set B = mn where (n(A) = m and n (B) = n)
 No. of relations b/w A and B = 2mn

8
SUB - MATHS

Circles

1. Standard form :-
�2 + �2 = �2 � 0, 0 , ������ = �
2. Centre form :-
� − ℎ 2 + � − � 2 = �2 � ℎ, � , ������ = �
3. General form :-
�2 + �2 + 2�� + 2�� + � = 0
A B

� −�, − � � = �2 + �2 − �
4. Equation of circle when end points of diameter are given :-
� − �1 � − �2 + � − �1 � − �2 = 0
5. Touching :-
(a) Externally r 1
r 2 �1 �2 = �1 + �2
C1 C2

(b) Internally �1 �2 = �1 − �2 [�1 �2 = �1 ~ �2 ]


C2
C1

6. (a) x – intercept = 2 �2 − �
(b) � − ��������� = 2 �2 − �

7. Length of a chord :-
�2 + �2 = �2
(0, 0)
r p
�� + �� + � = 0
A D B
0+0+�
�=
�2 + �2
�� = �2 − �2 ⟹ ∴ �� = 2��

8. Position of a point wrt a circle :-


� = �2 + �2 − �2 (α, β)
�1 > 0 (outside)
�1 < 0 (inside)
�1 = 0 (on the circle)
9. Parametric coordinate
(a) �2 + �2 = �2 ,
� = � cos �
� = � sin �
(b) � − ℎ 2 + � − � 2 = �2
� − ℎ = � cos �
� − � = � sin �

1
SUB - MATHS

10. Equation of a tangent to a circle


P (x1 , y1)

(a) ��1 + ��1 = �2


(b) ��1 + ��1 + � � + �1 + � � + �1 + � = 0
(c) � = �� ± � 1 + �2
Ө
m = tanӨ

11. Length of tangent Q

x2 + y2 = r2
P (α, β)

�� = �2 + �2 − �2
B

P (α, β)

2
SUB - MATHS

3–D

Straight line :-
1. Direction ratios / Directional number (Direction cosine are proportional + Q ….) :-
(a) � = �� + �� + ��
dr. a, b, c
a:b:c
< �, �, � >
(b)
A(x1, y1, z1) B(x2, y2, z2)
dr. of AB :-
�2 − �1 , �2 − �1 , �2 − �1
2. Direction cosines (l, m, n) or (����, cos � , cos �)
(a) dr. of a line = a, b, c
Then � =

,�=

,�=
� dr. of axes
Σ a2 Σ�2 Σ�2 < x, 0, 0> , < 0, y, 0,>
Σ a2 = a2 + b2 + C2 < 0, 0, z>
2 2 2
(b) � + � + � = 1
���2 � + ���2 � + ���2 � = 1
(c) � = � (� � + �� + ��)
(d) If a line cuts equal intercepts on the coordinate axis or equally inclined to coordinate axes
1
�=�=�= ± 3
1
For acute angle; � = � = � = 3
3. Equation of a line which passes through vector � and in the direction of vector � OR || to vector �
� = � + ��
4. Equation of line which passes through � ��� �
�=�+ � �− �
5. Cartesian Farm :-
(a) dr. a, b, c
�−�1 �−�1 �−�1
(x1, y1, z1) = =
� � �

(b) A(x1, y1, z1) � �2 , �2 , �2


�−�1 �−�1 �−�1
�2 −�1
=� =�
2 − �1 2 − �1

6. Angle b/w two line


dr, a2, b2, c2 Ө dr, a1, b1, c1

�1 �2 + �1 �2 + �1 �2
cos � =
�21 + �21 + �21 �22 + �22 + �22

For perpendicular �1 �2 + �1 �2 + �1 �2 = 0
� � �
For || �1 = �1 = �1
2 2 2

1
SUB - MATHS

7. Shortest Distance
(a) � = �1 + ��1
d
�2 −�1 �1 ×�2
� = �2 + ��2 �= �1 �2

(b) � = �1 + ��1

d
� = �2 + ��2
�2 −�1 ×�1
�=
�1
8. Section Formula
Internally
��2 +��1 � �2 +��1 � �2 + � �1
�+�
, �+� , �+�

Externally
��2 −��1 � �2 −��1 � �2 −��1
�−�
, �−� , �−�

9. Angle b/w two lines

�1 �2 + �1 �2 + �1 �2
cos � =
�21 + �21 + �21 �22 + �22 + �22

10. Mid points


�1 + �2 �1 + �2 �1 + �2
2
, 2 , 2
11. The xy, yz and zx planes divide the segment joining points A (x1, y1, z1) and B (x2, y2, z2) in the ratio :
− �1 : �2 (�� �����)
− �1 : �2 (�� �����)
− �1 : �2 (�� �����)
12. A Plane cuts join of two points, to find ratio
(a) Let ratio be � : 1
(b) Use section formula and (� : 1 ) to find a point .
(c) At intersection of plane and line points so obtained it (b) put in the plane in place of x, y, z and solve.
13. Find the eq. of a line parallel to a given line and passes through a given point :
�−�1 �−�1 �−�1
(i) � = � + �� (ii) �
= �
= �
Direction ration will be same in || lines
14. Find eq. of line perpendicular to two lines.
� = �1 + ��1 ��� � = �2 + µ�2
� = � + � �1 × �2

2
SUB - MATHS

3–D

Straight line :-
15. Direction ratios / Directional number (Direction cosine are proportional + Q ….) :-
(c) � = �� + �� + ��
dr. a, b, c
a:b:c
< �, �, � >
(d)
A(x1, y1, z1) B(x2, y2, z2)
dr. of AB :-
�2 − �1 , �2 − �1 , �2 − �1
16. Direction cosines (l, m, n) or (����, cos � , cos �)
(e) dr. of a line = a, b, c
� � �
Then � = ,�= ,�=
Σ a2 Σ�2 Σ�2
Σ a2 = 2
a + b2 + C 2

(f) �2 + �2 + �2 = 1
���2 � + ���2 � + ���2 � = 1
(g) � = � (� � + �� + ��)
(h) If a line cuts equal intercepts on the coordinate axis or equally inclined to coordinate axes
1
�=�=�= ± 3
1
For acute angle; � = � = � = 3
17. Equation of a line which passes through vector � and in the direction of vector � OR || to vector �
� = � + ��
18. Equation of line which passes through � ��� �
�=�+ � �− �
19. Cartesian Farm :-
(c) dr. a, b, c
�−�1 �−�1 �−�1
(x1, y1, z1) = =
� � �

(d) A(x1, y1, z1) � �2 , �2 , �2


�−�1 �−�1 �−�1
=� =
�2 −�1 2 − �1 �2 − �1

20. Angle b/w two line


dr, a2, b2, c2 Ө dr, a1, b1, c1

�1 �2 + �1 �2 + �1 �2
cos � =
�21 + �21 + �21 �22 + �22 + �22

For perpendicular �1 �2 + �1 �2 + �1 �2 = 0
� � �
For || �1 = �1 = �1
2 2 2

3
SUB - MATHS

21. Shortest Distance


(c) � = �1 + ��1
d
�2 −�1 �1 ×�2
� = �2 + ��2 �= �1 �2

(d) � = �1 + ��1

d
� = �2 + ��2
�2 −�1 ×�1
�=
�1
22. Section Formula
Internally
��2 +��1 � �2 +��1 � �2 + � �1
�+�
, �+� , �+�

Externally
��2 −��1 � �2 −��1 � �2 −��1
, ,
�−� �−� �−�

23. Angle b/w two lines

�1 �2 + �1 �2 + �1 �2
cos � =
�21 + �21 + �21 �22 + �22 + �22

24. Mid points


�1 + �2 �1 + �2 �1 + �2
2
, 2 , 2
25. The xy, yz and zx planes divide the segment joining points A (x1, y1, z1) and B (x2, y2, z2) in the ratio :
− �1 : �2 (�� �����)
− �1 : �2 (�� �����)
− �1 : �2 (�� �����)
26. A Plane cuts join of two points, to find ratio
(d) Let ratio be � : 1
(e) Use section formula and (� : 1 ) to find a point .
(f) At intersection of plane and line points so obtained it (b) put in the plane in place of x, y, z and solve.
27. Find the eq. of a line parallel to a given line and passes through a given point :
�−�1 �−�1 �−�1
(ii) � = � + �� (ii) �
= �
= �
Direction ration will be same in || lines
28. Find eq. of line perpendicular to two lines.
� = �1 + ��1 ��� � = �2 + µ�2
� = � + � �1 × �2

4
SUB - MATHS

Sphere
1. Standard form
�2 + �2 + �2 = �2
( 0, 0, 0, ������ = �
2. Centre form
�−ℎ 2+ �−� 2+ �−� 2
= �2
� ℎ, �, � ������ = �
3. General form
�2 + �2 + �2 + 2�� + 2�� + 2�� + � = 0
Centre (-u, -v, -w) and radius = �2 + �2 + �2 − �
4.

�2 + �2 + �2 = �2
(0,0,0)
3

2� + � + � + � = 0

Radius = perpendicular distance from circle to plane


0+0+�
3= 4+1+1
= �= ±3 6
5. Circle
�2 + �2 + �2 = �2 // circle
�� + �� + �� + � = 0

O C = centre of circle
AC = radius of circle

A C B

6. When two sphere cuts orthogonally radius of common circle


� �
�= 1 2
�21 + �22

5
1

SUB – MATHS

Circle
 Standard Form -
if centre of circle is ( ℎ, � ) and radius is � then,

(� − ℎ)2 + (� − �)2 = �2

 General form
if Centre of Circle is ( − �, − �) then,
�2 + �2 + 2�� + 2�� + � = 0

where radius � = �2 + �2 − �

 Diameter form
If �1 , �1 and �2 , �2 are the ends of the diameter of a circle then,

� − �1 � − �2 + � − �1 � − �2 = 0

 Equation of the tangent to the circle -


2 2
� + � + 2�� + 2�� + � = 0 at point �1 , �1 tangent form

��1 + ��1 + � � + �1 + � � + �1 + � = 0

 Equation of tangent to the Circle �2 + �2 = �2 at point (�cos �, �sin �) is -


�cos � + �sin � = �

 Equation of the tangent to the circle �2 + �2 = �2 , whose slope is �, is

� = �� ± � 1 + �2

 If line � = �� + � touches the circle


�2 + �2 = �2 then
�2 = �2 1 + �2
2

 Equation of the Normal to the Circle �2 + �2 + 2�� + 2�� + � = 0 at point


�1 , �1 is
�1 + �
� − �1 = � − �1
�1 + �

 Equation of the chord of contact of �1 , �1 to the circle �2 + �2 + 2�� + 2�� +


� = 0 is
� = 0, where

� = ��1 + ��1 + � � + �1 + � � + �1 + �

 Equation of the chord of the circle


�2 �2
+ + 2�� + 2�� + � = 0, whose mid point is �1 , �2 is
� = �1 , where

� = ��1 + ��1 + � � + �1 + � � + �1 + �
�1 = �21 + �21 + 2��1 + 2��1 + �

Equation of the circle having centre (ℎ, �) and touching the line �� + �� + � = 0

perpendicular
Radius = �� =
distance from (ℎ, �)
�ℎ + �� + �
�=
�2 + �2

For the Equation of circle

(� − ℎ)2 + (� − �)2 = �2

 If Circumscribes an equilateral triangl and median given then.

2
�� = Radius = × ��
3

where � is the centre of circle �� is the median of △ ���.


3

Note → The Equation �2 + �2 + 2�� + 2�� + � = 0 represents a circle of radius


�2 + �2 − �

Case-1 → If �2 + �2 − � > 0, then the radius of the circle is real and circle is also red
Case-II If �2 + �2 − � = 0, then the radius of the circle is zero, such circle is known as a
point circle.
Case-III: �2 + �2 − � < 0, then the radius �2 + �2 − � of the - Circle is imaginary but
centre is real.

 General Equation of second degree


��2 + 2ℎ�� + ��2 + 2�� + 2�� + � = 0 , represent a circle if � = � & ℎ = 0.

 If two concentric circles be �1 &�2 with centre �, �� be chord of the larger Circle
�2 which touches the smaller circle �1 at point �.
Chord �� = �� + ��
where ��2 = ��2 − ��2
��2 = ��2 − ��2

ie. �� = �� ⇒

�� = 2�� = 2��
SUB - MATHS

Ellipse

1.
��
<1 P(h, k)
�� M
�� = � ��
�<1
Directrix S(α, �) Focus

2. Standard form :-
�2 �2
(a) �2
+ �2 = 1 (a > b)
2 2 2
� =� 1−�
�2 �2
(b) �2
+ �2 = 1 (b > a)
�2 = �2 1 − �2 Z y Z4

M B (0, b)
3. �=
−� P (h, k) � =

� �

X1 X
(-a, 0) �' ( − ��, 0) C(0, 0) S(ae, 0) A(a, 0)
A1

B1 (0, -b)

Z1 y1 Z3
Auxiliary circle (taking end pt’s as diameters

��' = � �� (a > b)
�2 = �2 1 − �2
�=ℎ,�=�
�2 �2
�2
+ �2 = 1
(2) Area of an ellipse :-
Area = π ab
(3) Formulae :-
(i) Centre (0, 0)
(ii) Foci S & S1 ±��, 0
(iii) Vertices A & A1 (± a, 0)

(iv) Directrix ZZ1 & �''�''' = � = ± �
(v) Major axis = ��' = 2a
(vi) Equation of axis = y = 0
(vii) Minor axis = 2b = ��'
2�2
(viii) �� = �
(� > �)
2�2
�� = � (� > �)
(ix) Distance b/w foci = 2ae
2�
(x) Distance b/w directrix = �
(xi) Focal property
�� + ��' = 2�
(xii) Parametric coordinates
� = � cos � , � = � sin �

1
SUB - MATHS
� �
= cos � , � = sin �

4. P(x1 ,y1)

�2 �2
�2
+ �2 = 1
��1 ��1
Eq. of tangent, �2
, + �2
=1 [ WHERE (x1y1) = point of contact]

5. �=��± �2 �2 + �2

� = ����
Ө

6. Parametric constant
� = � sin � , � = � cos �
� � ���� � � sin �
∴ ��� of tangent = �2
+ �2
=1
7. Equation of chord with mid points �1 , �1
� = �1

Hyperbola
1.
P(h, k)

�� + � � + � = 0
Directrix
S(α, �)
Focus
��
��
>1 �� = � �� �>1
2. Standard form :-
�2 �2
(a) �2
− �2 = 1 �>�
�2 = �2 �2 − 1

�2 �2
(b) �2
− �2 = − 1 (b > a)

2
SUB - MATHS

�2 = �2 (�2 − 1)

Z B �''

A’
�' x
�'(��, 0) C A S (ae, 0)

B’ �''
�'
�2 �2
�2
− �2 = 1 , �>�
�2 = �2 �2 − 1

3. Formulae
(a) Transverse are is = ��' = 2�
(b) Conjugate axis is = ��' = 2�
(c) Parametric coordinates : � = � sec �
� = � tan �
(d) Focal property
�� − ��' = 2�
4. Rectangular hyperbola
(a) a = b
�2 �2
− = 1
�2 �
� − � = �2
2 2

∴�= 2

3
SUB - MATHS

Parabola
1.
� (ℎ, �)
M

ax + by + c = 0
Directrix S (�, �) ⟷ �����

PS = PM (Parabola : PS/PM = e = 1)
2 2 �ℎ+��+�
ℎ−� + �− � =
�2 + �2
Squaring :-
ℎ = �, � = �
��2 + 2��� + �2 + 2�� + 2�� + � = 0
For parabola �2 − �� = 0
� � �
Δ= � � �
� � �
2. Standard form :-
(a) �2 = 4��

S (a, 0)

(b) �2 = − 4��

x=a
S(-a , 0)

(c) �2 = 4��

(d) �2 = − 4��

3. Formulae :- Y
Z Q
� �, �
L

X1 X
N A S (a, 0)

R
Z1 L1
Y 1

4
SUB - MATHS

I. Equation of axis : y = 0
II. Focus (a, 0)
III. Latus Rectum = LL1 = 4a
IV. Focus distance = ℎ + �
V. Equation of LR = x = a
VI. Directrix = x = - a
VII. AS = AN
VIII. Vertex A (0,0)
IX. Parametric Co-ordinates :-
� = ��2 , � = 2��
X. Focal chord :-
� (��21 , 2��1 )
� ��22 , 2��2
Condition : �1 �2 = − 1
�(��2 , 2��)
� 2�
� ,
�2 �
XI. Semi LR = HM b/w QS & SR
2��.��
S.L.R. = 2a = ��+�� = �. �. �. Note :-
(1) AM = � + � /2
(2) �� = ��
2��
(3) �� = �+�
(4) A, G, H are in GP
(5) � ≥� ≥�

XII. Equation of parabola, LR = 4a, Vertex �, � and ___


(a) Axis || to x axis :-
� − � 2 = 4� (� − �)
(b) Axis || to y –axis :-
� − � 2 = 4� (� − �)

4. (x1, y1)

�2 = 4��

(a) Eq. of tangent


��1 = 2�(� + �1 )

(b)

� � 2�
� = �� + � || points of contact ,
�2 �
5. Eqn of normal
� = �� − 2�� − ��3
Condn :- � = − 2� − ��3
Pt. of contact (am2, -2am)

5
SUB - MATHS

Permutation and Combination

����������� − ����������
����������� − ������������

�� ∟�
1. � = ∟ �−� 0!=1
�� = �!

2. The number of ways in which n persons can form a ring = (n – 1) !


�� �!
3. � = �−� ! �!
�� ��
4. � = �−�
�� ��
5. � = �

�+�=�
� � �+1
6. �� + ��−1 = ��
7. The number of diagonals = ��2 − �
�� �−�+1
8. ��

= �
�−1

1
SUB - MATHS

Probability
1. Condn probability
� �(� �)
(i) � �
= �(�)
, � � ≠0
�(� �)
(ii) �(�/�) = �(�) , � � ≠0
�(�' �)
(iii) �(�' �) = �(�)
� � − �(� �)
= �(�)
2. Independent events
� � � = � � . �(�)

• odds in favour = �+�

• odd in against = �+�
3. Addition theorems on Probability
(i) (Addition theorem ) If A and B are events associated with a random experiment, then
P (A U B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A �)
If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then P(A �) = 0
P(A � �) = � � + �(�)
(ii) P(A U B U C) = P(A) + P (B) + P(C) – P (A �) - P(B �) - P(A �) + �(� � �)
For mutually exclusive
P(A U B U C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C)
(iii) (a) � � � = � � − �(� �)
(b) � � � =� � − � � �
(c) � � � − ∪ (� �)) = �(�) + �(�) − 2�(� �)

� � � = � ��� = 1−� ���

1
SUB – MATHS
straight Line-Formulac

 Distance Formula
�� = �2 − � 1 2 + �2 − �1 2

 Slope or Gradient
�2 − �1
� = tan � =
�2 − �1

 Midpoint �� , ��
�1 + � 2 �1 + �2
�0 = , �0 =
2 2

 Line parallel to the �-axis -


�=�

 Line parallel to the �-axis .


�=ℎ

 Perpendicular distance to a line �� + �� + � = � from point �� , ��


��1 + ��1 + �
�=
�2 + �2

 If the point �(�, �) divides the join of � �� , �� and � �� , �� in the ratio


� in then
��2 + ��1 ��2 + ��1
�= & �= .
�+� �+�
Equation of Line-

 General form
�� + �� + � = 0

 slope-intercept form
� = �� + �

 point-slope form
� − �1 = � � − �1

 Two- Point Form


�2 − �1
� − �1 = � − �1
�2 − � 1

 Intercept Form
� �
+ =1
� �

 Normal Form
�cos � + �sin � = �

where � is the length of perpendicular on the line from origin and � is the angle made by
perpendicular with �-axis.

 Angle between two lines whose slopes are �� and ��


�1 − �2
tan � =±
1 + �1 �2
Lines

�1 � + �1 � + �1 = 0 and �2 � + �2 � + �2 = 0

�1 � �
if �2
= �1 = �1 ⇒ coincident lines
2 2

�1 � �
if �2
= �1 ≠ �1 ⇒ parallel. Lines
2 2

�1 �
if �2
≠ �1 ⇒ Intersection lines.
2

 Distance between two parallel lines


�� + �� + �1 = 0 and �� + �� + �2 = 0
�1 − �2
�=
�2 + �2

 If three lines intersect at a point then


�1 � + �1 � + �1 = 0
�2 � + �2 � + �2 = 0
�3 � + �3 � + �3 = 0

�1 �1 �1
�2 �2 �2 = 0
�3 �3 �3

 Area of △ ��� whose vertices are � �1 , �1 , � �2 , �2 and � �3 , �3 is given by


1
Δ= � � − �3 + �2 �3 − �1 + �3 �1 − �2 sq units.
2 1 2
SUB - MATHS

Scalar dot product

1. If � and � are two non-zero vectors inclined at an angle �, then


I. �. � = � � cos �
�. �
II. Projection of � an � = = �. �

�.�
III. Projection vector of � an � = �

IV. � is perpendicular to � : �. � = 0
V. �. � = �. �
VI. �. � = � 2
VII. � �. � = � �. � = �. � �, for any scalar m.
VIII. �± � ≤ � + �
IX. �− � ≥ � − �
2 2
X. �±� = � 2 + � ± 2 �. �
2
XI. �+ � �− � = � 2− �
XII. �. � > 0 if Ө is acute
XIII. �. � < 0 if Ө is obtuse

2 2
2. �+�+ � = � 2 + � + � 2 + 2 �. � + �. � + �. �
3. If � = �1 � + �2 � + �3 �, � = �1 � + �2 � + �3 �
Then,
�. � = �1 �1 + �2 �2 + �3 �3
�.�
4. Angle � b/w � & � = cos � =
� |�|

Vector or cross product

1. � × � = � � sin � �
2. If � and � are || then, � × � = 0
��
3. Unit vector perpendicular to the plane of � & � = ±
|�||�|

4. �×� =− �×�
5. � � × � = �� × � = � × ��, ��� ��� ������ �.
� � � � = �1 � + �2 � + �3 �
6. � × � = �1 �2 �3 , where
�1 �2 �3 � = �1 � + �2 � + �3 �
2 2
7. � × � + �. � 2 = � 2 �
8. |� × �|2 + � × � 2 + � × � 2 = 2 � 2

(for any vector �)


1 1 1
9. (i) Area of ∆��� = 2 �� × �� = 2 �� × �� = 2 �� × ��
1
(ii) Area of quadrilateral = 2 �� × �� , (where AC and BD are diagonals)
(iii) Area of || gram = � × �
1
= 2 �1 × �2

1
SUB - MATHS

10. In a ∆���,
�×�+ �× �+ �×�
 Length of the perpendicular from C on AB =
�−�
��+ ��+ ��
 Length of perpendicular from A on BC =
�−�
��+��+��
 Length of perpendicular from B on AC = |�−�|

Scalar dot product

5. If � and � are two non-zero vectors inclined at an angle �, then


XIV. �. � = � � cos �
�. �
XV. Projection of � an � = = �. �

�.�
XVI. Projection vector of � an � = �

XVII. � is perpendicular to � : �. � = 0
XVIII. �. � = �. �
XIX. �. � = � 2
XX. � �. � = � �. � = �. � �, for any scalar m.
XXI. �± � ≤ � + �
XXII. �− � ≥ � − �
2 2
XXIII. �±� = � 2 + � ± 2 �. �
2
XXIV. �+ � �− � = � 2− �
XXV. �. � > 0 if Ө is acute
XXVI. �. � < 0 if Ө is obtuse

2 2
6. �+�+ � = � 2 + � + � 2 + 2 �. � + �. � + �. �
7. If � = �1 � + �2 � + �3 �, � = �1 � + �2 � + �3 �
Then,
�. � = �1 �1 + �2 �2 + �3 �3
�.�
8. Angle � b/w � & � = cos � =
� |�|

Vector or cross product

11. � × � = � � sin � �
12. If � and � are || then, � × � = 0
��
13. Unit vector perpendicular to the plane of � & � = ±
|�||�|

14. �×� =− �×�


15. � � × � = �� × � = � × ��, ��� ��� ������ �.
� � � � = �1 � + �2 � + �3 �
16. � × � = �1 �2 �3 , where
�1 �2 �3 � = �1 � + �2 � + �3 �
2 2
2 2
17. � × � + �. � = � �

2
SUB - MATHS

18. |� × �|2 + � × � 2 + � × � 2
=2� 2

(for any vector �)


1 1 1
19. (i) Area of ∆��� = 2 �� × �� = 2 �� × �� = 2 �� × ��
1
(ii) Area of quadrilateral = 2 �� × �� , (where AC and BD are diagonals)
(iii) Area of || gram = � × �
1
= 2 �1 × �2
20. In a ∆���,
�×�+ �× �+ �×�
 Length of the perpendicular from C on AB =
�−�
��+ ��+ ��
 Length of perpendicular from A on BC =
�−�
��+��+��
 Length of perpendicular from B on AC = |�−�|

Vectors
1. Cross Multiplication
�1 � + �1 � + �1 = 0
�2 � + �2 � + �2 = 0
� � 1
�1 �2 −�2 �1
=� =�
2 �1 −�1 �2 1 �2 −�2 �1

2. Types of vectors
I. Parallel vectors A B

C D �� = � ��
II. Collinear points
A B C �� = � ��


III. Unit vectors � = |�|

3
SUB - MATHS

� = � = � = 1

IV. Position vectors ������ �� ��������


Ex.
(1, 2, 3)
A = �(1, 2, 3)
= �� = � + 2� + 3�
O
3. Triangle law
(a) �+ �=� �

� �

� �
(b) � + � + � = 0 �

� �

� �
4. Parallelogram law � D C
�� = � + � � �
�� = � − � �� + �� = ��
A B

5. Coplanar : If � � � are coplanar


Then � = �� + ��
6. If a, b, c are non-coplaner
Then, �+ �+ �=0
7.
A B
�� + �� = ��
�� = �� − ��

8. Section Formulae A m1 m2 B
�� =
�1 ��+ �2 �� C
�1 + �2
�1 �+ �2 � � �
�� = �1 + �2

O
9. Work done by a force
� = �·�
10. Moment of a force
�=��

4
SUB - MATHS

5
1
BASIC FORMULA SHEET
2
3
4
5
6

You might also like