Trigonometry Concepts and Formulas
Trigonometry Concepts and Formulas
Trignometry
S
�����ℎ �� ��� �
1. �= ������
=� � �� �������
1 1
2. Area of a sector = 2 �2 � = 2 ��
3. πc = 180°or 180° = π radians (degrees)
1
SUB - MATHS
1. sin � = sin � ; � = � � + −1 � �
cos � = cos � ; � = 2�� ± �
���� = tan � ; � = �� ± �
2. ���2 � = ���2 � ;
���2 � = ���2 � ; � = �� + �
2 2
��� � = ��� � ;
3. sin � = 0 ; � = ��
�
cos � = 0 ; � = 2 � + 1 2
tan � = 0; � = ��
� � �
1. sin �
= sin � = sin �
2. Projection formulae
� = � cos � + c cos �
� = � cos � + � cos �
� = � cos � + � cos �
�2 + �2 − �2
3. ��� � = 2��
�2 + �2 − �2
cos � = 2��
�2 + �2 − �2
cos � = 2��
4. Area of Triangle
1 1 1
∆ = 2 ����� � = 2 �� sin � = 2 �� sin �
NOTE :-
5−1
sin 18° = cos 72° =
4
5+ 1
cos 36° = sin 54° =
4
10+2 5
cos 18° = sin 72° = 4
2
SUB - MATHS
10−2 5
sin 36° = cos 54° = 4
1° 2− 2
sin 22 2
= 2
1° 2+ 2
cos 22 =
2 2
1°
tan 22 2 = 2−1
1°
cot 22 2 = 2+ 1
NOTE :-
sin 2��
cos � cos 2� . cos 3�…. cos 2�−1 � = 2� sin �
���4 � + ���4 � = 1 − 2 ���2 � ���2 �
���6 � + ���6 � = 1 − 3 ���2 � ���2 �
Trignometry
S
�����ℎ �� ��� �
4. �= ������
=� � �� �������
1 1
5. Area of a sector = 2 �2 � = 2 ��
6. πc = 180°or 180° = π radians (degrees)
3
SUB - MATHS
4. sin � = sin � ; � = � � + −1 � �
cos � = cos � ; � = 2�� ± �
���� = tan � ; � = �� + �
5. ���2 � = ���2 � ;
���2 � = ���2 � ; � = �� ± �
2 2
��� � = ��� � ;
6. sin � = 0 ; � = ��
�
cos � = 0 ; � = 2 � + 1 2
tan � = 0; � = ��
7. If two eqn. are given then most general value of � = 2�� + �
4
SUB - MATHS
� � �
5. sin �
= sin � = sin �
6. Projection formulae
� = � cos � + c cos �
� = � cos � + � cos �
� = � cos � + � cos �
�2 + �2 − �2
7. ��� � = 2��
�2 + �2 − �2
cos � = 2��
�2 + �2 − �2
cos � =
2��
8. Area of Triangle
1 1 1
∆ = 2 ����� � = 2 �� sin � = 2 �� sin �
NOTE :-
5−1
sin 18° = cos 72° =
4
5+ 1
cos 36° = sin 54° =
4
10+2 5
cos 18° = sin 72° = 4
10−2 5
sin 36° = cos 54° =
4
1° 2− 2
sin 22 2
= 2
1° 2+ 2
cos 22 2 = 2
1°
tan 22 2 = 2 − 1
1°
cot 22 2 = 2 + 1
NOTE :-
sin 2��
cos � cos 2� . cos 3�…. cos 2�−1 � = 2� sin �
���4 � + ���4 � = 1 − 2 ���2 � ���2 �
���6 � + ���6 � = 1 − 3 ���2 � ���2 �
5
1
SUB –MATHS
Integration - formulas
properties
(1) ∫�(�)�� = �(�) + �
�
(5) ∫� ⋅ ��� = �∫��� − ∫ (�) ∫��� �x
��
1
(6) ∫�(��)�� = � �(��) + �
�' (�)
(7) ∫ �(�) �� = log �(�) + �
1
(8) ∫�' (�)�(�)�� = 2 �2 (�) + �
Formulas
��+1
1) ∫�� �� = �+1
+ � � ≠− 1
1
2) ∫ � �� = log |�| + �
� � �
5) ∫cosec� = log tan +� AND ∫sec ��� = log tan + +�
2 2 4
2
(11) ∫���� = �� + �
�� 1 �+�
(13) ∫ �2−�2 = 2� log �−�
+�
�� 1 �−9
(14) ∫ �2−�2 = 2� log �+�
+�
�� 1 �
(15) ∫ �2+�2 = � tan−1 �
+ �
��
(16) ∫ = log � + �2 − �2 + �
�2 −�2
��
(17) ∫ = log � + �2 + �2 + �
�2 +�2
� �2 �
(18) ∫ �2 − �2 �� = 2 �2 − �2 + sin−1 + �
2 �
� �2
(19) ∫ �2 + �2 �� = 2 �2 + �2 + 2
log � + �2 + �2 + �
3
Logarithms - Formulae
Take positive real numbers �, �, �, �, � Natural Number → �, � = log� � iff � = �� , � > 0
�≠1
(1) log� 1 = 0
(2) log� � = 1
�
(5) log� �
= log� � − log� �
1
(7) log� �1/� = � log� �
log �
(8) log� � = log� � = log� � − log� � � > 0, � ≠ 1
�
10) � = �log� �
(12) log� � = ln �
Differentiation-Formulae
Properties
� (1) �� ��
(1) �� �1 ± �2 (�) = 1 ± 2 �� ��
� ��1 (�)
(2) �� ��1 (�) = � ��
4
� ��1 ��2
(3) �� �1 ⋅ �2 = ��
⋅ �2 + �1 ⋅ ��
�� ��
� �1 �2 ⋅ ��1 −�1 ⋅ ��2
(4) ���2
= �2 2
��
�� �� ��
(5) � = �1 (�), � = �2 (�) then �� = ��
�� = ��
÷ ��
��
Formulas,
�
(1) �� (�) = 0
�
(2) �� �� = ���−1
� 1
(3) �� (log �) = �
�
(4) �� �� = ��
�
(5) �� (sin �) = cos �
�
(6) �� (cos �) =− sin �
�
(7) �� (tan �) = sec2 �
�
(8) �� (cot �) =− cosec2 �
�
(9) �� (sec �) = tan � ⋅ sec �
�
(10) �� (cosec�) =− cot � ⋅ cosec�
� 1
(1i) �� sin−1 � =
1−�2
5
� −1
(12) �� cos−1 � =
1−�2
� 1
(13) �� tan−1 � = 1+�2
� −1
(14) �� cot−1 � = 1+�2
� 1
(15) �� sec−1 � =
|�| �2 −1
� −1
(16) �� cosec−1 � =
|�| �2 −1
SUB - MATHS
Definite Integrals
� �
1. �
� � �� = � � � ��
� �
2. � � � �� =− � � � ��
� � �
3. �
� � �� = � � � �� + � � � ��
Types of questions :- (a) Direct
(b) Modulus functions
(c) Box function (G.I.F)
� �
4. �
� � �� = �
� � − � ��
� ���
��. − (a) 0 1+���2 �
�/2 ��
(b) 0 1+���3 �
�/2 ���5/2 � ��
(c) 0 ���5/2 �+���5/2 �
�
5. −�
� � �� = 0; �� � � = odd function
�
=2 0 � � �� ; �� � � = ���� �������� .
2� �
6. 0 � � �� = 2 0 � � �� = 0 � 2� − � = �(�)
� 2� − � =− �(�)
� �
7. � � � �� = � �
� + � − � ��
5 � �� �−� 5−2 3
Ex:- 2 7−�+ � Ans. 2
= 2
=2
�⊺ ⊺
8. (a) 0 � � �� = � 0 � � ��
�⊺ ⊺
(b) �⊺ � � �� = � − � 0 � � ��
�+�⊺ ⊺
(c) �
� � �� = � 0 � � ��
; Where T is a Periodic function
9. Integration of modulus function
4
(1) 1
|� −
3| ��
�−3=0 (x - 3)
�=3 1 - +
3 4
3 4
= − 1 � − 3 �� + 3 (� − 3)��
4
(2) 0
| �3 − 3� + 2|��
�2 − 3� + 2 = 0
�−1 �−2 = 0 (x – 1) (x-2)
� = 1, � = 2 0 + 1 - 2 + 4
1 2 2 4
2 �2 − 3� + 2 ��
= 0 (� − 3� + 2) �� − 1 (� − 3� + 2) �� + 2
10. Greatest Integral function [x] or [x] (OR FLOOR FUNCTION OR STEP FUNCTION)
4
(1) 1 [ � − 1]��
Solve your self
1
SUB - MATHS
Differential Equation
��
Sub tangent = y1 ��
��
Sub normal = y1 ��
�� 2
Length of tangent = �1 1 + ��
�� 2
Length of normal = �1 1 + ��
1. Equations reducible to variable separable form
��
Differential equations of the form �� = � �� + �� + � can be reduced to variable separable form by the
substitution ax + by + c = v.
��
Example :- ���−1 ��
=�+�
��
��
= sin (� + �)
�+�=�
B
��
Write the differential equation in the form ��
+ �� = � �ℎ��� �&� ��� �������� �� � �� �����.
Further STEPS to be followed as per above instructions.
2
SUB - MATHS
Differentiation
�
1. ��
�� = ���−1
�
2. ��
�� = ��
�
3. ��
�� = �� loge �
� 1
4. ��
loge � =
�
� 1
5. ��
loga � = � log �
e
�
6. ��
( sin �) = cos �
�
7. ��
( cos �) = − sin �
�
8. ��
tan � = ���2 �
�
9. ��
( cot �) = − �����2 �
�
10. ��
( sec �) = sec � tan �
�
11. ��
����� � = − ����� � cot �
� 1
12. ��
���−1 � =
1−�2
� 1
13. ���−1 � = −
�� 1−�2
� 1
14. ��
���−1 � = 1+�2
� 1
15. ��
���−1 � = − 1+�2
� 1
16. ��
���−1 � = −
|�| �2 −1
� 1
17. ��
�����−1 � = −
|�| �2−1
�
18. ��
�������� = 0
� � 1
19. ���−1 =
�� � �2 − �2
� � �
20. ��
���−1 � = �2 + �2
� � �
21. ��
���−1 � =
� �2 − �2
Expression Substitution
1. �2 + �2 � = � tan �
2. �2 − �2 � = � sin �
3. �2 − �2 � = � sec �
�−� �+�
4. �+�
��,
�−�
� = � cos 2 �
�2 −�2 �2 + �2
5. ��, �2 = �2 cos 2�
�2 + �2 �2 − �2
Limits
1. lim � � = lim+ �(�) �. �. ��� �� � = � = ��� �� � = � , then we say that lim � � ������.
�→�− �→� �→�
3
SUB - MATHS
�2 + 1
(i) Direct substitution method lim
�→1 �+1
�4 − 16
(ii) Factorisation method (lim �−2
�→2
1+�+�2 −1
(iii) Rationalisation Method lim �
�→0
��−��
(iv) By using some standard limits lim �−� = �·��−1
�→�
��2 + ��+�
(v) Methods of evaluation of algebraic, limits at infinity lim ��2+ ��+�
�→∞
4
SUB - MATHS
5
SUB - MATHS
Binomial Distribution
1. � � = � = � �� � � � �−�
2. Mean = np
3. Variance = npq
4. Standard Deviation = SD = �������� = ���
{� = 1 − � & � = 1 − �}
Binomial Theorem
n
1. �+� �
= Σ ��� ��−� ��
�=0
2. Number of terms in the expansion of (x + a)n is = n + 1
3. �+� � + �−� � =2 �
�0 �� �0 + �
�2 ��−2 �2 + �
�4 ��−4 �4 + ….
= 2 ��� �� ����� �� ��� ������
4. �+� �
− �−� 4
=2 ��
1 ��−1� + � �3 ��−3 �3 + …. .
= 2 ��� �� ����� �� ���� ������
�+1
NOTE :- (a) If n is odd then the number of terms in [(x + y)n + (x –y)n] and [x + y)n – (x-y)n] equal to 2
� � �
(b) If n is even, then the no. of terms in � + � + �−� �� 2
+1 ��� ��
� � �
�+� − �−� �� 2
5. General Term
��+1 = ��
� ��−� ��
6. Round table questions for ‘n’ people = � − 1 !
7. No. of diagonals in a polygonal n sides
= ��2 -n
Complex Number
1. � = � + �� = (x, y)
P(x, y)
Imaginary axis � 2 + �2
y
Ө Real axis �4� = 1
x
1
SUB - MATHS
1
= −� �2 = − 1
�
�10 = − 1
�101 = �
2. ��������� �� � : � = � + ��
� = � − ��
3. Additive inverse : � = � + ��
Additive inverse of � = − � − ��
4. Multiplication Inverse :
� = � + ��
� 1 � �(−�)
�� �� = �2
= � = �−1 = �2+ �2 + �2+ �2
5. Modules of z = |z| = �2 + �2
All complex no having the same modulus lie on a circle with centre as origin and radius, � = �
6. Cube root of unity
� = 1 1/3
�3 = 1
�3 − 1 = 0
� − 1 �2 + � + 1 = 0
−1± −3
� = 1, � = 2
−1+ � 3 −1−� 3
� = 1, � = 2
,�= 2
2
� = 1, �, �
(a) 1 + � + �2 = 0
(b) �3 = 1
(c) 1, �, �2 ��� �� ��
(d) 1, �, �2 ��� �������� �� �� ����������� ��������
−1 3 −1 − 3
(1, 0) ,
2 2 2
, 2
7. Principle argument or Amplitude of a complex number (Ө)
� = � + �� −� < � ≤ �
−1
arg � = � = ��� (�/�)
There is difference b/w Argument and principle argument.
Argument → 0 ≤ � < 2�
Principle argument → π < � ≤ �
(a) � > 0, � > 0
arg � = �
(b) � < 0, � > 0
arg � = � − � Take y/x always positive
(c) � < 0, � < 0
arg � = − � + �
(d) � > 0, � < 0
arg � = 2� − � �� − �
(e) arg �1 �2 = ���(�1) + ���(�2 )
�1
(f) arg �2
= arg �1 − arg �2
(g) arg ��
= � arg ( �)
(h) Argument of 0 is not defined
Steps to find argument of z = x + iy �−� �
Step I : find � = ���−1 (�/�)
− � + �/ � + � 2� − �/ − �
2
SUB - MATHS
9. Polar form
(a) � = � + ��
� = � cos �
� = � sin �
� = � cos � + �� sin �
� = � cos � + � sin �
� = �. ��� �= �2 + �2 = |�|
(b) ��� = cos � + � sin �
�−�� = cos � − � sin �
12. Addition
�1 + �2 = �1 + ��1 + �2 + ��2 = �1 + �2 + � �1 + �2
13. Subtraction
�1 − �2 = �1 − �2 + �(�1 − �2 )
14. Multiplication
�1 �2 = �1 �2 + ��1 �2 + ��2 �1 − �1 �2
15. Division
3
SUB - MATHS
�1 � + �� �1 + ��1 �2 − ��2
�2
= �1+ ��1 = �2 + ��2 �2 − ��2
2 2
16. Square root of a complex No. : � + �� = �
If b is positive then
1 1
� + �� = ± � + � + � � − �
2 2
If b is -ve then
1 1
� − �� = ± � + � − � � − �
2 2
(i) � + � = 2 �� �
(ii) � − � = 2� �� �
(iii) � � = �2 + �2 = � 2
where z = a + ib
(iv) � = �
(v) �1 ± �2 = �1 ± �2
(vi) �1 �2 = �1 �2
�1 �
(vii) �2
= �1 �2 ≠ 0
2
2
(viii) � � = �
Logarithm
�� = �
� = �1/�
� = loga �
NOTE :
4
SUB - MATHS
6. Inverse
Algorithm
STEP I : Find |A|
STEP II : If |A| = 0, then ‘A is a singular matrix and hence not invertible
STEP III : Calculate the cofactor of elements of A.
STEP IV : Write the matrix of cofactors of elements of A and then obtain its transpose to obtain adj A.
(��� �)
STEP V : Find the inverse of A by using the formula �−1 = |�|
7. For a matrix �� × �
det (cA) = ��( det �)
�−1
8. ��� � = �
9. Determinant of an orthogonal matrix = ± 1
10. A matrix is not a number
Quadratic Equations
1. ��2 + �� + � = 0
−� ± �2 − 4��
�= 2�
5
SUB - MATHS
−�
�+ �=
�
�
�� = � , �2 − � + � � + � � = 0
3. Formation of equations
�2 − (sum of roots) x + product f roots = 0
4. (a) �2 − 4�� is negative (D < 0) when the roots are complex.
(b) �2 − 4�� = 0 (D = 0) when roots are equal and real (α = �)
(c) �2 − 4�� is + ve (D > 0) when the roots are real and unequal
5. Imaginary roots always exist in pair.
6. Irrational root always exist in conjugate pairs.
Like one root in 2 − 3 then other will be 2 + 3
1. �� = �(�) − �(�−1)
2. �� = � = � + � − 1 �
3. Sum of n Terms of an AP
�
(a) � = � + �2
�
(b) �� = 2 (2� + � − 1 �)
�+�
4. Arithmetic Mean = 2
=�
5. If a, b & c are in AP then : b-a = c-b
GP
6. Geometric Progression
�� = ���−1
7. �� = ��
8. Sum of n terms of a Geometric series
� 1−�� �·(��−1)
�� = 1−�
,�<1 �� = �−1
,� >1
9. GP of ∞
�−��� � ��
�� = 1−�
= 1−�
− 1−�
�
�∞ = 1−�
�(�+1)
10. Σ� = 2
� �+1 (2�+1)
11. Σ�2 = 6
12. Σ�3 = Σ� 2
13. In an AP.
��+� + ��−� = 2��
14. In cases 2 + 22 + 222 …… n or 5 + 55 + 555 +….. n terms
6
SUB - MATHS
�
�� = 81 10�+1 − 9� − 10 where a is the first digit
SETS
� ⊂ � → � is a subset of X
�, � → closed interval � ≤ � ≤ �
[�, �) → � ≤ � < �
�' = � − �
'
�' = �
De Moiver’s theorem
� U A' = �
(� ⋂ �') = �
7
SUB - MATHS
�' ⋂ � = �
�' = �
�' = �
(b) If A ⋂ � ≠ �
� � � � = � � + � � − � (� ⋂ �)
(c) (A U B U C) = � � + � � + � � − � � ⋂ � − � � ⋂ � − � � ⋂ � + � (� ⋂ � ⋂ �)
8
SUB - MATHS
Circles
1. Standard form :-
�2 + �2 = �2 � 0, 0 , ������ = �
2. Centre form :-
� − ℎ 2 + � − � 2 = �2 � ℎ, � , ������ = �
3. General form :-
�2 + �2 + 2�� + 2�� + � = 0
A B
� −�, − � � = �2 + �2 − �
4. Equation of circle when end points of diameter are given :-
� − �1 � − �2 + � − �1 � − �2 = 0
5. Touching :-
(a) Externally r 1
r 2 �1 �2 = �1 + �2
C1 C2
6. (a) x – intercept = 2 �2 − �
(b) � − ��������� = 2 �2 − �
7. Length of a chord :-
�2 + �2 = �2
(0, 0)
r p
�� + �� + � = 0
A D B
0+0+�
�=
�2 + �2
�� = �2 − �2 ⟹ ∴ �� = 2��
1
SUB - MATHS
x2 + y2 = r2
P (α, β)
�� = �2 + �2 − �2
B
P (α, β)
2
SUB - MATHS
3–D
Straight line :-
1. Direction ratios / Directional number (Direction cosine are proportional + Q ….) :-
(a) � = �� + �� + ��
dr. a, b, c
a:b:c
< �, �, � >
(b)
A(x1, y1, z1) B(x2, y2, z2)
dr. of AB :-
�2 − �1 , �2 − �1 , �2 − �1
2. Direction cosines (l, m, n) or (����, cos � , cos �)
(a) dr. of a line = a, b, c
Then � =
�
,�=
�
,�=
� dr. of axes
Σ a2 Σ�2 Σ�2 < x, 0, 0> , < 0, y, 0,>
Σ a2 = a2 + b2 + C2 < 0, 0, z>
2 2 2
(b) � + � + � = 1
���2 � + ���2 � + ���2 � = 1
(c) � = � (� � + �� + ��)
(d) If a line cuts equal intercepts on the coordinate axis or equally inclined to coordinate axes
1
�=�=�= ± 3
1
For acute angle; � = � = � = 3
3. Equation of a line which passes through vector � and in the direction of vector � OR || to vector �
� = � + ��
4. Equation of line which passes through � ��� �
�=�+ � �− �
5. Cartesian Farm :-
(a) dr. a, b, c
�−�1 �−�1 �−�1
(x1, y1, z1) = =
� � �
�1 �2 + �1 �2 + �1 �2
cos � =
�21 + �21 + �21 �22 + �22 + �22
For perpendicular �1 �2 + �1 �2 + �1 �2 = 0
� � �
For || �1 = �1 = �1
2 2 2
1
SUB - MATHS
7. Shortest Distance
(a) � = �1 + ��1
d
�2 −�1 �1 ×�2
� = �2 + ��2 �= �1 �2
(b) � = �1 + ��1
d
� = �2 + ��2
�2 −�1 ×�1
�=
�1
8. Section Formula
Internally
��2 +��1 � �2 +��1 � �2 + � �1
�+�
, �+� , �+�
Externally
��2 −��1 � �2 −��1 � �2 −��1
�−�
, �−� , �−�
�1 �2 + �1 �2 + �1 �2
cos � =
�21 + �21 + �21 �22 + �22 + �22
2
SUB - MATHS
3–D
Straight line :-
15. Direction ratios / Directional number (Direction cosine are proportional + Q ….) :-
(c) � = �� + �� + ��
dr. a, b, c
a:b:c
< �, �, � >
(d)
A(x1, y1, z1) B(x2, y2, z2)
dr. of AB :-
�2 − �1 , �2 − �1 , �2 − �1
16. Direction cosines (l, m, n) or (����, cos � , cos �)
(e) dr. of a line = a, b, c
� � �
Then � = ,�= ,�=
Σ a2 Σ�2 Σ�2
Σ a2 = 2
a + b2 + C 2
(f) �2 + �2 + �2 = 1
���2 � + ���2 � + ���2 � = 1
(g) � = � (� � + �� + ��)
(h) If a line cuts equal intercepts on the coordinate axis or equally inclined to coordinate axes
1
�=�=�= ± 3
1
For acute angle; � = � = � = 3
17. Equation of a line which passes through vector � and in the direction of vector � OR || to vector �
� = � + ��
18. Equation of line which passes through � ��� �
�=�+ � �− �
19. Cartesian Farm :-
(c) dr. a, b, c
�−�1 �−�1 �−�1
(x1, y1, z1) = =
� � �
�1 �2 + �1 �2 + �1 �2
cos � =
�21 + �21 + �21 �22 + �22 + �22
For perpendicular �1 �2 + �1 �2 + �1 �2 = 0
� � �
For || �1 = �1 = �1
2 2 2
3
SUB - MATHS
(d) � = �1 + ��1
d
� = �2 + ��2
�2 −�1 ×�1
�=
�1
22. Section Formula
Internally
��2 +��1 � �2 +��1 � �2 + � �1
�+�
, �+� , �+�
Externally
��2 −��1 � �2 −��1 � �2 −��1
, ,
�−� �−� �−�
�1 �2 + �1 �2 + �1 �2
cos � =
�21 + �21 + �21 �22 + �22 + �22
4
SUB - MATHS
Sphere
1. Standard form
�2 + �2 + �2 = �2
( 0, 0, 0, ������ = �
2. Centre form
�−ℎ 2+ �−� 2+ �−� 2
= �2
� ℎ, �, � ������ = �
3. General form
�2 + �2 + �2 + 2�� + 2�� + 2�� + � = 0
Centre (-u, -v, -w) and radius = �2 + �2 + �2 − �
4.
�2 + �2 + �2 = �2
(0,0,0)
3
2� + � + � + � = 0
O C = centre of circle
AC = radius of circle
A C B
5
1
SUB – MATHS
Circle
Standard Form -
if centre of circle is ( ℎ, � ) and radius is � then,
(� − ℎ)2 + (� − �)2 = �2
General form
if Centre of Circle is ( − �, − �) then,
�2 + �2 + 2�� + 2�� + � = 0
where radius � = �2 + �2 − �
Diameter form
If �1 , �1 and �2 , �2 are the ends of the diameter of a circle then,
� − �1 � − �2 + � − �1 � − �2 = 0
��1 + ��1 + � � + �1 + � � + �1 + � = 0
� = �� ± � 1 + �2
� = ��1 + ��1 + � � + �1 + � � + �1 + �
� = ��1 + ��1 + � � + �1 + � � + �1 + �
�1 = �21 + �21 + 2��1 + 2��1 + �
Equation of the circle having centre (ℎ, �) and touching the line �� + �� + � = 0
perpendicular
Radius = �� =
distance from (ℎ, �)
�ℎ + �� + �
�=
�2 + �2
(� − ℎ)2 + (� − �)2 = �2
2
�� = Radius = × ��
3
Case-1 → If �2 + �2 − � > 0, then the radius of the circle is real and circle is also red
Case-II If �2 + �2 − � = 0, then the radius of the circle is zero, such circle is known as a
point circle.
Case-III: �2 + �2 − � < 0, then the radius �2 + �2 − � of the - Circle is imaginary but
centre is real.
If two concentric circles be �1 &�2 with centre �, �� be chord of the larger Circle
�2 which touches the smaller circle �1 at point �.
Chord �� = �� + ��
where ��2 = ��2 − ��2
��2 = ��2 − ��2
ie. �� = �� ⇒
�� = 2�� = 2��
SUB - MATHS
Ellipse
1.
��
<1 P(h, k)
�� M
�� = � ��
�<1
Directrix S(α, �) Focus
2. Standard form :-
�2 �2
(a) �2
+ �2 = 1 (a > b)
2 2 2
� =� 1−�
�2 �2
(b) �2
+ �2 = 1 (b > a)
�2 = �2 1 − �2 Z y Z4
M B (0, b)
3. �=
−� P (h, k) � =
�
� �
X1 X
(-a, 0) �' ( − ��, 0) C(0, 0) S(ae, 0) A(a, 0)
A1
B1 (0, -b)
Z1 y1 Z3
Auxiliary circle (taking end pt’s as diameters
��' = � �� (a > b)
�2 = �2 1 − �2
�=ℎ,�=�
�2 �2
�2
+ �2 = 1
(2) Area of an ellipse :-
Area = π ab
(3) Formulae :-
(i) Centre (0, 0)
(ii) Foci S & S1 ±��, 0
(iii) Vertices A & A1 (± a, 0)
�
(iv) Directrix ZZ1 & �''�''' = � = ± �
(v) Major axis = ��' = 2a
(vi) Equation of axis = y = 0
(vii) Minor axis = 2b = ��'
2�2
(viii) �� = �
(� > �)
2�2
�� = � (� > �)
(ix) Distance b/w foci = 2ae
2�
(x) Distance b/w directrix = �
(xi) Focal property
�� + ��' = 2�
(xii) Parametric coordinates
� = � cos � , � = � sin �
1
SUB - MATHS
� �
= cos � , � = sin �
�
4. P(x1 ,y1)
�2 �2
�2
+ �2 = 1
��1 ��1
Eq. of tangent, �2
, + �2
=1 [ WHERE (x1y1) = point of contact]
5. �=��± �2 �2 + �2
� = ����
Ө
6. Parametric constant
� = � sin � , � = � cos �
� � ���� � � sin �
∴ ��� of tangent = �2
+ �2
=1
7. Equation of chord with mid points �1 , �1
� = �1
Hyperbola
1.
P(h, k)
�� + � � + � = 0
Directrix
S(α, �)
Focus
��
��
>1 �� = � �� �>1
2. Standard form :-
�2 �2
(a) �2
− �2 = 1 �>�
�2 = �2 �2 − 1
�2 �2
(b) �2
− �2 = − 1 (b > a)
2
SUB - MATHS
�2 = �2 (�2 − 1)
Z B �''
A’
�' x
�'(��, 0) C A S (ae, 0)
B’ �''
�'
�2 �2
�2
− �2 = 1 , �>�
�2 = �2 �2 − 1
3. Formulae
(a) Transverse are is = ��' = 2�
(b) Conjugate axis is = ��' = 2�
(c) Parametric coordinates : � = � sec �
� = � tan �
(d) Focal property
�� − ��' = 2�
4. Rectangular hyperbola
(a) a = b
�2 �2
− = 1
�2 �
� − � = �2
2 2
∴�= 2
3
SUB - MATHS
Parabola
1.
� (ℎ, �)
M
ax + by + c = 0
Directrix S (�, �) ⟷ �����
PS = PM (Parabola : PS/PM = e = 1)
2 2 �ℎ+��+�
ℎ−� + �− � =
�2 + �2
Squaring :-
ℎ = �, � = �
��2 + 2��� + �2 + 2�� + 2�� + � = 0
For parabola �2 − �� = 0
� � �
Δ= � � �
� � �
2. Standard form :-
(a) �2 = 4��
S (a, 0)
(b) �2 = − 4��
x=a
S(-a , 0)
(c) �2 = 4��
(d) �2 = − 4��
3. Formulae :- Y
Z Q
� �, �
L
X1 X
N A S (a, 0)
R
Z1 L1
Y 1
4
SUB - MATHS
I. Equation of axis : y = 0
II. Focus (a, 0)
III. Latus Rectum = LL1 = 4a
IV. Focus distance = ℎ + �
V. Equation of LR = x = a
VI. Directrix = x = - a
VII. AS = AN
VIII. Vertex A (0,0)
IX. Parametric Co-ordinates :-
� = ��2 , � = 2��
X. Focal chord :-
� (��21 , 2��1 )
� ��22 , 2��2
Condition : �1 �2 = − 1
�(��2 , 2��)
� 2�
� ,
�2 �
XI. Semi LR = HM b/w QS & SR
2��.��
S.L.R. = 2a = ��+�� = �. �. �. Note :-
(1) AM = � + � /2
(2) �� = ��
2��
(3) �� = �+�
(4) A, G, H are in GP
(5) � ≥� ≥�
4. (x1, y1)
�2 = 4��
(b)
� � 2�
� = �� + � || points of contact ,
�2 �
5. Eqn of normal
� = �� − 2�� − ��3
Condn :- � = − 2� − ��3
Pt. of contact (am2, -2am)
5
SUB - MATHS
����������� − ����������
����������� − ������������
�� ∟�
1. � = ∟ �−� 0!=1
�� = �!
�
�+�=�
� � �+1
6. �� + ��−1 = ��
7. The number of diagonals = ��2 − �
�� �−�+1
8. ��
�
= �
�−1
1
SUB - MATHS
Probability
1. Condn probability
� �(� �)
(i) � �
= �(�)
, � � ≠0
�(� �)
(ii) �(�/�) = �(�) , � � ≠0
�(�' �)
(iii) �(�' �) = �(�)
� � − �(� �)
= �(�)
2. Independent events
� � � = � � . �(�)
�
• odds in favour = �+�
�
• odd in against = �+�
3. Addition theorems on Probability
(i) (Addition theorem ) If A and B are events associated with a random experiment, then
P (A U B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A �)
If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then P(A �) = 0
P(A � �) = � � + �(�)
(ii) P(A U B U C) = P(A) + P (B) + P(C) – P (A �) - P(B �) - P(A �) + �(� � �)
For mutually exclusive
P(A U B U C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C)
(iii) (a) � � � = � � − �(� �)
(b) � � � =� � − � � �
(c) � � � − ∪ (� �)) = �(�) + �(�) − 2�(� �)
1
SUB – MATHS
straight Line-Formulac
Distance Formula
�� = �2 − � 1 2 + �2 − �1 2
Slope or Gradient
�2 − �1
� = tan � =
�2 − �1
Midpoint �� , ��
�1 + � 2 �1 + �2
�0 = , �0 =
2 2
General form
�� + �� + � = 0
slope-intercept form
� = �� + �
point-slope form
� − �1 = � � − �1
Intercept Form
� �
+ =1
� �
Normal Form
�cos � + �sin � = �
where � is the length of perpendicular on the line from origin and � is the angle made by
perpendicular with �-axis.
�1 � + �1 � + �1 = 0 and �2 � + �2 � + �2 = 0
�1 � �
if �2
= �1 = �1 ⇒ coincident lines
2 2
�1 � �
if �2
= �1 ≠ �1 ⇒ parallel. Lines
2 2
�1 �
if �2
≠ �1 ⇒ Intersection lines.
2
�1 �1 �1
�2 �2 �2 = 0
�3 �3 �3
IV. � is perpendicular to � : �. � = 0
V. �. � = �. �
VI. �. � = � 2
VII. � �. � = � �. � = �. � �, for any scalar m.
VIII. �± � ≤ � + �
IX. �− � ≥ � − �
2 2
X. �±� = � 2 + � ± 2 �. �
2
XI. �+ � �− � = � 2− �
XII. �. � > 0 if Ө is acute
XIII. �. � < 0 if Ө is obtuse
2 2
2. �+�+ � = � 2 + � + � 2 + 2 �. � + �. � + �. �
3. If � = �1 � + �2 � + �3 �, � = �1 � + �2 � + �3 �
Then,
�. � = �1 �1 + �2 �2 + �3 �3
�.�
4. Angle � b/w � & � = cos � =
� |�|
1. � × � = � � sin � �
2. If � and � are || then, � × � = 0
��
3. Unit vector perpendicular to the plane of � & � = ±
|�||�|
4. �×� =− �×�
5. � � × � = �� × � = � × ��, ��� ��� ������ �.
� � � � = �1 � + �2 � + �3 �
6. � × � = �1 �2 �3 , where
�1 �2 �3 � = �1 � + �2 � + �3 �
2 2
7. � × � + �. � 2 = � 2 �
8. |� × �|2 + � × � 2 + � × � 2 = 2 � 2
1
SUB - MATHS
10. In a ∆���,
�×�+ �× �+ �×�
Length of the perpendicular from C on AB =
�−�
��+ ��+ ��
Length of perpendicular from A on BC =
�−�
��+��+��
Length of perpendicular from B on AC = |�−�|
XVII. � is perpendicular to � : �. � = 0
XVIII. �. � = �. �
XIX. �. � = � 2
XX. � �. � = � �. � = �. � �, for any scalar m.
XXI. �± � ≤ � + �
XXII. �− � ≥ � − �
2 2
XXIII. �±� = � 2 + � ± 2 �. �
2
XXIV. �+ � �− � = � 2− �
XXV. �. � > 0 if Ө is acute
XXVI. �. � < 0 if Ө is obtuse
2 2
6. �+�+ � = � 2 + � + � 2 + 2 �. � + �. � + �. �
7. If � = �1 � + �2 � + �3 �, � = �1 � + �2 � + �3 �
Then,
�. � = �1 �1 + �2 �2 + �3 �3
�.�
8. Angle � b/w � & � = cos � =
� |�|
11. � × � = � � sin � �
12. If � and � are || then, � × � = 0
��
13. Unit vector perpendicular to the plane of � & � = ±
|�||�|
2
SUB - MATHS
18. |� × �|2 + � × � 2 + � × � 2
=2� 2
Vectors
1. Cross Multiplication
�1 � + �1 � + �1 = 0
�2 � + �2 � + �2 = 0
� � 1
�1 �2 −�2 �1
=� =�
2 �1 −�1 �2 1 �2 −�2 �1
2. Types of vectors
I. Parallel vectors A B
C D �� = � ��
II. Collinear points
A B C �� = � ��
�
III. Unit vectors � = |�|
3
SUB - MATHS
� = � = � = 1
� �
� �
(b) � + � + � = 0 �
�
� �
� �
4. Parallelogram law � D C
�� = � + � � �
�� = � − � �� + �� = ��
A B
�
8. Section Formulae A m1 m2 B
�� =
�1 ��+ �2 �� C
�1 + �2
�1 �+ �2 � � �
�� = �1 + �2
O
9. Work done by a force
� = �·�
10. Moment of a force
�=��
4
SUB - MATHS
5
1
BASIC FORMULA SHEET
2
3
4
5
6