CHAPTER # 03
ORGANIC COMPOUND
ORANGIC CHEMISTRY
Organic
It deals with organic compound.
Organic compounds are obtained from living organisms such as plants and animals.
It is the study of organic compound except CO, CO2, CO3-2, HCO3-1, Carbides.
It is the study of hydrocarbons.
VITAL FORCE THEORY: (VFT)
Only living things have the ability to produce organic compounds
WOHLER’s EXPERIMENT:
German chemist “Friedrich Wohler”
He is known as the father of organic compound
Wohler prepared the first organic compound (Urea) by boiling an inorganic compound
(Ammonium cyanate)
Here,
SOURCES OF ORGANIC COMPOUND:
1) Fossil fuels (Coal/ Petroleum/ Natural gas)
2) Plants and animals
3) Partial and total synthetics
4) Products of Biotechnology
1) FOSSIL FUEL:
Fossils are formed when an organisms dies and its remains are quickly buried by sedimentation
without decomposition. These fossils are slowly turned into fossil fuels. They are non-renewable
energy source.
A) COAL:
It is a plant derived fossil fuel formed beneath the earth crust.
It is solid fossil fuel.
There are four stages of coal.
PEAT ----> Light brown coal with lowest percentage of carbon.
LIGNITE ----> Dark brown (soft coal)
BITUMINIOUS -----> Black coal and this is not used directly. Used after processing
ANTHRACITE ----> Dark black coal with highest percentage of carbon.
DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF COAL:
When coal is heated at high temperature in the absence of air in a closed container their three
products are obtained.
i) COKE:
It is used as fuel and reducing agent.
Fe2O3 + C -------> Fe + CO2
ii) COAL TAR:
It is a mixture of 200+ aromatics hydrocarbon which can be obtained
through the fractional distillation of coal tar.
iii) COAL GAS:
It is a mixture of CH4 and water gas (CO+H2)
B) PETROLEUM:
It is also called rock oil or crude oil in unrefined form.
It is a thick black liquid which is formed by the decomposition of ancient marine animals.
It is a mixture of 500+ hydrocarbons which can be separated through a process called fractional
distillation.
Some important fractions of petroleum are:
Petrochemical, jet fuel, liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, kerosene, Diesel, paraffin wax,
asphalt/tar etc.
REFORMING OF GASOLINE:
C8H18 (Octane)
Straight chain hydrocarbon burns rapidly in the engine causes more fuel consumption and
knocking.
‘knocking’ is the loud noise of engine which damage the engine.
Branched chain hydrocarbon produce less fuel knocking and less fuel consumption.
The process in which straight chain hydrocarbons is converted into branched chain
hydrocarbons is called reforming.
Reforming increase the ‘octane number’ of petrol.
High octane gasoline is more efficient.
Reforming is done at high temperature in the presence of platinum ( Pt ) catalyst.
The octane number of n-octane is zero.
The octane number of iso-octane is 100.
Formerly Tetra Ethyl Lead (C2H5)4Pb was used to prevent fuel knocking but its no more used
due to toxicity of Pb.
C) NATURAL GAS:
It is formed underground by decomposition of animals for millions of years.
It is called (SUI GAS) in Pakistan because it was discovered in Sui (Balochistan).
It is a mixture of flammable hydrocarbons.
It is commonly used as domestic fuel.
It produces less pollution than coal and petroleum products.
Composition of natural gas are:
CH4 (Methane gas) ---------> 95%
C2H6 (Ethane gas) ---------> 4%
C2H5SH (Ethyl mercaptan/ ethanethiol) --------->1%
Ethyl mercaptan gives smell to natural gas for safety purpose.
2) PLANTS AND ANIMALS:
Many organic compound are isolated from pants, animals, and microbes. These are referred to as
natural products. These products are typically produced by living organisms through natural
metabolic processes and extracted out through different methods such as distillation,
fermentation, purification etc. Natural products have been utilized for millennia for medicinal,
cosmetic, and nutritional reasons. Some examples of natural products are glucose, cellulose,
insulin, cholesterol, caffeine, nicotine, menthol, and peppermint oil etc.
3) PARTIAL AND TOTAL SYNTHETICS:
PARTIAL SYNTHETICS:
A simple organic compound is converted into a complex organic compound by
doing chemical reaction.
For Example: ibuprofen is an anti-inflammatory drug which is formed
through cumene.
TOTAL SYNTHETICS:
An organic compound is formed through element.
For Example: Anti-cancer drug ‘Taxol’ is formed by total
synthesis.
4) BIOTECHNOLOGY:
It deals with the involvement of microbes in the formation of an organic compound.
For Example: ethyl alcohol is formed through fermentation of starch with help of micro-
organisms such as yeast.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIC COMPOUND:
1) CATENATION:
The ability of carbon to form long chain and rings is called catenation. A large number of
organic compounds are possible due to catenation. Carbon exhibits this property due to tetra-
valency and small size.
2) NON-IONIC NATURE:
Carbon cannot loss or gain electron due to small size. So, organic compounds contains
covalent bond which are formed by sharing of electron.
3) SOLUBILITY:
Polar organic compound are soluble in water.
Non polar organic compound are insoluble in water.
4) LOW MELTING AND BOILING POINT:
Organic compound in comparison to inorganic compounds have lower melting and boiling
points. This is due to comparatively weak intermolecular forces found in these molecules.
5) FLAMMABILITY:
The majority of organic compounds are combustible and readily reacts with oxygen to
form carbon dioxide and water, thereby releasing heat. Such as wood, coal, oil, gasoline, and
natural gas.
CH4 + 2O2 -----------------------> CO2 + 2H2O + Heat energy
6) REACTIVITY:
Organic compound react at a substantially slower rate than the ionic reactions.
7) ISOMERISM:
Those compound which have same molecular formula but different structure or
arrangement of atoms is called isomers.
For Example: n-Butane and iso-Butane
8) POLYMERIZATION:
The process by which polymers (macromolecules) are made is called polymerization.
OR
A large number of monomers ( micromolecules ) are combined to form a polymer.
For Example:
Natural Polymer: Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen etc.
Artificial or man-made Polymer: Polyethene, Bakelite, Polyvinyl chloride etc
TYPES OF POLYMERIZATION:
1) ADDITION POLYMERIZATION:
In addition polymerization monomers are added by Pi bond cleavage.
For Example: Polyethene is addition polymer of ethane.
2) CONDENSATION POLYMERIZATION:
In condensation polymerization polymers are formed by the addition of simple molecules such as
water (H2O).
For Example: Bakelite is condensation polymer of phenol and formaldehyde.
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES:
The consecutive member of organic compound differ from a fix ratio of CH2 forming a series of
compound called homologous series.
For Example: Homologous series of alkane (CnH2n+2)
CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C4H10, C5H12, C6H14, C7H16 etc.
Common difference of 14 a.m.u
All the member are chemically similar
All the member are physically different
Boiling point increases down the group due to stronger London dispersion forces.
FUNCTIONAL GROUP:
Atoms or group of atoms which are responsible for all physical and chemical properties of
organic compounds are called functional group.
COMPOUND FUNCTIONAL GROUP
BUCKY BALL:
In 1985 Richard Smalley and Harry Kroto discovered a new allotrope of carbon that consists of
60 Carbons (C60).
The structure was similar to the dome developed by American Architect ‘Richard Buckminister
fuller’. That’s why is called ‘Bucky Ball’.
It consists of twelve five membered ring and twenty six membered ring.
Bucky balls are good conductor and they are used in nanotechnology.
USES OF ORGANIC COMPOUND:
GASOLINE: Fuel for automobile.
NATURAL GAS: Domestic fuel.
ETHENE: Ripening of fruits.
ETHYNE: Gas welding
FORMALIN: Preservative of biological specimen.
ETHYLENE GLYCOL: Antifreeze and coolant in automobiles.
PHENOL: Antiseptics and ink preservatives.
DIETHYL ETHER: Anaesthesia.
ACETIC ACID: Vinegar.
ETHYL ACETATE: Artificial flavors and essences.
ACETONE: Nail polish remover.
NYLON: Ropes and fish nets.
POLY ESTER: Fabrics.
CARBOHYDRATE, PROTEIN, FATS, VITAMINS: Food components.