MODULE 3

Citing & Referencing Guide

(Harvard style)

[Link]
[Link]
Brock University Library (2014)

Brock University Library. (2014, September 24). What is plagiarism and how to avoid it [Online
video]. Retrieved from [Link]
 IMPORTANCE OF CITING AND REFERENCING

o Receiving credit for your own hard work and research

o To validate what you are writing, by referring to
documented evidence
o To refer to other research that leads up to your study
o To enable readers to consult the original source
independently
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Part 1: In-Text citation

• Types of In-Text Citations

• In-Text Citations Exercises

Part 2 : Reference List

• General Rules- Authors

• Formatting Elements
IN-TEXT CITATION & REFERENCE LIST

<
.

In-text citation Reference list

 In-Text Citation style

Types of In-Text Citation

In-Text Citations Exercises

 IN-TEXT CITATION STYLES

Author prominent
• The author's name is outside the round brackets.

Author’s surname (Year, Page)…statement

Metcalf (2005, p. 184) suggests that…

Information prominent
• The author's name is within the round brackets.

statement…(Author/s surname/s Year, Page)

... (Metcalf 2005, p. 184)
 TYPES OF IN-TEXT CITATION

In-Text Citation

2 Types of In-Text Citations

1. Quotation
a) Short quotation
b) Long quotation (more than 30 words)
2. Paraphrase (Restate in your own words)
 TYPES OF IN-TEXT CITATION

1) Quotation Use exact words of the source with quotation marks (“ ”).
a) Short quotation
Author prominent:

Metcalf (2005, p. 184) claims that “The bones were very fragile”.

OR

Information prominent:

“The bones were very fragile” (Metcalf 2005, p. 184).

* Short quotations is less than 30 words and should be enclosed in quotation

marks “ ”
 TYPES OF IN-TEXT CITATION

1) Quotation When quote more than 30 words

b) Long quotation (Discouraged)
Author prominent:
Much has been written about acute care. Finkelman (2006, p. 184), for example, points
out that:

There are many changes in acute care services occurring almost daily,
and due to the increasing use of outpatient surgery, surgical services have
experienced major changes. Hospitals are increasing the size of their
outpatient or ambulatory surgery departments and adjusting to the need
of moving patients into and out of the surgical service in 1 day or even a
few hours.
Requirement:
Double spacing for the text; include page no.; begin on new line; indented 5
spaces; single spacing for the quote; no quotation mark
 TYPES OF IN-TEXT CITATION

2) Paraphrase Restate in your own words.

Author prominent:
Metcalf (2005, p. 184) discovered that the bones broke
easily.

OR

Information prominent:
Found that the bones were easily broken (Metcalf 2005,
p. 184).
 BASIC CITATION STYLE
HOW TO DO IF?

NUMBER OF Author prominent Information prominent

AUTHOR

1 author Phillips (2006, p.10) discussed... In a recent reports… (Phillips 2006, p.10)
2 or 3 Daly, Speedy and Jackson (2006, p.10) In a recent reports… (Daly, Speedy &
authors discussed… Jackson 2006, p.10)
More than 3 In a recent reports… (Russell et al. 2006,
Russell et al. (2006, p.10) discussed…
authors p.10)
Crouch, Jackson and Thompson (Eds.) In a recent reports… (Crouch, Jackson &
Editors 2006, p.10) discussed… Tom (Eds.) 2006, p.10)
Corporate authors In the report by Malaysia Airways (2006) it In a recent reports… (Malaysia Airways
(organizations, can be seen that ... 2006)
companies and
institutions)
 TYPES OF IN-TEXT CITATION
HOW TO DO?

NUMBER OF Author prominent Information prominent

AUTHOR
If cannot identify In a recent report… (Dictionary of
Dictionary of biology (2016, p. 13) indicates...
the author biology 2016, p. 13)
If cannot identify This is emphasized by Seah (n.d., p. 10)
In a recent report… (Seah n.d., p. 10)
the year when...
 IN-TEXT CITATION EXERCISE

[Link]

AINI
General Rules- Author

Formatting Elements
 GENERAL RULES
Single Author Last name first, followed by author initials. Metcalf, P

Two Authors List by their last names and initials. Use the ampersand Wegener, D & Petty, RE
“(&)” instead of and.

Three Authors List by last names and initials; commas separate author Savage, M, Bagnall, G & Longhurst, B
names, while the last author name is preceded again by
ampersand (&).

More Than Three Do not use et al. in the reference list. List all the Kring, A, Davison, GC, Neale, JM & Johnson, S
Authors authors.

Author - Malay Names Omit bin/binti Cite as: Asmah

(without family names) Reference as:
Example: Asmah Omar 1991, Kemahiran berbahasa, Penerbitan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur,
Asmah binti Omar Malaysia.

Author - Chinese Names First name first, followed by author initials. Cite as: Lee
Reference as:
Example: Lee, CW 1995, ‘Simulated counter-current adsorption processes: a comparison
Lee Chong Wei of modeling strategies’, Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 56, no.3, pp. 59-65.

Author - Chinese Names Family names followed by the initials of the English Cite as: Lee
with English Names name and the author initials. Reference as:
Example: Lee, VCW 1983,Sarawak: mini episodes of the past, Fajar Bakti, Selangor.
Vincent Lee Chong Wei

Author-Indian & Sikh Omit d/o, s/o, a/l, a/p Cite as: Narrayani
Names Reference as:
(without family names) Example: Narrayani Jeganathan 1983, Sarawak: mini episodes of the past, Fajar Bakti,
Narrayani a/p Jeganathan Selangor.

Inherited Names Cite as it is Cite as: Raja Ahmad Niza

Reference as:
Example: Raja Ahmad Niza Raja Muhammad 1983,Sarawak: mini episodes of the past, Fajar
Raja Ahmad Niza Bin Raja Muhammad Bakti, Selangor,
FORMATTING ELEMENTS

Book

E- Journal (URL)
 FORMATTING ELEMENTS (BOOK)

Author(s) names Title of work

Italic Edition
Publication year

Author, initial(s) Year, Title of book: subtitle, Edition (only include this if not the first
edition), Publisher, Place.

Publisher’s name Place of

publication

REFERENCING EXAMPLE
Gray, E 2009, Romanticism, history, historicism: essays on an orthodoxy, 5th edn,
Routledge, New York.

Note : : Use the abbreviation edn (no full stop) for edition.
FORMATTING ELEMENTS (E-JOURNAL WITH URL)

Publication date Journal title

Author(s) name Title of work Italic Volume

number

Author, initial(s) Year of publication, ‘Article title’, Journal Title, vol. , no., viewed date
access, <http address>.
Issue/Part
number Date of access
Web address

REFERENCING EXAMPLE

Xiao, H & Petraki, E 2007, ‘An Investigation of Chinese students’ difficulties in intercultural
communication and its role in ELT’, Journal of Intercultural Communication, vol.41, no. 13,
viewed 27 November 2010, <[Link]
 FORMATTING ELEMENTS (Website)

Publication date Journal title

Author(s) name Title of work Italic

Author, initial(s) Year of publication, ‘title if entry’, Title of website, viewed (date access),
<http address>.
Date of access
Web address

REFERENCING EXAMPLE

Fein, B 2010, ‘Issues paper youth employment’, Australian Chamber of Commerce and
Industry, viewed 15 December 2010,
<[Link]
Employment%20Paper%20May%202010_final.pdf>.
 BOOK
Edition A D Publisher
E
Year of publication
Book title B

Author C

F Place of publication
 ONLINE JOURNAL
Article title A
Information from the online journal:

▪ Authors
Author`s name B
▪ Year of publication
▪ Article title and subtitle
▪ Journal title
▪ Volume
▪ issue
▪ Page number
▪ D.O.I or URL Year of publication E
Issue D
C Page number range G
Volume

D.O.I F H
Journal title
 SUMMARY

In-text citation Reference list

Author’s surname Year, p. Page

Quotation
Brinner and Walshe (2002, p. 33)
postulated that “the idea of using
systematic reviews of evidence to
inform practice makes sense to
students and is viewed positively”.

OR

Paraphrase
Brinner and Walshe (2002,p.33)
found that the systematic reviews of Arrange in alphabetical order
evidence to inform practice is
compatible to students.