VIVA QUESTIONS

[Link] Ohm’s law.

Answer. The current that flows through most conductors is directly proportional to the voltage applied. The voltage
across a conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it, provided all physical conditions and
temperatures remain constant.
2. What is the formula of Ohm’s law?
Answer. Ohm’s law is given by the formula: V=IR
Where, I=current, V=volatge, and R=Resistance.
3. What is specific resistance?
Answer. The resistance offered per unit length and unit cross-sectional area when a known amount of voltage is
applied is known as the specific resistance.
4. What is the SI unit of the potential difference?
Answer. The SI unit of the potential difference is volt.
5. The current is measured in which unit?
Answer. The unit of electric current is Ampere.
6. What is the unit of resistance?
Answer. The unit of the electrical resistance is Ohms.
7. Does the resistance depend on the temperature?
Answer. Yes, the resistance depends on the temperature. As the temperature increases, the resistance also increases.
8. What are the various sources of error while performing this experiment?
Answer: Various sources of error are:
 The instrument screws may be loose.
 Lack of thick connecting wires.
 Using rheostat of high resistance.
9. What is electrical conductivity?
Answer. It is the measure of the ability of the material to allow the electric current to pass through it.
10. Define a rheostat.
Answer. A rheostat is a two-terminal electrical device. The rheostat is a variable resistor whose resistance can be
changed to change the current flowing amount through a circuit.
11. State true or false: The potential difference across the wire varies linearly with the current.
Answer. TRUE. The potential difference across the wire varies linearly with the current.
12. Does the resistance depend on the dimensions of the conductor?
Answer. Yes, the resistance depends on the dimensions of the conductor.
1. What is a galvanometer?
Answer: A galvanometer is a measuring device that measures a small electrical current or a function of the current
by deflection of a moving coil.
 2. What is the formula to calculate the figure of merit of the galvanometer?
Answer: The formula to calculate the figure of merit of the galvanometer is
3. What is an ammeter?
Answer. An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to calculate the current in a circuit.
4. What is the unit to measure electric current?
Answer: Ampere is the unit used to measure the electric current.
6. Define ampere.
Answer: An ampere is a unit of measure of the rate of electron flow or current in an electrical conductor.
7. How is a galvanometer converted to an ammeter?
Answer: A galvanometer is converted into an ammeter by connecting a low resistance in parallel with the
galvanometer.
8. On the galvanometer scale, why is zero placed in the middle?
Answer: Zero is placed in the middle of the galvanometer since the galvanometer needle can deflect on both sides.
9. How is an ammeter connected in a circuit?
Answer: An ammeter should be connected in the series pattern with the circuit. When the ammeter is placed in
series, the entire current of the circuit can be calculated when it passes through it.
10. Why is this method known as the half deflection method?
Answer: Here, the deflection is made half using a shunt resistance S. Hence It is known as the half deflection
method.
11. Are there positive and negative terminals in the galvanometer?
Answer: There are no positive and negative terminals in the galvanometer.
1. What is a convex mirror?
Answer: A convex mirror is defined as a spherical mirror that features an outwardly bulged reflecting surface.
2. What is a convex lens?
Answer: A convex lens is a type of lens that is thicker at the centre and thinner at the edges. It converges on a
straight beam of light.
3. What is the formula for finding the focal length of the convex lens?
Answer: The formula to find the focal length of the convex lens is 1/f=1/u+1/v.
4. Explain the type of image formed by the convex mirror.
Answer: A convex mirror always creates only virtual images that are erect and diminished for all object positions.
5. What kind of image is created by the convex lens?
Answer: The convex lenses form real as well as inverted images of different sizes. Erect, virtual, and enlarged
images are formed based on the object’s position.
6. Is the focal length of a convex lens positive or negative?
Answer: A convex lens has a positive focal length.
7. What is a convex lens referred to as?
Answer: A convex lens is also referred to as a converging lens.
8. Which type of lens has a negative focal length?
Answer: The concave lens is the lens which has a negative focal length.
9. Define the power of the lens.
Answer: The power of a lens is defined as the reciprocal of the focal length.
10. How is the lens power measured?
Answer: Lens power is measured in dioptres (D).
11. A convex lens is used to treat which type of refractive error in the human eye?
Answer: The convex lens is used to treat hypermetropia or long-sightedness.
12. Why is a convex lens used in cameras?
Answer: A convex lens is used in cameras because it focuses light in order to create a clear and sharp image.
13. What are the types of mirrors?
Answer: Types of mirrors are,
 Plane mirrors
 Spherical mirrors
14. Define focal length.
Answer: Focal length is the distance between the optical centre and the principal focus of the lens.
15. Is a convex mirror a transparent or opaque object?
Answer: A convex mirror is an opaque object.
16. What happens to the incident ray, which is an incident on a convex lens?
Answer: A convex lens converges the incident rays towards the principal axis.
17. Which lens is known as a diverging lens?
Answer: A concave lens is known as a diverging lens.
18. When a concave lens is combined with a convex lens, what would be the quality of the image?
Answer: A sharper image is formed when a concave lens is combined with a convex lens.
19. The lens works on which principle?
Answer: The lens works on the principles of refraction.
20. Which type of lens is used in the human eye?
Answer: Convex lenses are the lenses used in the human eye.

1) What is an optical aberration?

The property of the lens that causes blurriness or distortion during the formation of an image is known as an optical
aberration. The light is spread out or dispersed due to optical aberration rather than being focused on a certain fixed
point. Optical aberration is an unwanted property of the lens, and by using a grouping of lenses rather than using a
single piece of the lens, it can be eliminated.
2) What is magnification?
Magnification of the lens is basically the ratio of the linear size of the image to the linear size of the object.
m = (linear size of the image/linear size of the object)
3) What is a convex lens?
A lens that is curved outwards is known as a convex lens. Convex lenses are also known as converging lenses. The
thickness at the centre of a convex lens is more than its edge. A convex lens has the capability to converge a parallel
beam of light into a point.
4) What is a concave lens?
The type of lens with at least one side curved inwards is known as a concave lens. A Biconcave lens is a concave
lens with both sides curved inward. Concave lenses are also known as diverging lenses because they spread out or
diverge the rays of light that are refracted through it.
5) Define the power of a lens?
The measure of the ability of a lens to converge or diverge the incident beam of light is known as the power of a
lens. It is given by the reciprocal of focal length.
6) What is chromatic aberration?
Dispersion is the reason why chromatic aberration occurs. Due to chromatic aberration, a lens fails to focus all
colours on the same point, and colourful fringes around an image can be observed due to chromatic aberration. An
achromatic doublet can be used to fix chromatic aberration.
7) Define refraction.
Refraction is basically the bending of light when it passes from one medium to another. Several devices, like
microscopes, corrective lenses, magnifying lenses etc., use this property of refraction. In this property, the
polarisation of electrons takes place when the light is transmitted through a medium, which in turn decreases the
speed of light; therefore, the direction of light changes.
8) What is total internal reflection?
When the light rays travel from a more optically denser medium to a less optically denser medium, the phenomenon
that happens is known as total internal reflection.
9) What are optics, and what are their types?
The study of the wave properties of light is known as optics, and it is divided into three categories:
 Diffraction
 Interference
 Polarisation
10) What is wave optics in physics?
The branch of optics that studies the phenomena for which the ray calculation of geometric optics is not valid, like
interference, diffraction
1) What are the materials required for this experiment?
A P-N junction diode, 50-volt battery, one 3-volt battery, one 0-3 volt voltmeter, one a high resistance rheostat, one
0-100 μA ammeter, one 0-50 volt voltmeter, one 0-100 mA ammeter, connecting wires, one-way key, and
sandpaper are the materials required for this experiment.
2) Give three main precautions that should be taken while doing this experiment.
The connections must be clean, right, and neat. A key must be used while the circuit is active. After the breakdown,
voltage (forward bias) must not be provided.
3) What are the three types of materials based on electrical conductivity?
Conductors, insulators, and semiconductors are the three types of materials based on electrical conductivity.
4) What is electrical conductivity?
Electrical conductivity is a measure of how smoothly a body allows current to move through it.
5) What is the relationship between resistivity and electrical conductivity?
The electrical conductivity of the material is reciprocal to resistivity.
6) What is a hole in the context of a semiconductor?
A hole is a place in the crystal lattice of a material which is vacated by an electron. It is considered a positive
charge.
7) What is an intrinsic semiconductor?
An intrinsic semiconductor is a pure semiconductor that does not possess any significant dopant species. It is also
called an i-type semiconductor or undoped semiconductor.
8) What is an extrinsic semiconductor?
An extrinsic semiconductor is an impure semiconductor that possesses significant dopant species.
9) What is an n-type semiconductor?
An n-type semiconductor is a type of intrinsic semiconductor doped using arsenic (As), antimony (Sb) or
phosphorus (P) as an impurity.
10) What is meant by doping?
Doping is the process of deliberately adding appropriate impurities to pure semiconductors.
11) What is meant by a junction?
A junction is a common surface of p-type and n-type semiconductors.
12) What is meant by a junction potential barrier?
A junction potential barrier is a potential difference between junction terminals of semiconductors.
13) What are the two types of biasing?
Forward biasing and reverse biasing are the two types of biasing. ction, polarisation, and others, is known as wave
optics.
Q What is a meter bridge?
Ans. Instrument used to determine the unknown value of resistance
Q Why it is called meter bridge
Ans. The length of the wire is 1 meter and it is based on the concept of wheatstone bridge.
Q Other name of meter bridge
Ans. Slide way bridge
Q Why wheatstone bridge is said to be more sensitive
Ans. When all the four arms P Q R and S are of nearly the same order of magnitude
Q Wheatstone bridge is said to be balanced when
Ans. When no current flows through the galvanometer and no deflection
Q What are ohmic and non ohmic resistance?
Ans. Resistances which obey ohms law are called ohmeic cond eg. Cu al ag at low temp
Do not obey ohms law eg. Diodes and tranisitors
Q Examples of non ohmic resistances
Ans. Vaccum tube diode semi conductors transistors