PYTHON PROGRAMMING

UNIT -1
 computing: problems solved by computer ex: -decision, counting,
search, sorting, optimization
 1 BYTE =8 BITS

 Analysis-understanding, design-describing data, implementation-

code, testing

 algorithm: deterministic, unambiguous instruction for solving a

problem

o practice writing algorithm for MCGW and others

 easy to learn,versatile,extensive libraries and

frameworks,community support,cross-platform

 representation: capture all relevant aspects

 brute force: trying all possible solutions

 number system: binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal

 syntax: the set of rules followed, arrangement, spelling is correct

 semantics: spelling incorrect

 compiler: to code at once

 interpreter: to code line by line

 python is hybrid of both

 paradigms: imperative, structured prog, procedural, declarative,

functional, logical, object-oriented

 interactive mode, batch modes

 print(x,sep='',end='')

 print(f’c={x}’)# to replace print(‘c’,x)

 identifiers: name for a programme

 keywords: predefined meaning

 variables: identifiers associated with a value(only starts with _ or

alphabet)

 characters and spaces are not allowed

 variable can’t be a keyword

 \n means newline

 id function

 indentation: no. of spaces

 literals: constants which they don't change forever

o numeric, string

 data types: int, float, string, etc…

o scalar,reference
 input(): originally takes string so mention int,float etc…
 concatenation: adding but not mathematical
 eval(input()): it is to not use int, float and all
 expression: combination of operators and operands
 single line comment: # ; multiline comment: ‘’’ ‘’’/””” ”””
 arity/rank:
o unary: -5,~6
o binary: 5+6, 7(operand1)-5(op2)
 operators:
o arithmetic:
 +, -, * , /, //(truncated division gives int), %
(reminder),**(exponent)
o Relational:
 <, <= , > , >= ,== ,!=(not equal) Boolean
answer(True/False(starts with a capital))
 Cascading means 3 operands with relational op
o Logical: works on Boolean values
 Lazy eval: whatever is first operand gives that
expression is that
 Lazy eval for false is for AND
 Lazy eval for true is for OR
 And, or , not
o Bitwise :
 & - and
 | - or
 ^ - excusive or (only one of the bit is 1)
 << ([Link] bits shifted) - left shift
 >> - right shift
 ~ - one’s complement(~x=-(x+1))
o Membership :
 in , not in
o identity:
 is , is not
o assignment:
 =
o Shorthand:
 += , -= , *= ,/= ,//= ,%= ,**=
 a+=b means a=a+b
 operator polymorphism: behaves diff based on operands
o + addition for integrals, concatenation for strings
o * multiplication, repetition
o True 1 , non empty things
o False 0, empty set/lists/tuples
 Precedence :
o **, unary , *, / ,//, %, binary
o If more than one have same precedence then we take
associative of op
o ** is taken from right to left
o Others are left to right
o Parentheses is best to take a order


 help(): to know about the details

 type(): to know which data type
 control structures:
o sequential
o selection/branching/conditional: if-elif-else
o iterative/repetitive: for , while loops(definite,indefinite)
 leader:

<suite>

 example of if-elif-else:


 Example of for:
o Iterables (in , not in )


 Example for while:
o in , not in, relational operators


 range(start, stop(not included),step)
o lazy function , returns iterables(that can be looped)
UNIT-2
 Data structures:
o Plotting graphs, statistics , media players etc…
o Collection based:
 Generic: list,tuple
 Specific data: stack , queue
o Data based:
 Sequence
 in , not in
 index
 rational operators
 len(),max(),min(),count(),index()
 Non sequence
 Except index
 LISTS[]:
o Non-permitive linear data structure
o Indexable
o Mutable
o Iterable
o Index are 0, 1,2/-3,-2,-1
o len(),max(),min(),sum()
o +,*,in, not in ,slicing[start:stop:index step],index[]
 dir(): for displaying all built in functions
 Built in functions: list() to change it to a list
o [Link]()inserting 1 element at the end
o [Link]()inserting more than one by iterating
 Ex: ‘pes’ is appended as ‘p’,’e’,’s’
o [Link](index,object)
o [Link](index): removes and returns the value
 If index not given it will remove last one
 Raises index error
o [Link](value):removes first occurrence of the value
 Gives valueerror
o [Link](value): returns the index of the value
 o [Link](value): returns [Link] occurrence
o [Link](): sorts it in ascending order according to ASSKEY value
 It changes the original list
 It doesn’t work for different datatypes
o [Link](): reverse order
o [Link](): returns copy with different id()
o [Link](): removes everything
 Where as ASSIGNMENT gives the same id()
o sorted(L)=will just show and doesn’t change the original list
 TUPLE(): tuple() to change something to a tuple
o Non permitive linear d.s
o Collection of values (UNMODIFIED)
o Empty tuple=()
o Singlet=(1,)
o Immutable
o Indexable
o Iterable
o len(),max(),min(),sum()
o operators same as list
o [Link](): occurrence
o *t for unpacking
o For swapping: (a,b)=(b,a)
 DICTIONARIES{}:dict()dictionary constuctor
o Non-permitive, non linear(unordered for old version)
o Ordered for new version
o d={keys:values}
o d[keys]=values(to add)
o non indexable
o can extract using keys
o mutable but keys are not
o keys are unique,if not LAST occurrence is taken
o iterable
 HASHABLE: never changing it’s value (data types,immutables)
 UN HASHABLE: (mutables)
o len(),max()keys,min(),sum(),sorted()doesn’t change the og
o [Link]()=gives list of keys
o [Link]()=list of values
o [Link]()=list tuple of keys and values(items)
o [Link]({key:value})=updates the current
o d,pop(key)=returns value and removes the item
o [Link]():removes last item and returns tuple of item
o [Link](key)=>value
o [Link]()=creats new dictionary
 o [Link](key,value)=if key is present value won’t change if
not it updates it
o [Link]()=clears everything
 SETS-set()(for null set):{1,2}
o Non indexable,unique elements
o Immutable
o Non indexable
o Mutable
o Iterable
o len(),max(),min(),sum()
o bit wise , rational ,membership
o [Link]()=to add 1 element
o [Link]()=add more than 1 element(iterables)
o [Link]()=removes and if not present gives’error’
o [Link]()=removes and if not present DOESN’T give error
o [Link]()=removes random elements
o [Link]()=clears all
o all(s)  it will iterate trough everything and gives boolean
o [Link](s2)=does’t update it just shows in the terminal=all
o [Link](s2)=both
o [Link](s2)=only s1
o s1.symmetric_difference(s2)=only s1 or only s2
o s1.intersection_update(s2)=now it updats set s1
o except for union we can use update for others
o CONCATINATION: |=
 STRINGS=str():
o Indexable
o Immutable
o Iterable
o ‘’ ,””,’’’ ‘’’,””” “””
o +, * , in , not in , relational , slicing
o These functions don’t change the original str unless you
assign it
o [Link]() = only 1 st letter
o [Link]() = all first letters of each word
o [Link]() = all letters are turned to upper case
o [Link]() = all letters are turned to lower case
o [Link]() = cases are swaped
o [Link]() /[Link]() = returns boolean answer
o [Link]() = checks if all are digits
o [Link]() = checks if all are alphabets
o [Link]() = if both exist
 o [Link](any char) = remove that character if it is out side the
string
 [Link]() = strip on left side
 [Link]() = strip on right side
o [Link]() = removes that character in side, split there and
returns a list
o [Link]() = splits at enter
o [Link](any str,until index): it will adjust the string on the left
and adds on the right
 [Link]()
 [Link]()
o [Link](a,b,count)
o [Link]()  like rjust
o [Link](str,start,end)first occurence
o [Link]() last occurence
o [Link](any list and all) = its like a sep for that
 S1={‘1’,’2’}
 ‘abc’.join(S1) = ‘1abc2’
o [Link](start index: stop : step) : T/F
o [Link](): T/F
 FILES:
 Interactive mode
 Command line arguments
 Usage of files
o First file should be saved in the same path
o r = read: w= write
o f= open(‘file_name’,’r’(if not given it is read) )
 [Link]()  prints everything from the file
 [Link]()  prints line by line
 [Link]()  list of every line with \n at the end
 use strip to remove the \n
o f=open(‘file_name’,’w’)
 writes things in a non-existing file
 [Link](str)= writs the string in the file and doen’t return
anything
o at last [Link]()
 OR
o with open(‘file’,’r’):
 for this no need to close
 CSV(comma-separated values) FILES:
o Import csv
o With open(‘[Link]’) as file:
  [Link](file) = reads line by line and separated by ,
(list)
 [Link](file)= writes line by line
 [Link]()
 [Link]()
 FUNCTIONS:
o def function_name():
o function_name() #to call ,it prints it
 value returning funtions
 non-value returning functions
 global variables: if it is outside all the functions
 local variables: if it is accessible only for one function
 ARGUMENTS:
o Positional arguments:
o Keyword arguments