Design

Introduction
Our Commitment to Specifiers
Hepworth Drainage offers a wide range of support, including a
specialised national specification sales team who understand the
needs of those involved in the design process, and are on hand
to offer advice on your project and the most suitable products.
We also have an internal technical support department who
can provide technical advice over the telephone and answer
any queries relating to our products. For specifiers of Hepworth
products, we are also able to assist with your drainage designs
and layouts.

Additional Information is available to download from our website

[Link] including:

• CAD drawings
• COSHH Sheets
• Agrément Certificates (BBA)
• Standard Specifications
• Output Specification
• FAQ’s
• Product Literature
• Latest updates on regulations
• New product information
• Links to useful sites

Sections of this guide can also be downloaded if required.

Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@[Link] Section 9 Page 1
Design

Layout
This drawing has been prepared only for the
purpose of demonstrating Hepworth Clay
Drainage systems.

150 Ø
225 Ø

150 Ø
225 Ø
150 Ø
225 Ø

svp 15
0Ø
150 Ø
150 Ø

ag ss

aav aav aav aav

aav svp
wp wp wp wp silt
filter
g
svp GEOlight
wp wc 150 Ø soakaway

0Ø
15
wp

aav
wc aav
wp

wc aav
wp

silt
15

0Ø wc svp
15 filter
0Ø
0Ø

GEOlight soakaway
15

svp

flow control
catchpit ic Symbol Key
Pipes
Foul sewer and PCC ring manhole
Surface water sewer and PCC ring manhole
Typical Site Layout Foul drain
An efficient and well designed drainage Surface water drain
system should Connection points Foul Water Surface Water
Rainwater pipe
collect, convey and discharge its
Waste pipe wp
contents without causing nuisance or WC wc

danger to health and safety from Soil & Vent pipe svp
Stub stack ss
leakage, blockage or surcharge, and
Soil pipe with air admittance valve aav
provide an efficient service for the Waste gully g
anticipated lifetime. Access gully ag
Yard Gully
The design should take into account Road Gully
proposed flows, topography, pipeline HepFlow™ channel drain
environment, applied structural loads Access points
and the effects of chemicals in and Rodding point
Mini Access Chamber
around the pipeline. Design and PPIC (5 x 100 mm inlets)
construction should comply with PPIC (3 x 150, 2 x 100 mm inlets)
Codes of Practice and mandatory Tele-PPIC
RASS
requirements.

Section 9 Page 2 Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@[Link]
Design

Layout
Access Requirements
Maximum spacing of access points

Rodding
Rodding Point Point or
or Inspection
Inspection Chamber
Chamber Inspection
Rodding chamber
Point or or manhole
Inspection
Chamber
22m max*

22m max*

45m max

90m max

Manhole Manhole

* Note: In the interests of good drainage practice this distance should not
exceed 12m.

Recommended maximum spacing of access provision (in metres) for manual cleaning
(Table Note:1 in BS EN 752-3: 1996 )

To access fitting: To junction To inspection To manhole and

Distance from: type 1 type 2 or branch chamber shallow inspection chamber deep
Start of
external drain* 12 12 – 22 45
Rodding eye 22 22 22 45 45
Access fitting (type 1)
minimum 150 x 100 – – 12 22 22
Access fitting (type 2)
minimum 225 x 100 – – 22 45 45
Inspection chamber
shallow 22 45 22 45 45
Manhole and inspection
chamber deep – – – 45 90
* Stack or ground floor appliance.

Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@[Link] Section 9 Page 3
Design

Layout
Minimum dimensions for rodding eyes, access fittings and inspection chambers
(non-personnel entry) (Table Note: 2 from BS EN 752-2: 1996)
Minimum nominal internal Clear opening size
Depth to dimensionsa
invert from
Rectangular Circular Rectangular Circular
Type of cover level
length and diameter length and diameter
access (m) width (mm) (mm) width (mm) (mm) Remarks
Rodding eye – – Preferably same – Same size as
size as drain but pipeworkd
not less than
DN 100
Access fittingb 0.6 or less, except 150 x 100 150 Same size as Same size as
Type (1) where situated access fittingd access fittingd The depth restriction is
See Table Note:1 in chamber imposed because of the
Access fittingb 0.6 or less, except 225 x 100 150 Same size as Same size as limited access afforded and is
Type (2) where situated access fittingd access fittingd based on the ability to
See Table Note:1 in chamber manipulate a stopper at arm’s
Inspection 0.6 or less 225 x 100 190mm for – Min 190 length from the surface.
chamberc drains up to
– shallow DN 150
1.2 or less 450 x 450 450 Min 430 x 430 Min 430Restricted to inspection and
remotely operated equipment
– no personnel entry
Inspection Greater than 1.2 450 x 450e 450e Access restricted Access restricted Restricted to inspection and
chamberd to maximum maximum 350f remotely operated equipment
– deep 300 x 300f – no personnel entry
Maximum size imposed to
prevent personnel entry
a These sizes apply to straight-through pipes; larger sizes may be required for turning chambers or chambers with several side branches.
b Fitting with a removable cover that permits access into the pipe, either from surface level or from within a chamber.
c Chamber with a removable cover constructed on a drain or sewer that provides access from surface level only, but does not permit entry of a person (BS EN 752-1)
d The clear opening may be reduced by 20mm in order to provide proper support for the cover and frame.
e It may not be possible to gain access to side branches. The upper part of the chamber may be reduced to a minimum 300 x 300 or 350 dia. for a neck entry.
f A larger clear opening cover may be used in conjunction with a restricted access.

Ventilation Requirements
Maximum spacing of ventilation points

Vent pipe required at or near the

head of the main drain
12m max

6m max
Vent pipe 6m max

SVP WC
(group of (single
appliances) appliances)

Section 9 Page 4 Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@[Link]
Design

Reduced Access
Introduction Concept of reduced access
The increased availability of a wide That is not to say that man access can
Over the last few years there range of remotely operated equipment be completely replaced as it may be
have been several major such as compact CCTV systems, required to remove debris, jetted down
specialised jetting machines and from other units. The location of a man
changes to the legislation
remote testing equipment means there entry access point should be
covering private and public is no longer the need for man entry at considered in relation to the position of
drainage. One of these every access point. Using reduced the access point, ease of task
changes was the introduction access systems in a drain or sewer maintained at major junctions and at
layout dictates that inspection and the last access point before
of reduced access. maintenance are performed safely connection to the main sewer as a
from the surface. precaution.

Location of reduced access units in a drainage or sewer layout

Acceptable location for reduced access Unacceptable locations for reduced access
unit use unit use
• Location: Head of a run • Location: Major junction

Why: Access at the head of a run is generally for Why: Possibility of blockage, prudent to retain man
inspection, rodding or jetting which can be access for removal of problem
carried from a reduced access unit without
• Location: Major change in direction
problem
Why: Slight possibility of blockage, prudent to retain
• Location: Slight change in direction, defined as 45º
man access for removal of problem
or less
• Location: Last access point before adoptable sewer
Why: Less chance of blockage and rods or jetter
introduced at previous access point will pass Why: Man access required for removal of debris
through without problem prior to connection to main sewer.
The DEFRA protocol on design, construction
• Location: Intermediate points on a straight main run of
and adoption of sewers states that the last
drainage (between manholes)
access point before connection to a main
Why: Rods or jetter introduced at previous access sewer must be man-entry.
point will pass through without problem

Typical layout showing conventional access

PPIC PPIC

PPIC

MH MH MH
PPIC

Typical layout showing reduced access

TELEPPIC (RA) TELEPPIC (RA)

PPIC
reduced access
at head of run

TELEPIC (RA) TELEPIC (RA) MH

PPIC

Man access reduced access Man access at

at major at intermediate last entry point
change points on main run before adoptable
in direction sewer

Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@[Link] Section 9 Page 5
Design

Hydraulic – Introduction
Minimum Gradients
Foul Drainage Surface Water Drainage Soakaways
Gradients should be such as to 100mm pipes – 1:100 Wherever possible surface water
maintain self-cleansing velocity. should be disposed of by use of a
150mm pipes – 1:150
Minimum gradients are recommended soakaway. A storage capacity equal to
below. For pipe runs of 225mm and above the 20mm rainfall from the impervious area
minimum gradient is usually determined drained should be provided where the
1 ‘For flows of less than 1 litre/sec,
pipes not exceeding DN 100 at by the capacity of the pipe being ground is of low permeability.
gradients not flatter than 1:40 have sufficient when running full bore, to
BRE Digest 365 ‘Soakaways’ describes
proved satisfactory.’ accommodate the calculated flow rate.
a simple test for measurement of rate of
2 ‘Where the peak flow is more than 1 percolation into the ground, which is
litre/sec, a DN 100 pipe may be laid then used to determine the size of the
at a gradient not flatter than 1:80,
soakaway for the area to be drained by
provided that at least one WC is
a series of calculations.
connected’.
3 ‘DN 150 pipe may be laid at a
gradient not flatter than 1:150,
provided that at least five WCs
are connected.’
4 ‘Experience has shown that for
gradients flatter than those given in
items (a) to (c), a high standard of
design and workmanship is
necessary if blockages are to be
minimised. Where this has been
achieved, gradients of 1:130 for DN
100 pipes and 1:200 for DN 150
pipes have been used successfully.’
‘Recent research has shown that
steep gradients do not cause
increased erosion of pipes or
deposition of solids.’

Section 9 Page 6 Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@[Link]
Design

Hydraulic – Design Equations

Design Equations water sewers and 1.5mm for foul The frequency factor for various types
The most generally accepted equation sewers and combined sewers. These of building usage is shown in table 2.
currently in use is that attributed to values are specified for use in the
Table 2
Colebrook and White. In this equation, Water Services Association’s
the velocity of flow is related to the publication ‘Sewers for Adoption’ 4th Type of building k
pipe bore, the kinematic viscosity of Edition. Intermittent use, eg dwelling,
guesthouse, office 0.5
the liquid, the gradient and the Table 4: Roughness (Ks) 1.50 – Pipe Frequent use, eg hospital, school,
hydraulic roughness of the pipeline. flowing full restaurant, hotel 0.7
Congested use, eg toilets and
When a pipe is conveying sewage or a Table 5: Roughness (Ks) 1.50 – Pipe showers open to the public 1.0
combination of sewage and surface flowing 3/4 Special use, eg laboratory 1.2
water, slime, mostly micro-biological,
Table 6: Roughness (Ks) 0.60 – Pipe
adheres to and grows on the interior
flowing full BS EN 752 section NC2.2 also states
surface. This layer of slime is the major
that a value of 3.0 discharge units per
influence on the hydraulic roughness
Pipe Sizing dwelling can be used where several
of pipelines and modifies the effect of
Foul drainage dwellings are connected to a drain,
various surface textures.
subject to a minimum flow of 1.6 l/sec.
For foul drains serving individual or
The Colebrook-White equation
small groups of buildings the peak flow Example calculation
The tables on the following pages are rate can be calculated using the Calculate the peak flow rate and size
based on the Colebrook-White discharge unit method shown in the outfall drain from a medical centre
equation for transitional flow, the BS EN 752-4 and BS EN 12056-2. containing 10WCs, 15 WHBs, 3 sinks,
general form of which is: The peak flow is derived from the 1 dishwasher, 2 showers.
1 = -2 log
√λ [ Ks + 2.5
3.75 Re√λ ] number and type of appliances
connected and the frequency at which Total number of discharge units:
they discharge. Table 1 shows the - 10 X 1.7 (WCs) = 17.0
the equation, when expressed in
appropriate discharge units allocated
engineering terms, becomes: - 15 X 0.3 (WHBs) = 4.5
to a range of sanitary appliances. The
V= -2√(2gDi)log
[Ks + 2.5lv
3.7D D√2gDi ] table refers to system III values shown
in BS EN 12056-2.
- 3 X 1.3 (Sinks) =
- 1 X 0.2 (Dishwasher) = 0.2
3.9

where Table 1 - 2 X 0.4 (Showers) = 0.8

Total = 26.4
λ = Friction coefficient, 2g Di Appliance Discharge
V2 Units Using frequency factor of 0.7:
Wash hand basin,bidet 0.3
Q = 0.7√26.5 = 3.6 l/sec
V = Discharge velocity (m/s) Shower (without plug) 0.4
Shower (with plug) 1.3
g = Gravitational acceleration
Single urinal with cistern 0.4
(9.81 m/sec2)
Slab urinal 0.2*
i = Hydraulic gradient Bath 1.3
Kitchen sink 1.3
v = Kinematic viscosity of fluid (m2/sec) Dishwater (domestic) 0.2
at 10ºC (1.3l X 10-6m2/sec) Washing machine (<6kg) 0.6
Washing machine (<12kg) 1.2
ks = Linear measure of effective
WC with 6 litres cistern 1.2-1.7**
roughness (0.6 or 1.5mm)
WC with 7.5 litres cistern 1.4-1.8**
D = Nominal internal diameter of pipe WC with 9 litres cistern 1.6-2.0**
*Per person-** Depending on type
(100 to 600mm)

Re = Reynolds number, VD The flow rate in a foul drain is

v calculated using the following formula:

The tables developed from this Q = k√∑DU

equation may be used to determine
Where Q = Flow rate
the average velocity of flow and the
discharge for pipes with an effective k = Frequency factor
roughness (ks) of 0.6mm for surface ∑DU = Sum of Discharge Units

Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@[Link] Section 9 Page 7
Design

Hydraulic – Worked Examples

Pipe size and gradient Surface Water Drainage Proportional velocity and
selection discharge in pipes running
For surface water drains serving
part full
Using table 5, which gives pipe impermeable areas no greater than
capacities when flowing at 3/4 full, 2000 m2, or not exceeding 200 m in
Table 3
select a pipe size and gradient which length, a rainfall intensity of 50 mm/hr
will accommodate the peak flow rate. is recommended, Where drains serve Proportional Proportion of full-bore values
Depth Velocity Discharge
Do not exceed minimum gradient areas which are sensitive to surface
0.02 0.128 0.001
values set by BS EN 752-4 and flooding, a value of 75 mm/hr should
0.04 0.213 0.003
Building Regulations. be used. For the design of drainage
0.06 0.283 0.007
serving larger areas site-specific rainfall 0.08 0.345 0.013
For a peak flow 3.6 l/sec a 100 mm
date should be calculated based upon 0.10 0.400 0.021
diameter pipe laid at 1:80 (capacity at
3/ depth = 5.3 l/sec) should be
the storm frequency and duration. 0.12 0.450 0.031
4
0.14 0.496 0.042
adequate. A 50 mm/hr intensity generates
0.16 0.539 0.056
0.014 l/sec per square metre of
The following calculations are then 0.18 0.580 0.071
impermeable area (assuming the 0.20 0.618 0.088
used to check that the velocity of the
surface to be drained has 100% 0.22 0.654 0.107
flow is greater than 0.7 l/sec (self-
impermeability). The flow rate in a 0.24 0.688 0.127
cleansing velocity).
surface water drain can be calculated 0.26 0.720 0.149
1 Read the pipe full velocity and by multiplying this value by the drained 0.28 0.750 0.172
capacity for the selected pipe and area in m2 (the equivalent value is 0.30 0.779 0.197
gradient in table 1. For a 100 mm 0.021 for 75 mm/hr rainfall). 0.35 0.846 0.264
pipe at 1:80 these are 0.75 m/sec 0.40 0.904 0.338
and 5.6 l/sec Example calculation 0.45 0.955 0.417
2 Calculate the proportional discharge The same medical centre has a roof 0.50 1.000 0.500
by dividing the peak flow rate by the area of 350 m2 and a car park of 0.55 1.038 0.585
pipe capacity flowing full 0.60 1.071 0.671
500 m2. Calculate the size of drain
ie 3.6/5.6 = 0.643 0.65 1.097 0.755
required at the outfall to the main
0.70 1.117 0.835
3 From table 3 read off the proportional sewer. 0.75 1.130 0.909
velocity value when the proportional 0.80 1.136 0.974
1 Calculate the total contributing
discharge is 0.643 ie 1.06 0.85 1.134 1.027
impermeable area
4 Multiply the pipe full velocity by the ie 350 + 500 = 850 m2. 0.90 1.121 1.063
proportional velocity to calculate the 0.95 1.092 1.072
2 Multiply the total area by 0.014
actual velocity in the pipe ie 0.75 X
ie 850 X 0.014 = 11.9 l/sec
1.06 = 0.8 m/sec
Actual velocity exceeds 0.7 m/sec, 3 From table 4 select a pipe diameter
therefore pipe is adequately sized. and gradient to accommodate the
flow. For 100 mm diameter pipes
BS EN 752 sets a minimum gradient
of 1:100. For larger diameters the
gradient at which the pipe full
velocity is at least 1 m/sec should
be used as a minimum. In this
example a 100 mm pipe at 1:25
would accept the flow but this is
probably too steep to be practical
therefore a 150 mm pipe at 1:100
should be used.

Section 9 Page 8 Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@[Link]
Design

Hydraulic – Pipe Flow Capacity Table

Table 4 – Pipe flowing full – Roughness Ks=1.50

Nominal Diameter (mm)

100 150 225 300 400 450 500 600

Hydraulic Gradient velocity discharge velocity discharge velocity discharge velocity discharge velocity discharge velocity discharge velocity discharge velocity discharge
1 in m/s I/s m/s I/s m/s I/s m/s I/s m/s I/s m/s I/s m/s I/s m/s I/s
0.0010 1000.0 0.21 1.62 0.27 4.82 0.36 14.27 0.43 30.70 0.52 65.91 0.57 90.06 0.61 119.04 0.68 192.80
0.0011 909.1 0.22 1.70 0.29 5.06 0.38 14.97 0.46 32.22 0.55 69.16 0.59 94.50 0.64 124.91 0.72 202.29
0.0012 833.3 0.23 1.78 0.30 5.29 0.39 15.65 0.48 33.67 0.58 72.27 0.62 98.75 0.66 130.51 0.75 211.35
0.0013 769.2 0.24 1.85 0.31 5.51 0.41 16.30 0.50 35.06 0.60 75.25 0.65 102.82 0.69 135.89 0.78 220.05
0.0014 714.3 0.24 1.92 0.32 5.72 0.43 16.92 0.51 36.40 0.62 78.12 0.67 106.73 0.72 141.06 0.81 228.42
0.0015 666.7 0.25 1.99 0.34 5.93 0.44 17.52 0.53 37.69 0.64 80.89 0.69 110.51 0.74 146.05 0.84 236.49
0.0016 625.0 0.26 2.06 0.35 6.12 0.46 18.10 0.55 38.94 0.66 83.56 0.72 114.16 0.77 150.88 0.86 244.30
0.0017 588.2 0.27 2.12 0.36 6.32 0.47 18.67 0.57 40.15 0.69 86.16 0.74 117.71 0.79 155.56 0.89 251.87
0.0018 555.6 0.28 2.19 0.37 6.50 0.48 19.22 0.58 41.33 0.71 88.68 0.76 121.14 0.82 160.10 0.92 259.22
0.0019 526.3 0.29 2.25 0.38 6.68 0.50 19.75 0.60 42.47 0.73 91.13 0.78 124.49 0.84 164.52 0.94 266.37
0.0020 500.0 0.29 2.31 0.39 6.86 0.51 20.27 0.62 43.58 0.74 93.51 0.80 127.75 0.86 168.82 0.97 273.34
0.0022 454.5 0.31 2.42 0.41 7.20 0.53 21.27 0.65 45.73 0.78 98.11 0.84 134.03 0.90 177.12 1.01 286.76
0.0024 416.7 0.32 2.53 0.43 7.52 0.56 22.22 0.68 47.78 0.82 102.51 0.88 140.03 0.94 185.05 1.06 299.58
0.0026 384.6 0.34 2.64 0.44 7.83 0.58 23.14 0.70 49.75 0.85 106.72 0.92 145.79 0.98 192.65 1.10 311.88
0.0028 357.1 0.35 2.74 0.46 8.13 0.60 24.02 0.73 51.64 0.88 110.78 0.95 151.32 1.02 199.97 1.14 323.72
0.0030 333.3 0.36 2.84 0.48 8.42 0.63 24.87 0.76 53.47 0.91 114.69 0.99 156.67 1.05 207.02 1.19 335.14
0.0032 312.5 0.37 2.93 0.49 8.70 0.65 25.70 0.78 55.24 0.94 118.48 1.02 161.84 1.09 213.85 1.22 346.19
0.0034 294.1 0.38 3.02 0.51 8.97 0.67 26.49 0.81 56.95 0.97 122.15 1.05 166.85 1.12 220.47 1.26 356.89
0.0036 277.8 0.40 3.11 0.52 9.24 0.69 27.27 0.83 58.61 1.00 125.71 1.08 171.71 1.16 226.89 1.30 367.29
0.0038 263.2 0.41 3.20 0.54 9.49 0.70 28.02 0.85 60.23 1.03 129.18 1.11 176.44 1.19 233.14 1.33 377.40
0.0040 250.0 0.42 3.28 0.55 9.74 0.72 28.76 0.87 61.81 1.05 132.55 1.14 181.05 1.22 239.23 1.37 387.25
0.0042 238.1 0.43 3.36 0.57 9.98 0.74 29.47 0.90 63.34 1.08 135.84 1.17 185.54 1.25 245.17 1.40 396.85
0.0044 227.3 0.44 3.44 0.58 10.22 0.76 30.17 0.92 64.84 1.11 139.06 1.19 189.93 1.28 250.96 1.44 406.23
0.0046 217.4 0.45 3.52 0.59 10.45 0.78 30.85 0.94 66.31 1.13 142.20 1.22 194.22 1.31 256.63 1.47 415.40
0.0048 208.3 0.46 3.60 0.60 10.68 0.79 31.52 0.96 67.74 1.16 145.27 1.25 198.42 1.34 262.18 1.50 424.37
0.0050 200.0 0.47 3.67 0.62 10.90 0.81 32.18 0.98 69.15 1.18 148.28 1.27 202.53 1.36 267.61 1.53 433.15
0.0055 181.8 0.49 3.86 0.65 11.44 0.85 33.76 1.03 72.54 1.24 155.56 1.34 212.46 1.43 280.72 1.61 454.38
0.0060 166.7 0.51 4.03 0.68 11.95 0.89 35.27 1.07 75.79 1.29 162.51 1.40 221.95 1.49 293.26 1.68 474.66
0.0065 153.8 0.53 4.20 0.70 12.45 0.92 36.72 1.12 78.90 1.35 169.17 1.45 231.05 1.55 305.28 1.75 494.11
0.0070 142.9 0.55 4.36 0.73 12.92 0.96 38.12 1.16 81.90 1.40 175.59 1.51 239.81 1.61 316.85 1.81 512.82
0.0075 133.3 0.57 4.51 0.76 13.38 0.99 39.46 1.20 84.78 1.45 181.78 1.56 248.26 1.67 328.01 1.88 530.88
0.0080 125.0 0.59 4.66 0.78 13.82 1.03 40.76 1.24 87.58 1.49 187.76 1.61 256.43 1.73 338.81 1.94 548.35
0.0085 117.6 0.61 4.80 0.81 14.25 1.06 42.03 1.28 90.29 1.54 193.57 1.66 264.36 1.78 349.27 2.00 565.28
0.0090 111.1 0.63 4.95 0.83 14.66 1.09 43.25 1.31 92.92 1.59 199.20 1.71 272.05 1.83 359.43 2.06 581.72
0.0095 105.3 0.65 5.08 0.85 15.07 1.12 44.44 1.35 95.47 1.63 204.68 1.76 279.53 1.88 369.31 2.11 597.70
0.0100 100.0 0.66 5.22 0.87 15.46 1.15 45.60 1.39 97.97 1.67 210.01 1.80 286.82 1.93 378.94 2.17 613.27
0.0110 90.9 0.70 5.47 0.92 16.22 1.20 47.84 1.45 102.77 1.75 220.30 1.89 300.86 2.02 397.49 2.28 643.29
0.0120 83.3 0.73 5.72 0.96 16.95 1.26 49.98 1.52 107.36 1.83 230.13 1.98 314.28 2.11 415.22 2.38 671.97
0.0130 76.9 0.76 5.95 1.00 17.64 1.31 52.03 1.58 111.76 1.91 239.56 2.06 327.15 2.20 432.22 2.47 699.48
0.0140 71.4 0.79 6.18 1.04 18.31 1.36 54.00 1.64 115.99 1.98 248.63 2.13 339.54 2.28 448.58 2.57 725.95
0.0150 66.7 0.81 6.40 1.07 18.96 1.41 55.91 1.70 120.08 2.05 257.38 2.21 351.49 2.37 464.37 2.66 751.49
0.0160 62.5 0.84 6.61 1.11 19.59 1.45 57.75 1.75 124.03 2.12 265.85 2.28 363.05 2.44 479.63 2.75 776.19
0.0170 58.8 0.87 6.81 1.14 20.19 1.50 59.53 1.81 127.86 2.18 274.05 2.35 374.25 2.52 494.43 2.83 800.13
0.0180 55.6 0.89 7.01 1.18 20.78 1.54 61.27 1.86 131.58 2.24 282.02 2.42 385.13 2.59 508.80 2.91 823.37
0.0190 52.6 0.92 7.21 1.21 21.35 1.58 62.95 1.91 135.20 2.31 289.77 2.49 395.71 2.66 522.78 2.99 845.98
0.0200 50.0 0.94 7.39 1.24 21.91 1.62 64.59 1.96 138.72 2.37 297.32 2.55 406.01 2.73 536.39 3.07 868.01
0.0220 45.5 0.99 7.76 1.30 22.99 1.70 67.76 2.06 145.51 2.48 311.87 2.68 425.88 2.87 562.63 3.22 910.46
0.0240 41.7 1.03 8.10 1.36 24.01 1.78 70.78 2.15 152.00 2.59 325.77 2.80 444.86 2.99 587.70 3.36 951.02
0.0260 38.5 1.07 8.44 1.41 25.00 1.85 73.68 2.24 158.22 2.70 339.10 2.91 463.06 3.12 611.74 3.50 989.92
0.0280 35.7 1.12 8.76 1.47 25.94 1.92 76.47 2.32 164.21 2.80 351.93 3.02 480.58 3.23 634.88 3.63 1027.35
0.0300 33.3 1.15 9.07 1.52 26.86 1.99 79.16 2.40 169.99 2.90 364.31 3.13 497.48 3.35 657.21 3.76 1063.47
0.0320 31.2 1.19 9.37 1.57 27.74 2.06 81.77 2.48 175.58 2.99 376.28 3.23 513.83 3.46 678.80 3.88 1098.40
0.0340 29.4 1.23 9.66 1.62 28.60 2.12 84.29 2.56 181.00 3.09 387.89 3.33 529.67 3.56 699.72 4.00 1132.26
0.0360 27.8 1.27 9.94 1.67 29.43 2.18 86.74 2.63 186.26 3.18 399.15 3.43 545.05 3.67 720.05 4.12 1165.14
0.0380 26.3 1.30 10.21 1.71 30.24 2.24 89.12 2.71 191.37 3.26 410.11 3.52 560.02 3.77 739.81 4.23 1197.11
0.0400 25.0 1.33 10.48 1.76 31.03 2.30 91.45 2.78 196.36 3.35 420.79 3.61 574.59 3.87 759.06 4.34 1228.26
0.0420 23.8 1.37 10.74 1.80 31.80 2.36 93.71 2.85 201.21 3.43 431.20 3.70 588.80 3.96 777.83 4.45 1258.63
0.0440 22.7 1.40 10.99 1.84 32.55 2.41 95.92 2.91 205.96 3.51 441.36 3.79 602.68 4.05 796.17 4.56 1288.29
0.0460 21.7 1.43 11.24 1.88 33.28 2.47 98.08 2.98 210.60 3.59 451.30 3.87 616.25 4.15 814.09 4.66 1317.28
0.0480 20.8 1.46 11.48 1.92 34.00 2.52 100.20 3.04 215.14 3.67 461.02 3.96 629.52 4.24 831.62 4.76 1345.65
0.0500 20.0 1.49 11.72 1.96 34.71 2.57 102.27 3.11 219.58 3.74 470.54 4.04 642.52 4.32 848.79 4.86 1373.43
0.0550 18.2 1.57 12.29 2.06 36.40 2.70 107.27 3.26 230.32 3.93 493.55 4.24 673.93 4.53 890.28 5.09 1440.55
0.0600 16.7 1.64 12.84 2.15 38.03 2.82 112.05 3.40 240.58 4.10 515.53 4.43 703.94 4.74 929.92 5.32 1504.69
0.0650 15.4 1.70 13.37 2.24 39.59 2.93 116.64 3.54 250.42 4.27 536.61 4.61 732.73 4.93 967.94 5.54 1566.20
0.0700 14.3 1.77 13.88 2.32 41.08 3.04 121.05 3.68 259.89 4.43 556.89 4.78 760.42 5.12 1004.53 5.75 1625.38
0.0750 13.3 1.83 14.36 2.41 42.53 3.15 125.31 3.81 269.03 4.59 576.47 4.95 787.14 5.30 1039.83 5.95 1682.49
0.0800 12.5 1.89 14.84 2.49 43.93 3.26 129.42 3.93 277.87 4.74 595.40 5.11 812.99 5.47 1073.97 6.15 1737.73
0.0850 11.8 1.95 15.29 2.56 45.28 3.36 133.41 4.05 286.43 4.88 613.75 5.27 838.04 5.64 1107.06 6.34 1791.26
0.0900 11.1 2.00 15.74 2.64 46.60 3.45 137.29 4.17 294.75 5.03 631.56 5.42 862.37 5.80 1139.19 6.52 1843.24
0.0950 10.5 2.06 16.17 2.71 47.88 3.55 141.06 4.28 302.84 5.16 648.89 5.57 886.02 5.96 1170.43 6.70 1893.80

Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@[Link] Section 9 Page 9
Design

Hydraulic – Pipe Flow Capacity Table

Table 5 – Pipe flowing 3/4 full – Roughness Ks=1.50

Nominal Diameter (mm)

100 150 225 300 400 450 500 600

Hydraulic Gradient velocity discharge velocity discharge velocity discharge velocity discharge velocity discharge velocity discharge velocity discharge velocity discharge
1 in m/s I/s m/s I/s m/s I/s m/s I/s m/s I/s m/s I/s m/s I/s m/s I/s
0.0010 1000.0 0.23 1.47 0.31 4.38 0.41 12.97 0.49 27.91 0.59 59.91 0.64 81.87 0.69 108.21 0.77 175.25
0.0011 909.1 0.24 1.55 0.32 4.60 0.43 13.61 0.52 29.29 0.62 62.87 0.67 85.90 0.72 113.54 0.81 183.88
0.0012 833.3 0.26 1.62 0.34 4.81 0.44 14.22 0.54 30.60 0.65 65.69 0.70 89.76 0.75 118.64 0.84 192.12
0.0013 769.2 0.27 1.68 0.35 5.01 0.44 14.81 0.56 31.87 0.68 68.40 0.73 93.46 0.78 123.52 0.88 200.03
0.0014 714.3 0.28 1.75 0.37 5.20 48.00 15.38 0.58 33.09 0.70 71.01 0.76 97.02 0.81 128.22 0.91 207.63
0.0015 666.7 0.29 1.81 0.38 5.39 0.50 15.93 0.60 34.26 0.73 73.53 0.79 100.45 0.84 132.76 0.95 214.97
0.0016 625.0 0.30 1.87 0.39 5.57 0.51 16.46 0.62 35.40 0.75 75.96 0.81 103.77 0.87 137.15 0.98 222.07
0.0017 588.2 0.31 1.93 0.40 5.74 0.53 16.97 0.64 36.50 0.77 78.32 0.84 106.99 0.90 141.40 1.12 255.71
0.0018 555.6 0.31 1.99 0.42 5.91 0.55 17.47 0.66 37.56 0.80 80.61 0.86 110.12 0.92 145.53 1.16 263.22
0.0019 526.3 0.32 2.04 0.43 6.07 0.56 17.95 0.68 38.60 0.82 82.83 0.88 113.16 0.95 149.55 1.19 270.53
0.0020 500.0 0.33 2.10 0.44 6.23 0.58 18.42 0.70 39.62 0.84 85.00 0.91 116.12 0.97 153.46 1.22 277.65
0.0022 454.5 0.35 2.20 0.46 6.54 0.60 19.33 0.73 41.57 0.88 89.18 0.95 121.83 1.14 180.35 1.28 291.38
0.0024 416.7 0.36 2.30 0.48 6.84 0.63 20.20 0.76 43.43 0.92 93.18 0.99 127.29 1.19 188.48 1.34 304.49
0.0026 384.6 0.38 2.40 0.50 7.12 0.66 21.03 0.80 45.22 0.96 97.01 1.16 148.72 1.24 196.28 1.39 317.07
0.0028 357.1 0.39 2.49 0.52 7.39 0.68 21.84 0.83 46.94 1.00 100.70 1.21 154.41 1.29 203.78 1.45 329.18
0.0030 333.3 0.41 2.58 0.54 7.66 0.71 22.61 0.85 48.60 1.16 117.23 1.25 159.90 1.34 211.02 1.50 340.86
0.0032 312.5 0.42 2.66 0.56 7.91 0.73 23.36 0.88 50.21 1.20 121.13 1.29 165.21 1.38 218.02 1.67 378.71
0.0034 294.1 0.43 2.75 0.57 8.16 0.75 24.08 0.91 51.77 1.24 124.90 1.33 170.35 1.42 224.81 1.72 390.57
0.0036 277.8 0.45 2.83 0.59 8.40 9.77 24.79 0.94 53.28 1.27 128.57 1.37 175.35 1.47 231.40 1.77 402.09
0.0038 263.2 0.48 2.91 0.61 8.63 0.80 25.47 0.96 54.75 1.31 132.14 1.41 180.21 1.62 256.14 1.82 413.29
0.0040 250.0 0.47 2.98 0.62 8.85 0.82 26.14 0.99 56.18 1.34 135.61 1.45 184.94 1.66 262.91 1.87 424.21
0.0042 238.1 0.48 3.06 0.64 9.08 0.84 26.79 1.14 65.07 1.38 139.00 1.48 189.56 1.71 269.52 1.91 434.85
0.0044 227.3 0.50 3.13 0.65 9.29 0.86 27.43 1.17 66.62 1.41 142.31 1.64 209.27 1.75 275.97 1.96 445.24
0.0046 217.4 0.51 3.20 0.67 9.50 0.88 28.05 1.20 68.14 1.44 145.54 1.67 214.06 1.79 282.28 2.00 455.40
0.0048 208.3 0.52 3.27 0.68 9.71 0.90 28.65 1.22 69.62 1.47 148.71 1.71 218.74 1.83 288.45 2.05 465.35
0.0050 200.0 0.53 3.34 0.70 9.91 0.91 29.25 1.25 71.08 1.62 163.88 1.75 223.33 1.86 294.50 2.09 475.08
0.0055 181.8 0.55 3.51 0.73 10.40 0.96 30.69 1.31 74.59 1.70 172.02 1.83 234.42 1.96 309.11 2.19 498.61
0.0060 166.7 0.58 3.66 0.76 10.87 1.14 36.43 1.37 77.95 1.78 179.81 1.92 245.01 2.05 323.06 2.29 521.09
0.0065 153.8 0.60 3.81 0.80 11.31 1.19 37.94 1.43 81.17 1.85 187.27 1.99 255.17 2.13 336.45 2.39 542.65
0.0070 142.9 0.63 3.96 0.83 11.74 1.23 39.39 1.48 84.26 1.92 194.46 2.07 264.95 2.21 349.33 2.48 563.40
0.0075 133.3 0.65 4.10 0.86 12.16 1.28 40.79 1.68 94.50 1.99 201.39 2.14 274.39 2.29 361.76 2.57 583.42
0.0080 125.0 0.67 4.24 0.88 12.56 1.32 42.15 1.72 97.66 2.06 208.09 2.22 283.51 2.37 373.79 2.65 602.79
0.0085 117.6 0.69 4.37 0.91 12.95 1.36 43.46 1.77 100.72 2.12 214.59 2.29 292.36 2.44 385.44 2.73 621.56
0.0090 111.1 0.71 4.50 0.94 13.33 1.40 44.74 1.82 103.69 2.19 220.90 2.35 300.95 2.51 396.76 2.81 639.78
0.0095 105.3 0.73 4.62 0.96 13.70 1.44 45.97 1.87 106.57 2.25 227.04 2.42 309.30 2.58 407.76 2.89 657.51
0.0100 100.0 0.75 4.74 0.99 14.06 1.48 47.18 1.92 109.39 2.31 233.02 2.48 317.44 2.65 418.48 2.97 674.77
0.0110 90.9 0.79 4.97 1.19 16.91 1.68 53.81 2.02 114.81 2.42 244.55 2.60 333.13 2.78 439.15 3.11 708.06
0.0120 83.3 0.82 5.20 1.24 17.67 1.76 56.24 2.11 119.99 2.53 255.56 2.72 348.12 2.91 458.90 3.25 739.86
0.0130 76.9 0.86 5.41 1.29 18.40 1.83 58.58 2.20 124.96 2.63 266.13 2.83 362.50 3.03 477.84 3.39 770.37
0.0140 71.4 0.89 5.62 1.34 19.10 1.90 60.83 2.28 129.75 2.73 276.29 2.94 376.33 3.14 496.06 3.52 799.72
0.0150 66.7 0.92 5.82 1.39 19.78 1.97 63.00 2.36 134.36 2.83 286.10 3.05 389.68 3.25 513.65 3.64 828.05
0.0160 62.5 0.95 6.01 1.44 20.44 2.04 65.10 2.44 138.83 2.92 295.59 3.15 402.60 3.36 530.66 3.76 855.44
0.0170 58.8 0.98 6.19 1.48 21.07 2.10 67.13 2.52 143.15 3.02 304.78 3.24 415.11 3.46 547.15 3.88 881.99
0.0180 55.6 1.17 7.38 1.67 23.70 2.16 69.10 2.59 147.36 3.10 313.71 3.34 427.27 3.57 563.16 3.99 907.78
0.0190 52.6 1.20 7.59 1.71 24.36 2.22 71.03 2.66 151.44 3.19 322.39 3.43 439.09 3.66 578.73 4.10 932.85
0.0200 50.0 1.23 7.79 1.76 25.00 2.28 72.90 2.73 155.42 3.27 330.85 3.52 450.60 3.76 593.89 4.21 957.28
0.0220 45.5 1.29 8.17 1.85 26.24 2.39 76.50 2.87 163.10 3.43 347.16 3.70 472.79 3.95 623.13 4.42 1004.36
0.0240 41.7 1.35 8.54 1.93 27.43 2.50 79.95 3.00 170.43 3.59 362.74 3.86 494.00 4.12 651.06 4.61 1049.35
0.0260 38.5 1.41 8.89 2.01 28.57 2.60 83.25 3.12 177.46 3.74 377.68 4.02 514.34 4.29 677.86 4.80 1092.50
0.0280 35.7 1.46 9.20 2.09 29.66 2.70 86.43 3.24 184.23 3.88 392.06 4.17 533.91 4.45 703.54 4.99 1134.02
0.0300 33.3 1.66 10.50 2.16 30.72 2.80 89.50 3.35 190.76 4.02 405.94 4.32 552.79 4.61 728.52 5.16 1174.08
0.0320 31.2 1.72 10.85 2.23 31.74 2.89 92.47 3.47 197.07 4.15 419.36 4.46 571.06 4.76 752.58 5.33 1212.83
0.0340 29.4 1.77 11.19 2.30 32.73 2.98 95.35 3.57 203.20 4.28 432.37 4.60 588.76 4.91 775.90 5.50 1250.39
0.0360 27.8 1.82 11.52 2.37 33.69 3.07 98.14 3.68 209.14 4.40 445.00 4.74 605.95 5.06 798.54 5.66 1286.85
0.0380 26.3 1.87 11.84 2.44 34.63 3.15 100.86 3.78 214.92 4.52 457.28 4.87 622.67 5.20 820.56 5.81 1322.32
0.0400 25.0 1.92 12.16 2.50 35.54 3.24 103.51 3.88 220.55 4.64 469.25 4.99 638.96 5.33 842.02 5.97 1356.87
0.0420 23.8 1.97 12.46 2.56 36.43 3.32 106.09 3.98 226.04 4.76 480.92 5.12 654.84 5.46 862.94 6.11 1390.56
0.0440 22.7 2.02 12.76 2.62 37.29 3.40 108.61 4.07 231.41 4.87 492.31 5.24 670.35 5.59 883.37 6.26 1423.46
0.0460 21.7 2.07 13.05 2.68 38.14 3.47 111.07 4.16 236.65 4.98 503.45 5.36 685.51 5.72 903.34 6.40 1455.62
0.0480 20.8 2.11 13.33 2.74 38.97 3.55 113.48 4.25 241.78 5.09 514.35 5.47 700.34 5.84 922.88 6.54 1487.09
0.0500 20.0 2.15 13.61 2.80 39.79 3.62 115.85 4.34 246.80 5.19 525.02 5.59 714.87 5.96 942.02 6.67 1517.91
0.0550 18.2 2.26 14.29 2.94 41.75 3.80 121.55 4.55 258.94 5.45 550.81 5.86 749.97 6.26 988.25 7.00 1592.37
0.0600 16.7 2.36 14.93 3.07 43.63 3.97 127.00 4.76 270.54 5.69 575.45 6.12 783.50 6.54 1032.43 7.31 1663.51
0.0650 15.4 2.46 15.55 3.20 45.43 4.13 132.23 4.95 281.66 5.93 599.09 6.38 815.67 6.80 1074.80 7.61 1731.75
0.0700 14.3 2.56 16.14 3.32 47.16 4.29 137.26 5.14 292.36 6.15 621.83 6.62 846.62 7.06 1115.57 7.90 1797.40
0.0750 13.3 2.65 16.72 3.43 48.83 4.44 142.11 5.32 302.69 6.37 643.77 6.85 876.49 7.31 1154.91 8.18 1860.76
0.0800 12.5 2.73 17.27 3.55 50.45 4.59 146.81 5.50 312.68 6.58 664.99 7.08 905.37 7.55 1192.95 8.45 1922.03
0.0850 11.8 2.82 17.81 3.66 52.01 4.73 151.36 5.67 322.36 6.78 685.56 7.30 933.37 7.79 1229.83 8.71 1981.42
0.0900 11.1 2.90 18.33 3.77 53.53 4.87 155.78 5.83 331.76 6.98 705.53 7.51 960.55 8.01 1265.64 8.97 2039.08
0.0950 10.5 2.98 18.84 3.87 55.01 5.00 160.08 6.00 340.90 7.17 724.96 7.71 986.99 8.23 1300.47 9.21 2095.17

Section 9 Page 10 Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@[Link]
Design

Hydraulic – Pipe Flow Capacity Table

Table 6 – Pipe flowing full – Roughness Ks=0.60

Nominal Diameter (mm)

100 150 225 300 400 450 500 600

Hydraulic Gradient velocity discharge velocity discharge velocity discharge velocity discharge velocity discharge velocity discharge velocity discharge velocity discharge
1 in m/s I/s ms I/s m/s I/s m/s I/s m/s I/s m/s I/s ms I/s m/s I/s
0.0010 1000.0 0.23 1.84 0.31 5.45 0.40 16.06 0.49 34.45 0.59 73.75 0.63 100.66 0.68 132.91 0.76 214.87
0.0011 909.1 0.25 1.93 0.32 5.73 3.42 16.87 0.51 36.18 0.62 77.43 0.66 105.67 0.71 139.52 0.80 225.54
0.0012 833.3 0.26 2.02 0.34 5.99 0.44 17.64 0.54 37.83 0.64 80.95 0.69 110.48 0.74 145.84 0.83 235.74
0.0013 769.2 0.27 2.11 0.35 6.24 0.46 18.38 0.56 39.41 0.67 84.32 0.72 115.06 0.77 151.90 0.87 245.52
0.0014 714.3 0.28 2.19 0.37 6.49 0.48 19.09 0.58 40.93 0.70 87.57 0.75 119.48 0.80 157.74 0.90 254.93
0.0015 666.7 0.29 2.27 0.38 6.72 0.50 19.78 0.60 42.40 0.72 90.70 0.78 123.75 0.83 163.36 0.93 264.01
0.0016 625.0 0.30 2.35 0.39 6.95 0.51 20.44 0.62 43.82 0.75 93.73 0.80 127.88 0.86 168.81 0.96 272.79
0.0017 588.2 0.31 2.43 0.41 7.17 0.53 21.09 0.64 45.20 0.77 96.66 0.83 131.88 0.89 174.09 0.99 281.31
0.0018 555.6 0.32 2.50 0.42 7.39 0.55 21.71 0.66 46.53 0.79 99.51 0.85 135.77 0.91 179.21 1.02 289.58
0.0019 526.3 0.33 2.57 0.43 7.59 0.56 22.32 0.68 47.83 0.81 102.29 0.88 139.54 0.94 184.19 1.05 297.62
0.0020 500.0 0.34 2.64 0.44 7.80 0.58 22.92 0.69 49.10 0.84 104.99 0.90 143.23 0.96 189.05 1.08 305.45
0.0022 454.5 0.35 2.77 0.46 8.19 0.61 24.06 0.73 51.54 0.88 110.19 0.95 150.32 1.01 198.41 1.13 320.55
0.0024 416.7 0.37 2.90 0.44 8.56 0.63 25.15 0.76 53.88 0.92 115.17 0.99 157.10 1.06 207.35 1.18 334.98
0.0026 384.6 0.38 3.02 0.50 8.92 0.66 26.20 0.79 56.12 0.95 119.94 1.03 163.61 1.10 215.92 1.23 348.81
0.0028 357.1 0.40 3.14 0.52 9.27 0.68 27.21 0.82 58.27 0.99 124.53 1.07 169.87 1.14 224.18 1.28 362.13
0.0030 333.3 0.41 3.25 0.54 9.60 0.71 28.18 0.85 60.35 1.03 128.97 1.11 175.90 1.18 232.14 1.33 374.98
0.0032 312.5 0.43 3.36 0.56 9.92 0.73 29.13 0.88 62.36 1.06 133.25 1.14 181.75 1.22 239.85 1.37 387.41
0.0034 294.1 0.44 3.47 0.58 10.24 0.76 30.04 0.91 64.31 1.09 137.41 1.18 187.41 1.26 247.31 1.41 399.45
0.0036 277.8 0.45 3.57 0.60 10.54 0.78 30.92 0.94 66.20 1.13 141.44 1.21 192.90 1.30 254.56 1.45 411.15
0.0038 263.2 0.47 3.67 0.61 10.83 0.80 31.79 0.96 68.04 1.16 145.36 1.25 198.25 1.33 261.61 1.49 422.53
0.0040 250.0 0.48 3.77 0.63 11.12 0.82 32.63 0.99 69.83 1.19 149.19 1.28 203.46 1.37 268.48 1.53 433.61
0.0042 238.1 0.49 3.87 0.65 11.40 0.84 33.44 1.01 71.58 1.22 152.91 1.31 208.54 1.40 275.18 1.57 444.41
0.0044 227.3 0.50 3.96 0.66 11.68 0.86 34.24 1.04 73.29 1.25 156.55 1.34 213.50 1.43 281.72 1.61 454.97
0.0046 217.4 0.52 4.05 0.68 11.94 0.88 35.03 1.06 74.96 1.27 160.11 1.37 218.35 1.47 288.11 1.65 465.28
0.0048 208.3 0.53 4.14 0.69 12.20 0.90 35.79 1.08 76.59 1.30 163.59 1.40 223.09 1.50 294.37 1.68 475.38
0.0050 200.0 0.54 4.23 0.71 12.46 0.92 36.54 1.11 78.19 1.33 167.00 1.43 227.74 1.53 300.50 1.72 485.26
0.0055 181.8 0.57 4.44 0.74 13.08 0.96 38.35 1.16 82.06 1.39 175.24 1.50 238.96 1.61 315.30 1.80 509.15
0.0060 166.7 0.59 4.64 0.77 13.67 1.01 40.08 1.21 85.75 1.46 183.11 1.57 249.69 1.68 329.45 1.88 531.97
0.0065 153.8 0.62 4.84 0.81 14.24 1.05 41.74 1.26 89.29 1.52 190.66 1.63 259.98 1.75 343.01 1.96 553.85
0.0070 142.9 0.64 5.02 0.84 14.79 1.09 43.34 1.31 92.70 1.58 197.93 1.70 269.88 1.81 356.07 2.03 574.92
0.0075 133.3 0.66 5.20 0.87 15.32 1.13 44.88 1.36 95.99 1.63 204.94 1.76 279.43 1.88 368.66 2.11 595.24
0.0080 125.0 0.68 5.38 0.90 15.83 1.17 46.37 1.40 99.17 1.68 211.72 1.82 288.67 1.94 380.85 2.17 614.89
0.0085 117.6 0.71 5.55 0.92 16.32 1.20 47.81 1.45 102.25 1.74 218.29 1.87 297.63 2.00 392.66 2.24 633.94
0.0090 111.1 0.73 5.71 0.95 16.80 1.24 49.21 1.49 105.25 1.79 224.67 1.93 306.32 2.06 404.12 2.31 652.44
0.0095 105.3 0.75 5.87 0.98 17.27 1.27 50.58 1.53 108.16 1.84 230.88 1.98 314.78 2.11 415.27 2.37 670.43
0.0100 100.0 0.77 6.02 1.00 17.72 1.31 51.91 1.57 110.99 1.89 236.92 2.03 323.01 2.17 426.14 2.43 687.96
0.0110 90.9 0.81 6.32 1.05 18.60 1.37 54.47 1.65 116.46 1.98 248.57 2.13 338.89 2.28 447.07 2.55 721.74
0.0120 83.3 0.84 6.61 1.10 19.44 1.43 56.91 1.72 121.68 2.07 259.71 2.23 354.06 2.38 467.08 2.67 754.01
0.0130 76.9 0.88 6.88 1.15 20.24 1.49 59.26 1.79 126.69 2.15 270.39 2.32 368.62 2.48 486.27 2.78 764.97
0.0140 71.4 0.91 7.15 1.19 21.02 1.55 61.52 1.86 131.51 2.23 280.66 2.41 382.62 2.57 504.73 2.88 814.76
0.0150 66.7 0.94 7.40 1.23 21.76 1.60 63.70 1.93 136.17 2.31 290.58 2.49 396.13 2.66 522.55 2.98 843.50
0.0160 62.5 0.97 7.65 1.27 22.48 1.66 65.81 1.99 140.67 2.39 300.17 2.57 409.20 2.75 539.78 3.08 871.30
0.0170 58.8 1.00 7.89 1.31 23.18 1.71 67.85 2.05 145.03 2.46 309.46 2.65 421.86 2.83 556.48 3.18 898.25
0.0180 55.6 1.03 8.12 1.35 23.86 1.76 69.83 2.11 149.26 2.53 318.49 2.73 434.16 2.92 572.70 3.27 924.41
0.0190 52.6 1.06 8.34 1.39 24.52 1.80 71.76 2.17 153.38 2.60 327.26 2.81 446.12 3.00 588.47 3.36 949.85
0.0200 50.0 1.09 8.56 1.42 25.17 1.85 73.64 2.23 157.39 2.67 335.81 2.88 457.77 3.08 603.84 3.45 974.64
0.0220 45.5 1.14 8.99 1.49 26.41 1.94 77.26 2.34 165.12 2.80 352.29 3.02 480.23 3.23 633.45 3.62 1022.41
0.0240 41.7 1.20 9.39 1.56 27.59 2.03 80.73 2.44 172.51 2.93 368.04 3.15 501.69 3.37 661.75 3.78 1068.06
0.0260 38.5 1.25 9.78 1.63 28.73 2.11 84.05 2.54 179.60 3.05 383.15 3.28 522.27 3.51 688.89 3.93 1111.85
0.0280 35.7 1.29 10.15 1.69 29.83 2.19 87.24 2.64 186.42 3.16 397.68 3.41 542.07 3.64 715.00 4.08 1153.98
0.0300 33.3 1.34 10.51 1.75 30.88 2.27 90.32 2.73 193.00 3.28 411.70 3.53 561.18 3.77 740.20 4.23 1194.63
0.0320 31.2 1.38 10.86 1.81 31.90 2.35 93.30 2.82 199.36 3.38 425.27 3.64 579.67 3.89 764.57 4.36 1233.94
0.0340 29.4 1.43 11.20 1.86 32.89 2.42 96.19 2.91 205.53 3.49 438.41 3.76 597.58 4.01 788.19 4.50 1272.05
0.0360 27.8 1.47 11.53 1.92 33.85 2.49 99.00 2.99 211.52 3.59 451.17 3.87 614.97 4.13 811.13 4.63 1309.05
0.0380 26.3 1.51 11.85 1.97 34.79 2.56 101.73 3.07 217.34 3.69 463.59 3.97 631.89 4.24 833.43 4.76 1345.04
0.0400 25.0 1.55 12.16 2.02 35.70 2.63 104.39 3.15 223.01 3.79 475.68 4.08 648.36 4.36 855.16 4.88 1380.09
0.0420 23.8 1.59 12.46 2.07 36.59 2.69 106.98 3.23 228.55 3.88 487.47 4.18 664.43 4.46 876.35 5.00 1414.28
0.0440 22.7 1.62 12.76 2.12 37.45 2.75 109.51 3.31 233.95 3.97 498.99 4.28 680.13 4.57 897.04 5.12 1447.66
0.0460 21.7 1.66 13.05 2.17 38.30 2.82 111.98 3.38 239.23 4.06 510.25 4.37 695.47 4.67 917.27 5.24 1480.29
0.0480 20.8 1.70 13.33 2.21 39.13 2.88 114.40 3.46 244.40 4.15 521.26 4.47 710.47 4.77 937.06 5.35 1512.22
0.0500 20.0 1.73 13.61 2.26 39.94 2.94 116.78 3.53 249.46 4.23 532.05 4.56 725.17 4.87 956.45 5.46 1543.49
0.0550 18.2 1.82 14.28 2.37 41.90 3.08 122.50 3.70 261.69 4.44 558.11 4.78 760.68 5.11 1003.27 5.73 1619.03
0.0600 16.7 1.90 14.92 2.48 43.78 3.22 127.98 3.87 273.37 4.64 583.01 5.00 794.62 5.34 1048.01 5.98 1691.21
0.0650 15.4 1.98 15.53 2.58 45.58 3.35 133.23 4.03 284.58 4.83 606.89 5.20 827.16 5.56 1090.93 6.23 1760.44
0.0700 14.3 2.05 16.12 2.68 47.31 3.48 138.28 4.18 295.36 5.01 629.87 5.40 858.47 5.77 1132.22 6.46 1827.06
0.0750 13.3 2.13 16.69 2.77 48.98 3.60 143.15 4.33 305.76 5.19 652.05 5.59 888.69 5.97 1172.06 6.69 1891.33
0.0800 12.5 2.20 17.24 2.86 50.59 3.72 147.87 4.47 315.82 5.36 673.49 5.77 917.91 6.17 1210.60 6.91 1953.50
0.0850 11.8 2.26 17.78 2.95 52.16 3.83 152.44 4.61 325.58 5.52 694.28 5.95 946.24 6.36 1247.95 7.12 2013.75
0.0900 11.1 2.33 18.30 3.04 53.68 3.95 156.87 4.74 335.05 5.69 714.46 6.12 973.74 6.54 1284.21 7.33 2072.26
0.0950 10.5 2.39 18.80 3.12 55.15 4.05 161.19 4.87 344.26 5.84 734.09 6.29 1000.49 6.72 1319.48 7.53 2129.16

Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@[Link] Section 9 Page 11
Design

Structural
Cover Revised Bedding Factors for Relationship Between Class
It is recommended that a minimum Vitrified Clay Drains and Number and Crushing
cover of 1.2m to the top of the pipe is Sewers Strength
maintained under roads and 0.9m Information and Guidance Note In some instances pipe strengths may
elsewhere. If this cannot be achieved, No. 4-11-02, published by the Water be specified by class number as an
consult the Technical Advisory Service Authorities Association’s Sewers and alternative to crushing strength. The
for advice – see below for contact Water Mains Committee, sets out two numbers are selected by the
details. revised bedding factors for vitrified clay following formula.
drains and sewers. It recommends
Pipes laid under or adjacent to roads
that bedding factors of 1.9, 2.5 and
are likely to be subject to higher loads
2.5 should be used with vitrified clay Crushing strength (measured in kN/m)=
in construction than in service.
pipes for Classes F, B and S beddings Class Number x Nominal size
In order to prevent damage, it may be 1000
respectively.
necessary to provide stronger
beddings, adjust the levels to increase For further information on bedding
cover, or provide temporary protection. see Section 11.

Use of Design Charts

1. Select chart for road or field loading
as appropriate.
2. Identify the nominal diameter and
pipe system to be used (e.g.
DN 150 SuperSleve). Crushing Strength
3. Establish maximum and minimum Crushing Test Loads (WT)
depths of cover from the surface to
SuperSeal®
SuperSleve

the crown of the pipe.

Unjointed
HepDuct
Diameter

HepSeal

HepLine
System

4. Read from table type of bedding

required to satisfy the range of cover
depths required. (mm)
5. If the pipe and bedding 100 40 – – 28 40 22
combinations shown in the charts
150 40 40 – 28 40 22
cannot achieve the required
225 45 45 – 36 28 28
supporting strength then a full
calculation should be performed 300 72 72 – 48 34 34
using actual trench widths and soil 400 – – 64 48 – –
densities. Refer to Design Tables for 450 – – 54 54 – –
Determining the Bedding
500 – – 60 48 – –
Construction of Vitrified Clay
Pipelines, published by the CPDA. 600 – – 57 57 – –
Note: Crushing test loads measured in kN/m.

Section 9 Page 12 Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@[Link]
Design

Structural
Construction of Trench Beddings for Clay Pipes
Pipes Laid on Trench Bottom Pipes Laid in a Bed of Single Size Pipes Laid with a
Granular Material Classes Concrete Bedding Class A
F, B and S
Class A Plain Concrete Bedding
Class D Bedding Factor 1.1 Class F Bedding Factor 1.9 Factor 2.6

1/ Bc150mm 1/ Bc150mm
150mm min
150mm min

min
2
min
a

4
11/2 Bc
Bc+300mm
Trimmed trench bottom.
Single size granular material bed. min
Generally suitable for all conditions. Plain concrete cradle.
Generally suitable for all conditions, but for rock in
mining areas, use granular base course.

Class B Bedding Factor 2.5

150mm min

Bedding Factor 4.5

Pipes Laid on Continuous Bed of
a

2Bc150mm
Granular Material Class N

min
2Bc
1/

Class N Bedding Factor 1.1

1/
a

4Bc150mm
150mm min

min
1/

Machine-cut trench bottom.

Generally suitable for all soil conditions. 11/2 Bc
a

Bc+300mm
min
Plain concrete surround.
Generally suitable for all conditions, but for rock in
Dimension a Class S Bedding Factor 2.5 mining areas, use granular base course.
In machine-dug uniform soils:
150mm min

a = For sleeve jointed pipes, a minimum of

50mm or 1/6 Bc whichever is the greater;
a

for socketed pipes a minimum of 100mm or

1/6 Bc, whichever is the greater under
barrels but not less than 50mm under
sockets.
a

key
In rock or mixed soils containing rock bands,
boulders, large flints or stones or other irregular Graded or all-in aggregate or
hard spots: compacted sand or suitable as-dug
material.
a = For sleeve jointed pipes, a minimum of
150mm or 1/4 Bc, whichever is the greater;
for socketed pipes, a minimum of 200mm or Granular surround. Fill selected from excavated material
1/4 Bc, whichever is the greater under and lightly compacted by hand.*
Generally suitable for all soils.
barrels and 150mm minimum under sockets.
For a concrete surround the bedding factor is
Undisturbed natural soil.
4.5. For a reinforced concrete surround, an
increased bedding factor of 4.8 can be used,
provided that the area of transverse steel is at
least 1.0% both above and below the pipe, and
there is vertical steel jointing this main steel. Concrete 28 days cube strength to be
This bedding factor has been derived from the at least 20 MN/m2.
4.8 for a 1.0% reinforced concrete arch. A
concrete arch is not a practicable construction.
Single-size granular material.

* Selected fill: Selected fill should be readily

compactable, free from timber, frozen material,
vegetable and foreign matter and exclude hard
lumps of clay retained on a 100mm sieve and
stones retained on a 40mm sieve.

Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@[Link] Section 9 Page 13
Design

Structural
Typical Pipe Bedding
Specification for a clay pipe
Design load – Main Road

Bedding Classification – Class F

Bedding Factor – 1.9

Suitable for all diameters of SuperSeal®

Pipes to a maximum cover depth of
7.5 metres. Normal ground conditions*

General specification Suitable material

300mm

Main Backfill As dug material if suitable D.O.T. type if specified.

Other compactable material
Main Backfill consolidated
in 300 mm layer
300mm

NB- No mechanical
compaction to be applied
until first 300 mm of main
backfill in place
300mm

Pipe surround above lower As dug if suitable, or other

150mm

Initial Backfill bedding to be free from compactable material free

particles exceeding 40 mm form particles over 40 mm
Sidefill & lumps of clay eg sand, all-in aggregate or
exceeding 100 m other granular material
Upper bedding
20 mm single size granular
mm
100

Lower bedding
Pipe bed to be of specified material
granular material 20 mm down granular
material
20 mm single size re-cycled
material
20 mm down re-cycled
material with a Compaction
Main Back Fill Fraction less than 0.2**

Selected Back Fill

Granular Bedding

* Special bedding construction will be required where the trench formation has little bearing strength eg soft ground, running sand, etc.
**A Compaction Fraction value greater than 0.2 but less than 0.3 will achieve a Bedding Factor of 1.5 which allow a maximum cover depth of 5.9 metres.
For more detailed information please contact Hepworth Technical Advisory Service, or the C.P.D.A. on 01494 791456

Section 9 Page 14 Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@[Link]
Design

Structural
Recommended Bedding Requirements

Recommended bedding requirements for main traffic roads

DN 100 150 225 300 400 450 500 600

Class Number 280 400 187 267 224 160 200 113 160 240 120 160 120 96 120 95

SuperSleve/SuperSeal®
SuperSleve/HepDuct
System Type

SuperSeal®

SuperSeal®
SuperSleve

SuperSleve
HepDuct

HepDuct

HepDuct

HepSeal

HepSeal

HepSeal

HepSeal
HepLine

HepLine

HepLine

HepLine

HepLine

HepLine
HepLine
HepLine

Crushing
Strength kN/m 28 40 28 40 28 36 45 34 48 72 48 64 54 48 60 57

4
Depth of Cover (m)

10

Concrete Bedding Bedding Bedding

surround factor 1.1 factor 1.9 factor 2.5
Class D+N Class F Class B+S

Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@[Link] Section 9 Page 15
Design

Structural
Recommended Bedding Requirements

Recommended bedding requirements for fields and gardens

DN 100 150 225 300 400 450 500 600

Class Number 280 400 187 267 224 160 200 113 160 240 120 160 120 96 120 95

SuperSleve/SuperSeal®
SuperSleve / HepDuct
System Type

SuperSeal®

SuperSeal®
SuperSleve

SuperSleve
HepDuct

HepDuct
HepDuct

HepSeal

HepSeal

HepSeal

HepSeal
HepLine

HepLine

HepLine

HepLine

HepLine

HepLine
HepLine
HepLine

Crushing
Strength kN/m 28 40 28 40 28 36 45 34 48 72 48 64 54 48 60 57

4
Depth of Cover (m)

10

Concrete Bedding Bedding Bedding

surround factor 1.1 factor 1.9 factor 2.5
Class D+N Class F Class B+S

Section 9 Page 16 Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@[Link]
Design

Structural
Typical Pipe Bedding Specification for a Plastic Pipe

Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@[Link] Section 9 Page 17
Design

Chemical Resistance and Durability

Clay Pipes and Fittings In the SuperSleve and SuperSeal® cases wrapping the pipe joints with
The standard SuperSleve, SuperSeal® systems the sealing ring is housed a suitable barrier material. In sulphate
and HepSeal systems fitted with SBR in a polypropylene coupling socket. bearing ground clay pipes with
sealing rings are capable of carrying This material has a very high order standard joints are appropriate.
effluent within the pH range 3 to 11 at of chemical resistance. The HepSeal
Clay pipes are also the ideal choice
normal ambient temperatures. Surges rubber ring is housed in a cast
for systems prone to septicity and are
of pH outside these limits can be polyester material which gives the
unaffected by the effects of hydrogen
accommodated so long as the line is same order of resistance as the
sulphide built up.
subsequently flushed with water or special purpose sealing rings.
The evaluation of effluents and
aqueous waste within these limits. The The limitations imposed on the system
selection of appropriate pipe materials
chemical resistance of the system can with respect to chemical resistance
can be complex and difficult. Guidance
be improved by using EPDM or Nitrile are for the benefit of the flexible joint
on the resistance of materials to
special purpose sealing rings. materials. The clay pipes themselves
various chemicals is available in CPDA
It is difficult to give precise limits of are resistant to most chemicals with
Technical Notes Number 8 and in the
acceptability that will cover all cases, the exception of hydrofluoric acid (HF).
table below. It is important that careful
since any variations of concentration, This resistance provides the option in
consideration is given not only to the
temperature and composition will extreme cases, of using unjointed
constituents and their concentrations,
affect the nature of the effluent. The spigot and socket pipes with a furane
but also to the temperature, rate of
alternative sealing rings have a higher based chemically resistant jointing
discharge and hydraulics of flow.
inherent chemical resistance to a compound. The resulting joint has a
high order of chemical resistance but Further help and advice on the
much wider range of chemicals. The
has the usual limitations associated performance of clay pipe systems
nitrile ring are particularly suitable for
with rigid joints. and their resistance to chemicals
applications involving oil and petrol
found in effluents and groundwaters
type contamination whereas the EPDM Clay pipes are ideally suited for
can be obtained by contacting
is for the more general chemical applications involving contact with
Hepworth Technical Advisory Service.
condition and applications involving contaminated ground. The same
high temperatures. Regardless of considerations with respect to the
which seal is used caution should joint apply but additional precautions
be exercised if there is to be any sometimes need to be taken. This can
discharge of organic solvents, since be surrounding the line with imported
these will adversely affect the rubber. uncontaminated fill and in extreme

General Guidance for Resistance of Materials to Chemical Contamination

No At normal Organic Containing At High Soil environment
Material Chemical temperature solvents oils and fats temperature containing
contamination Acids Alkalis Vegetable Mineral Acids Alkalis Sulphates Acids
Clayware
pipes and fittings A S S S S S A A S S
(SBR) Rubber A A A E E E E A A A
Nitrile Rubber A A A E A A E A A A
EPDM Rubber A A A E A E A A A A
Polyester resin A S A E A A E E S S
Polypropylene A S S A S A A A S S
A = normally suitable
E = need expert advice, each case to be considered on its own merits
S = specially suitable
Note: It is important to take account of quantities and concentrations of all types of chemical likely to be encountered

Section 9 Page 18 Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@[Link]
Design

Stormwater Management
Technical Advice
Sustainable drainage is a developing area of expertise, with
national planning policy and local development plans calling for
the design and correct implementation of SUDS solutions now.

Due to the emerging nature of Sustainable Drainage Solutions it is

critical to seek specialist guidance. In these circumstances many
professionals have found Hepworth's expert advice on stormwater
management solutions to be of great value.

Hepworth's advice is available from concept design stage through

to construction and maintenance.

Hepworth are committed to advising construction professionals

on how to achieve sustainable, bespoke low-cost, low-maintenance
solutions.

Implementation of SUDS solutions typically require the approval

of several authorities, including the Environment Agency, planning
authorities, sewerage undertakers and building control authorities.

Hepworth is available to assist you all the way. Together we will

achieve the optimum solution in terms of performance, buildability
and cost.

What we need to know!

In order to achieve the correct solution a number of factors need
to be considered. We will explore the following factors with you:

• the site layouts – Adoptable versus Non-adoptable solutions

• the allowable discharge consent

• the storm return period

• the extent of impermeable paving and buildings

• the soil type and the possible need for soils investigation

• access issues

• the likely quality of the runoff

With Hepworth assistance you will be in a position to assess

the need for specialist consultancy expertise and be provided
with the informed brief that will achieve the optimum solution.

Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@[Link] Section 9 Page 19
Design

GEOlight Stormwater Attenuation System

Calculating the storage
capacity
The storage capacity of the GEOlight
reservoirs is determined by the
maximum outflow permitted, (set by
the Water Company or Environment
Agency), the impermeable area of the
site and the rainfall return period –
normally 1 in 30 years, but again can
be dictated by the Water Company.

For further technical support and

advice please contact the Hepworth
Technical Advisory Service .

Stormwater Attenuation –
Typical arrangements of distributor pipe and GEOlight reservoir
Typical details
The details on these two pages
illustrate the construction of a typical
GEOlight Stormwater Attenuation
System. The length and height of the
GEOlight reservoirs is determined by
the quantity of water to be stored. Central distributor pipe

On the right are three commonly used

arrangements of distributor pipe and
GEOlight reservoir. The layout of each
scheme is purpose designed to suit
the characteristics and limitations of
the site.

The high performance waterproof

Side distributor pipes
membrane should be continuous
around both GEOlight reservoirs and
the distributor pipe and granular fill. It
is protected by a heavyweight needle
punched, non woven geotextile. A high
flow geotextile is placed between the
granular fill and GEOlight reservoirs to
prevent silt and particles being washed
into the reservoirs.
Single side distributor pipe

Section 9 Page 20 Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@[Link]
Design

GEOlight Stormwater Attenuation System

Cross section
Ground level

Compacted fill

Granular 15/25mm graded Waterproof membrane and geotextile

fill free from fines carried over granular fill

High Flow Geotextile, Code KHF360,

Geocomposite vent 20x150mm between GEOlight and granular fill

GEOlight units laid

bonded horizontally and
vertically

Perforated distributor pipe

Waterproof membrane, code HGM400

Granular bedding or selected backfill material

Non woven geotextile, code KSNW30 Waterproof membrane and geotextile carried
under distributor pipe

Long section
Ground level

Upstream Geocomposite GEOlight reservoir Impermeable membrane Downstream

manhole vent in duct manhole
Direction of flow

Vortex flow
control

Silt pit

Optional entry Perforated

to manhole distribution pipe

Vortex Flow Control

The flow control is used to control the
Flow Control
stormwater from a development at the outlet
required discharge rate.

All units are individually designed to

meet the client’s specifications

Stormwater inlet Vortex formed

within unit

Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@[Link] Section 9 Page 21
Design

GEOlight Soakaway Applications

Surface Water Soakaway Soil Infiltration rate calculation [Link] the trial pit as quickly as possible
Design [Link] a hole in the same location with water to the maximum effective
and to the same depth as depth. Measure the time in minutes
Sizing the soakaway
anticipated in the full size soakaway. for the water to drop between 75%
Hepworth Technical Advisory Service The base should be a metre below and 25% full. Repeat the test three
can estimate soakaway sizing based the invert of the incoming drain times and note the time for each.
on BS EN 752-4:1998, where no connection. The trial pit should be 3. Results-
infiltration tests are known. 0.3 to 1m wide and 1 to 3m long. It Width (m)=
should have vertical sides trimmed Length (m)=
Alternatively a design to BRE Digest
square and if necessary for stability, Effective depth (m)=
365 can be supplied providing the should be filled with granular Time to drain between 75% and
following test results (see below) and material. If so, a length of perforated 25% full:
the area of the impermeable surfaces pipe should be placed vertically in Test 1 (mins)=
that drain into each soakaway are the pit to the full depth to allow Test 2 (mins)=
available. water levels to be measured. Test 3 (mins)=
The trial pit width, length and
effective depth should then be
measured.
Rodding/jetting access
Long section Ground level

Pre-formed silt pit

Silt filter unit, Perforated distribution pipe, GEOlight units wrapped in

code HGSFU perforations laid downward nonwoven geotextile

Cross section – clay distributor pipe

Perforated clay pipe, Backfill

slots laid downward

50mm granular bed

GEOlight units wrapped in

nonwoven geotextile

100mm granular bed

and sidefill

Cross section – plastic distributor pipe

Non-woven geotextile between
granular bedding/surround and Backfill
backfill
Perforated plastic
pipe, slots laid
downward
Granular bed and surround

GEOlight units wrapped in

nonwoven geotextile

Non-woven geotextile, 100mm granular

code KNW8 bed and sidefill

Section 9 Page 22 Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@[Link]
Design

Standards
The design and construction of sewers When BS 8301 is eventually
and drains in the United Kingdom has ‘withdrawn’ by BSI, then it will no
been largely controlled over recent longer be possible to refer to it.
years by the provisions of BS 8005, Hepworth Drainage are fully aware of
the Guide to new sewerage these changes and have been directly
construction, and BS 8301, the Code involved in the European and British
of Practice for building drainage. BS Standards committees discussing
8005 has now been withdrawn and these issues.
BS 8301 is now classified
Most pre-existing design and
as obsolescent by BSI, and as such is
construction practices will not need to
still available for purchase and can still
change with the advent of the
be referred to and used as indeed will
European standards. Two exceptions
be the case in many current
to this are in revised design methods
contractual documents, but it should
for flow prediction in
not be used for new work.
BS EN 752-4:1998 and pipeline
testing procedures in
BS EN 1610:1998.

New BS EN Standards (published since 1996)

BS EN 476 1998 General requirements for components used in discharge pipes,
drains and sewers for gravity systems
BS EN 752 Drains and sewer systems outside buildings
752-1 1996 – General and definitions
752-2 1997 – Performance requirements
752-3 1997 – Planning
752-4 1998 – Hydraulic design and environmental considerations
752-5 1998 – Rehabilitation
752-6 1998 – Pumping installations
752-7 1998 – Maintenance and operations
BS EN 1610 1998 Construction and testing of drains and sewers
BS EN 1295-1 1998 Structural design of buried pipelines under various conditions of loading.
General requirements

Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@[Link] Section 9 Page 23
Design

Clay – Material Safety Data Sheet

Hepworth Fired Clay Products/Materials
01 Identification of the Substance/Preparation and Company
Substance: Fired Clay Products and Materials

Manufacturer: Hepworth Building Products

Hazlehead
Crow Edge
Sheffield
S36 4HG

Telephone: 01226 763561

02 Composition/Information on Ingredients
Hazardous Ingredients: None as finished goods and products.

Types of Materials: Clay products are a blend of naturally occurring clays fired to a range of
vitrification temperatures which renders them inert for all practical purposes.

03 Hazards Identification
Nature of Hazard: Under normal conditions of use the products and materials do not present
any health hazard. Some products may contain pigments and stabilising or
conditioning chemicals and chemical glazes. These will not be extracted from
the products under normal conditions of use.

04 First-Aid Measures
Eye Contact: Particles and dusts may cause physical irritation. Irrigate thoroughly with water
and seek medical assistance if irritation persists.

Skin Contact: Not applicable.

Inhalation: Not applicable.

Ingestion: Not expected to have any toxic effects.

05 Fire-Fighting Measures Not applicable.

06 Accidental Release Measures Not applicable.

07 Handling and Storage

Handling: There are no hazards associated with the finished goods. Where ceramic
products have to be cut or machined, avoid inhalation of dusts, which contain
crystalline silica. Take care with sharp edges on cut pipe.

Storage: Take care to stack goods carefully and securely, especially round pipe that may
slip or collapse.

08 Exposure Controls/Personal Protection

Respiratory Protection: When cutting or machining pipe, inhalation of dust should be avoided.
Wear a disposable half-mask respirator to the standard FFP2S.

Hand protection: Wear sturdy gloves to avoid cuts from sharp edges.

Eye Protection: Wear dustproof goggles when cutting or machining pipe.

Skin Protection: Wear Overalls.

Section 9 Page 24 Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@[Link]
Design

Clay – Material Safety Data Sheet

09 Physical and Chemical Not applicable.
Properties

10 Stability and Reactivity Not applicable.

11 Toxicological Information Not applicable.

12 Ecological Information Natural clayware products are not harmful to the environment.

13 Disposal Considerations Method: Landfill as normal builders waste.

14 Transport Information Not applicable.

15 Regulatory Information Not applicable.

16 Other Information This Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) has been compiled by Hepworth Building
Products, using the original manufacturer’s information where Hepworth are not
the original manufacturer. In such cases the original manufacturer’s details (name
and address) are shown. This information is provided without any representation
to its accuracy and does not constitute a guarantee of the product or its properties.
As the handling, storage, use and disposal of the product are beyond our control,
Hepworth Building Products disclaim all liability for loss, damage, injury or expense
in any way connected with such activities and further make no warranties,
express or implied, as to the suitability of the product for any particular use.

17 Additional Information This Material Safety Data Sheet in the CHIP format supersedes all previous issues,
and users are cautioned to ensure it is current. Destroy all previous copies, and if
in doubt contact Hepworth Building Products.

Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@[Link] Section 9 Page 25
Design

Lubricant – Material Safety Data Sheet

Hepworth Lubricant
01 Identification of the Substance/Preparation and the
Company
Substance: Hepworth Lubricant
Manufacturer: Gramos Surface Treatment Limited
Spring Road
Smethwick
West Midlands
B66 1PT

Telephone: 0121 525 4000

Emergency No. 0121 525 4919

02 Composition/Information This product contains no ingredients that are classified as Hazardous for the
on Ingredients purposes of the CHIP regulations, and consequently does not require chemical
labelling or specific safety requirements for the Control of Substances Hazardous
to Health Regulations.

03 Hazards Identification Essentially NON-HAZARDOUS

Eye Contact: May cause transient discomfort if splashed in the eyes.

Skin Contact: None.

Inhalation: None.

Ingestion: None.

04 First-Aid Measures
Eye Contact: Wash with water. If irritant persists, seek medical advice.

Skin Contact: Wash hands after skin contact.

Inhalation: Not applicable.

Ingestion: Drink plenty of water.

05 Fire-Fighting Measures Non-Flammable.

If the product is involved in a fire, use fire extinguishers to suit the surrounding fire.

06 Accidental Release Measures Contain the spillage and wash away to the drains with large amounts of water.
Wash down the area of spillage to remove any residues that may cause a slipping
hazard.

07 Handling and Storage Avoid splashing the product into the eyes.

08 Exposure Controls/Person No specific precautions required, other than following good industrial hygiene
Protection practices. Wash hands well after use, and always before eating, drinking or
smoking.

09 Physical and Chemical Properties

Appearance: Amber coloured gel, without particular odour.

Solubility: Soluble in water.

10 Stability and Reactivity No information available.

Section 9 Page 26 Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@[Link]
Design

Lubricant – Material Safety Data Sheet

11 Toxicological Information No information available.

12 Ecological Information No information available.

13 Disposable Considerations Washed away to drains with water.

14 Transport Information Not classified as hazardous for transportation or shipping purposes.

15 Regulatory Information Not applicable.

16 Other Information This Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) has been compiled by Hepworth Building
Products, using the original manufacturer’s information where Hepworth are not
the original manufacturer. In such cases the original manufacturer’s details (name
and address) are shown. This information is provided without any representation
to its accuracy and does not constitute a guarantee of the product or its properties.
As the handling, storage, use and disposal of the product are beyond our control,
Hepworth Building Products disclaim all liability for loss, damage, injury or expense
in any way connected with such activities and further make no warranties,
express or implied, as to the suitability of the product for any particular use.

17 Additional Information This Material Safety Data Sheet in the CHIP format supersedes all previous issues,
and users are cautioned to ensure it is current. Destroy all previous copies, and if
in doubt contact Hepworth Building Products.

Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@[Link] Section 9 Page 27
Design

Plastic – Material Safety Data Sheet

Hepworth Plastic Products/Materials
01 Identification of the Substance/Preparation and Company
Substance: Plastic Products and Materials

Manufacturer: Hepworth Building Products

Hazlehead
Crow Edge
Sheffield
S36 4HG

Telephone: 01226 763561

02 Composition/Information on Ingredients
Hazardous Ingredients: None as finished goods and products.

Types of materials: Polypropylene (PP)

Polyethylene (MDPE) (HDPE)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Polyvinylidene flouride (PVDF)
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
Nylon
Acetal

Some products within the range of pipe couplings may also contain rubber seals.
This list is not exhaustive.

03 Hazards Identification
Nature of Hazard: There are no health risks from the products during normal use.

The products may contain various pigment colours and stabilisers that may be
toxic. These chemicals are, however, bound within the product material and not
easily extracted.

04 First-Aid Measures
Eye Contact: Plastic materials may cause physical irritation in the eyes. Wash out with large
amounts of water. If irritation results or persists, seek medical advice.

Skin Contact: Not applicable.

Inhalation: Not applicable.

Ingestion: Not expected to have any toxic effects.

05 Fire-Fighting Measures
Extinguishing Media: On small fires use any hand-held extinguisher type. On large fires use water.

Fire and Explosion Hazards: Melting plastics may flow and spread in a large fire. Products of fire will be thick
black toxic smoke.

Material characteristics: PVC products will burn in the presence of a flame but are classed as self-
extinguishing. All other plastics will burn with a slow spread of flame.

Protective Equipment: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus and protective clothing.

06 Accidental Release Measures Not applicable.

Section 9 Page 28 Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@[Link]
Design

Plastic – Material Safety Data Sheet

07 Handling and Storage
Handling: There are no hazards associated with the finished goods.

Where plastic goods have to be machined, cut, sanded, etc, dusts may be created.
Avoid inhaling these dusts.

Take care of heat build-up within materials during machining, cutting, sanding, etc.

Storage: These materials should be stored in dry covered areas away from sources of heat
and direct sunlight. Tube and pipe should be stored on racks to prevent collapse
of stocks.

08 Exposure Controls/Personal Protection

Respiratory Protection: Not required under normal circumstances of use. Where machining, etc, creates
dusts, wear a disposable half-mask to the standard FFP2S.

Hand Protection: Wear impervious strong gloves to prevent burns and cuts to the hands while
cutting, machining, etc.

Eye Protection: Wear safety glasses when machining, cutting, etc.

Skin Protection: Wear overalls.

09 Physical and Chemical Not applicable.

Properties

10 Stability and Reactivity

Decomposition Products: Major thermal decomposition products are oxides of carbon. Relevant additional
differences are:- Polypropylenes/Polyethylenes may produce amounts of
Formaldehyde and Acrolein.

Nylon may produce amounts of Hydrogen cyanide. PVC may produce amounts of
Hydrogen chloride. PVDF may produce amounts of Hydrogen fluoride. ABS may
produce amounts of Hydrogen cyanide and ammonia.

Stability: These materials are stable at temperatures up to normal operating limits.

(moulding parameters)

11 Toxicological Information Not applicable.

12 Ecological Information
Biodegradability: Plastic products are not readily biodegradable but are not detrimental
to terrestrial wildlife.

Aquatic Toxicity: Non-toxic to marine life.

13 Disposal Considerations
Method: The preferred method is collection and re-cycling. Plastics can safely
be placed with regular industrial or household wastes where re-cycling
is not available.

14 Transport Information Not applicable.

15 Regulatory Information Not applicable.

Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@[Link] Section 9 Page 29
Design

Plastic – Material Safety Data Sheet

16 Other Information This Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) has been compiled by Hepworth Building
Products, using the original Manufacturer’s information where Hepworth are not
the original manufacturer. In such cases the original manufacturer’s details (name
and address) are shown. This information is provided without any representation
to its accuracy and does not constitute a guarantee of the product or its properties.
As the handling, storage, use and disposal of the product are beyond our control,
Hepworth Building Products disclaim all liability for loss, damage, injury or expense
in any way connected with such activities and further make no warranties,
express or implied, as to the suitability of the product for any particular use.

Section 9 Page 30 Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@[Link]