Man-in-the-middle attack A band limited signal is Which of the following

can endanger security of sampled at the Nyquist Internet Protocol (IP)

Diffie-Hellman method if rate. The signal can be address classes identifies
two parties are not: recovered by passing the multicast addresses?
a. Joined samples through: Class D
b. Separated
c. Submitted - an envelope detector What is the main
d. Authenticated - an ideal low-pass filter difference between online
with the appropriate and offline PLC
According to Shannon’s bandwidth programming?
equation, the channel - a PLL
capacity is: - an RC filter - Whether the
programming pc has
a. Information transmitted The IEEE has subdivided internet connectivity.
b. Defined for optimum the data-link layer into - Whether the PLC is
system sublayers which are: running or stopped.
c. Maximum error free I. Transmission Control - The type of program
communication Protocol (TCP) used.
d. All of the choices II. Internet Protocol (IP) - Where the edited
III. Logical Link Control program resides.
The bit stream 01001 is (LLC)
differentially encoded using IV. Media Access Control What is an advantage of
‘Delay and Ex OR’ scheme for (MAC) downward sloping radials
DPSK transmission. on a ground plane
Assuming the reference bit as Probability of the event antenna?
a ‘1’ and assigning phases of that might occur X Severity
‘0’ and ‘π’ for 1’s and 0’s of the event if it occurs. a. It lowers the radiation
respectively, in the encoded Risk angle.
sequence, the transmitted Accident b. It increases the radiation
phase sequence becomes: Hazard angle.
0πππ0 c. It brings the feed point
Which analog modulation impedance closer to 300
In cryptography, the scheme requires the ohms.
original message before minimum transmitted d. It brings the feed point
being transformed is power and minimum impedance closer to 50
called: Plain Text channel bandwidth? ohms.
VSB AM
What is the maximum SSB DSB-SC The trigonometric Fourier
distance along the Earth's series of an even function
surface that is normally does not have the
covered in one hop using a. sine terms
the F2 region? b. cosine terms → (odd func)
4000 km
A taxi company uses a The 850 nm window Which of the following
central dispatcher, with an remains popular because: protocols provides
antenna at the top of a 15 a. the fiber is less expensive connectionless delivery
m tower, to communicate to install and has lower service at the transport
with taxicabs. The taxi losses than any other layer of the Open Systems
antennas are on the roofs windows Interconnection (OSI)
of the cars, approximately b. allows higher data model?
1.5 m above the ground. transmission rates ARP HTTP
Calculate the maximum c. the system is less UDP TCP
communication distance expensive and easier to
between the dispatcher install A receiving antenna has a
and a taxi 21 km d. uses visible light and this gain of 40 dBi and looks at
17(15𝑚) + 17(1. 5𝑚) allows plastic fibers to be a sky with a noise
used temperature of 15 K. The
A digital communication loss between the antenna
scheme uses DQPSK. It is Which types of cable are and the LNA input, due to
to transmit a compressed used when installing video the feed horn, is 0.4 dB,
PCM audio signal which surveillance components? and the LNA has a noise
has a bit rate of 16 kb/s. RG-59 and RG-6 temperature of 40 K.
The chipping rate is 10 to Calculate G/T.
1. Calculate the number of At a given probability of 0.4/10
290(10 −1)+15
0.4/10 = 39. 20 K
signal changes (symbols) error, binary coherent FSK 10

which must be transmitted is inferior to binary G/T(dB) = G(dB) - T(dB)

each second. coherent PSK by: 3 dB G/T(dB) = (40 dBi - 0.4 dB) -
baud = 16kbps/2 = 8 kbaud 10log(39.20 + 40) = 20.6 dB
= 8 kbaud*10 = 80 kbaud Coherent demodulation of
FSK signal can be
When a lossless line is detected using: Which of the following
terminated with an correlation receiver signals is/are periodic?
arbitrary load impedance s(t) = exp(j8πt)
The image channel s(t) = cos 2t cos 4t
ZL, then it:
selectivity of s(t) = cos 2t+ cos 3t + cos 5t
- causes wave reflection
superheterodyne receiver
on transmission lines The Fourier series of a real
depends upon:
- causes loss in periodic function has only:
a. RF and IF amplifiers only
transmission line
b. Preselector, RF and IF
- transmits the entire P. Cosine terms if it is even
amplifiers
supplied power Q. Sine terms if it is even
c. Preselector and RF
amplifiers R. Cosine terms if it is odd
d. IF amplifiers only S. Sine terms if it is odd
 When the value of the Which one of the following
resistor creating thermal is not a useful quantity for
noise is doubled then the comparing the noise
noise power generated is performance of the
unchanged receivers?
a. Equivalent noise
Which of the following resistance
expresses the propagation b. Input noise voltage
constant γ in terms of c. Noise figure
admittance & impedance d. Noise temperature
of the transmission line?
sqrtZY sqrt(ZY) A white fiber with a black
tracer is most likely to be
What is a good way to get fiber number: 18
maximum performance
from a Yagi antenna?
Optimize the lengths and
spacing of the elements

To model a transmission
line of infinitesimal length
∆z, what lumped element
is not used?
Resistor Inductor
Capacitor Transistor

Indicate which of the

following statements about
the advantages of the
phase discriminator over
the slope detector is false.

a. Much easier alignment

b. Great limiting
c. Fewer tuned circuits
d. Better linearity
In symmetric key 2.67. What is the
cryptography, the key used impedance of the line? How does the bandwidth
by sender and receiver is: 100 Ω 112 Ω of a folded dipole antenna
Shared Different 300 Ω 212 Ω compare with that of a
Unique 1.5 = Zo/75; simple dipole antenna?
2.67 = 300/Zo; Zo = 112 a. It is essentially the
Modulation is used to: same.
(Indicate the false If a light ray crosses the b. It is less than 50%.
statement.) boundary between two c. It is 0.707 times the
a. Separate the differing materials with different bandwidth.
transmissions. refractive indices: d. It is greater.
b. Reduce the bandwidth a. the speed of light never
used. changes If an electromagnetic wave
c. Ensure that b. refraction will always leaves an antenna
intelligence may be occur vertically polarized, it will
transmitted over long c. no refraction would take arrive at the receiving
distances. place if the angle of antenna, by ground wave:
d. Allow the use of incidence was 0° vertically polarized
practicable antennas. d. the speed of the light will
not change if the incident Which of the following
The z-transform of a ray is traveling along the demodulator(s) can be
system is H(z) = z/(z-0.2). normal used for demodulating the
If the ROC is |z| < 0.2, signal X(t) =
then what is the impulse of At which layer of the OSI 5(1+2cos200πt)cos20000
the system? model do you find the πt?
-(0.2)ⁿu[-n-1] protocol responsible for Synchronous demodulator
the delivery of data to its Envelope demodulator
Which of the OSI model ultimate destination on an Square-law demodulator
layers is responsible for internetwork?
syntax translation and Network
compression or
encryption? In a BPSK signal detector,
Presentation the local oscillator has a
fixed phase error of
A transmission line of 20°.This phase error
unknown impedance is deteriorates the SNR at
terminated with two the output by a factor of:
different resistances, and cos²(20°)
the SWR is measured Reduction in bit energy
each time. With a 75 Ω = cos2θ
termination, the SWR
measures 1.5. With a 300
Ω termination, it measures
 Which of the following c. using diamond lapping What is the advantage of
statements about a wired film instead of bit-oriented framing over
local area network (LAN) is aluminum oxide film character-oriented
true? d. using the wrong dolly framing?
Wired LANs can support
ring, bus, or star A network with bandwidth a. Bit-oriented framing
topologies. of 10 Mbps can pass only doesn’t require bit-stuffing
an average of 12,000 to differentiate delimiters
Which of the following is frames per minute with from data.
the most accurate each frame carrying an b. Bit-oriented framing
description of the average of 10,000 bits. satisfies the Unicode,
subnetting process on a What is the throughput of while Character-oriented
TCP/IP network? this network? 2 Mbps framing is fixed on using
a. You borrow bits from the 8-bits.
host identifier to create a 12000fr/min * 1min/60sec c. Bit-oriented framing is
subnet identifier. * 10000 bits/frame faster because it is
b. You borrow bits from the synchronous.
network identifier to A transmission system
create a subnet identifier. using a TE₁₀ mode If a signal f(t) has energy
c. You extend the IP waveguide of dimensions E, the energy of the signal
address by adding bits a = 5 cm, b = 3 cm is f(2t) is equal to:
for a subnet identifier. operating at 10 GHz. The 4E E/2 2E E
d. You create a subnet distance measured
identifier by borrowing between two minimum
half of the bits from the power points is 1mm on a
network identifier and slotted line. Calculate the
half from the host VSWR of the system.
identifier. 10

During polishing of a silica

fiber, final inspection
reveals a large scratch
running right across the
fiber. A likely cause of this
is:
a. contamination of the
final lapping film with
some coarse grit from a
previous stage of the
polishing
b. water laying on the
surface of the fiber.
Simply wipe it off with
lint-free tissue
 Each of the following The common windows Sensitivity of a sensor can
Carrier Sense Multiple used in fiber optic be depicted by:
Access with Collision communications are a. Both Nyquist and
Detection (CSMA/CD) centered on wavelengths Pole-zero plot
events occurs on an of: b. Bode plot
Ethernet network when 1300 nm, 1550 nm and c. Nyquist plot
two stations transmit 850 nm
simultaneously, although In a radio receiver with
not in the order listed. Which of the following simple AGC:
Which of the following IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN a. An increase in signal
events occurs standards are capable of strength produces more
immediately after the supporting both the 2.4 AGC.
collision? GHz and 5 GHz b. The audio stage gain is
a. The two stations observe frequencies? normally controlled by
a random back-off 802.11n 802.11a the AGC.
interval. 802.11b 802.11g c. The highest AGC
b. The two stations transmit voltage is produced
a jam signal. As the meridional ray is between stations.
c. The two stations stop propagated along the optic d. The faster the AGC
transmitting. fiber it: time constant, the more
d. The two stations listen to a. stays in the center of accurate the output.
see if the channel is idle. the fiber.
b. travels in a sort of spiral Which of the following
A client on a TCP/IP shape. techniques may be used to
network is attempting to c. passes repeatedly reduce the side band
establish a session with a through the center of power?
server. Which of the the core. BFSK GMSK
following correctly lists the d. is reflected off the inside BPSK MSK
order of Transmission surface of the primary
Control Protocol (TCP) buffer.
session establishment
messages? A pyramidal horn has an
SYN, SYN/ACK, ACK aperture (opening) of 58
mm in the E plane and 78
What causes selective mm in the H plane. It
fading? operates at 10 GHz.
Phase differences Calculate the beamwidth in
between radio wave the E plane.
components of the same 8
56(3𝑥10 /10𝐺𝐻𝑧)
−3 = 29°
transmission, as 58𝑥10

experienced at the
receiving station.
When a transmitted radio describes the function of a amplifier in the receiver,
signal reaches a station by Transmission Control one should use:
a one-hop and two-hop Protocol (TCP) or User a. Double conversion
skip path, small changes in Datagram Protocol (UDP) b. Variable sensitivity
the ionosphere can cause: port number? c. Variable selectivity
a. consistently stronger a. The port number indicates d. Squelch
signals to the receiver that the
b. consistent fading of sender can activate a What is the effective
received signal specific port only. radiated power of a
c. a change in the b. The port number is used repeater with 200 W
ground-wave signal by both the sender and the transmitter power output, 4
d. variations in signal receiver to negotiate a dB feedline loss, 4 dB
strength well-known server port for duplexer and circulator
the communicating loss, and 10 dB feedline
In Differential Pulse Code processes. antenna gain?
Modulation (DPCM) c. The port number is used
technique, the decoding is by both the sender and the 317 W 126 W
performed by which of the receiver to identify the —————————————
following? application that generated 10 log(200W) - 4 dB - 4dB + 10
a. Quantizer the information in the dB = 25 dB
b. Sampler datagram. 25
10
c. PLL 10 = 317 W
d. Accumulator In DPSK (Differential
PSK), what technique is Which of the following is a
In this method, no station used to encode bits? protocol that identifies
is superior to another Manchester format VLANs by inserting a
station and none is AMI 32-bit field in the Ethernet
assigned control over Unipolar RZ format frame?
another. In other words, Differential code IEEE 802.1X
each station can transmit IEEE 802.1Q
when it desires on the In what part of a IEEE 802.1AB
condition that it follows the communication system IEEE 802.1P
predefined procedure, where noise most likely
including testing the state affects the signal? The capability of
of the medium Receiver conventional relay systems
Channel for complex operations is
a. Contention Transmitter ____ that of the PLCs.
b. Collision a. unpredictable as
c. Random Access b. as good as
d. Contention and c. excellent than
Random Access d. poor than

Which of the following In order to prevent

explanations best overloading of the last IF
A source alphabet consists The usual effect of d. Industrial noise is usually
of N symbols with the ionospheric storms is to: of the impulse type.
probability of the first two a. prevent
symbols being the same. A communications by If the received power at
source encoder increases ground wave antenna terminals is -80
the probability of the first b. increase the maximum dBm, and if the input noise
symbol by a small amount usable frequency power is -115 dBm, then
ε and decreases that of c. cause a fade-out of the input SNR is:
the second by ε. After sky-wave signals -35 dB -195 dB
encoding, the entropy of 45 dB 35 dB
the source: What causes the SNR(dB) = S(dBm) - N(dBm)
ionosphere to absorb radio -80dBm - (-115 dBm) = 35 dB
a. increases only if N = 2 waves?
b. remains the same a. The presence of ionized An open-wire transmission
c. decreases clouds in the E region line is made from two
d. increases b. The ionization of the D wires, each with a
region diameter of 12 mm,
The distance traveled by c. The splitting of the F located 15 mm apart.
ground waves: region Calculate the impedance
a. depends on the of the line.
maximum usable When a transmitted radio 276 𝑙𝑜𝑔(
2(15𝑚𝑚)
) = 325 Ω
2𝑚𝑚
frequency signal reaches a station by
b. is less at higher a one-hop and two-hop
An amplifier operating over
frequencies skip path, small changes in
a 4-MHz bandwidth has a
c. is the same for all the ionosphere can cause:
100-Ω input resistance. It
frequencies a. consistent fading of
is operating at 27°C, has a
d. is more at higher received signal
voltage gain of 200, and
frequencies b. consistently stronger
has an input signal of 5
signals
mV rms. Determine the
A dipole antenna will emit c. variations in signal
rms output signals (desired
a vertically polarized wave strength
and noise), assuming
if it is: mounted vertically
external noise can be
Which of the following
disregarded.
The skip distance of a sky statements is false?
0.514 mV; 0.514 mV
wave will be greatest when a. Thermal noise is
0.514 mV; 1 mV
the: independent of the
1 mV; 0.514 mV
a. angle between the frequency at which it is
ground and the measured.
Vo = (200)(5 uV) = 1 mV
radiation is smallest b. HF mixers are generally
Vn =
b. ionosphere is most noisier than HF
(200)√4k(27+273)(4MHz)(100)
densely ionized amplifiers.
Vn = 0.514 mV
c. signal given out is c. Impulse noise voltage is
strongest independent of the
bandwidth.
A signal would have a A voice transmission Two discrete time systems
bandwidth of 200 kHz and occupies a channel 30 kHz with impulse responses
a signal-to-noise ratio of wide. A spread-spectrum h1[n] = d[n-1] and h2[n] =
20 dB if transmitted system is used to increase d[n-2] are connected in
without spreading. It is its bandwidth to 10 MHz. If cascade. What is the
spread using a chipping the signal has a total overall impulse response
rate of 50:1. Calculate its signal power of −110 dBm of the cascaded system?
bandwidth and at the receiver input and
signal-to-noise ratio after the system noise a. δ[n-4]
spreading. 10 MHz; 3 dB temperature referred to the b. δ[n-1] δ[n-2]
200 kHz(50) = 10 MHz same point is 300 K, calc. c. δ[n-3]
10 log (10MHz/200kHz) = the signal-to-noise ratio for d. δ[n-1] + δ[n-2]
17 dB both systems.
20 dB - 17 dB = 3 dB 19 dB; - 3 dB
21 dB; - 3 dB
h(n) = δ(n - 1) * δ(n - 2) =
A channel has a 1-MHz 19 dB; - 6 dB
δ(n - 3)
bandwidth. The SNR for 21 dB; - 6 dB
this channel is 63. What is
the appropriate bit rate and 10 log(k(300)(30kHz) =
signal level? -159 dB = -29 dBm
6 Mbps; 4 levels 10 log(k(300)(10MHz) =
C = Blog2(1 + SNR) = 1 -134 dB = -104 dBm
MHz log2(1 + 63)
C = 6Mbps S/N = -110 - (-129) = 19dB
S/N = -110 - (-104) = -6dB
channel capacity as 6 Mbps,
for better performance we Consider an FM wave: f(t)
choose 4 Mbps. Thus: = cos[2πt_c t + β₁sin2πtf₁t
4Mbps = 2(1 + β₂2πf₂t]
MHz)log2(M) The maximum deviation of
M= 4 the instantaneous
frequency from the carrier
A signal x(t) = 2 cos frequency f_c is:
(πx10⁴t) volt is applied to β₁ + β₂
an FM modulator with the f₁ + f₂
sensitivity constant of 10 β₁f₁ + β₂f₂
kHz/volt. What is the β₁f₂ + β₂f₁
modulation index of the
FM wave?
4 4/π
2 2/π
What property of the delta Recursive systems are c. it beats with the received
function indicates the equality basically characterized by carrier to produce the other
between the area under the the dependency of its sideband
product of function with shifted output on: ALL d. it phases out the unwanted
impulse and the value of Present input sideband signal
function located at unit Past input
impulse instant? Previous outputs Which of the following
Sampling Product gives the least probability
Scaling Replication A system is said to be shift of error?
invariant only if: ASK FSK
What filter can potentially a. A shift in the input signal also PSK Differential PSK
continue to produce output results in the corresponding
indefinitely even after the shift in the output. Which of the following
input has stopped? b. A shifting level does not vary gives maximum probability
a. Finite Impulse in an input as well as output. of error?
Response (FIR) filter c. A shifting at input does not ASK BFSK
b. Infinite Impulse affect the output. BPSK DBPSK
Response (IIR) filter d. A shift in the input signal
does not exhibit the *ASK has the highest
Which condition corresponding shift in the probability of error.
determines the causality of output. *BPSK has the lowest
the linear time-invariant probability of error.
(LTI) systems in terms of If the probability of a
its impulse response? message is 1/4, then the In which of the following
Only if the value of an information is: systems where a bit
impulse response is zero
for all negative values of
I = log2(1/P) = log2( ) = 2 bits
1
¼
stream would be portioned
into an even stream and
time. an odd stream?
Under the Open System
QPSK BPSK
Interconnection (OSI)
A Laplace transform exists
hierarchical model, which
when: As the signaling rate
of the 7 layers deal with
a. The function is increases:
physical aspects of moving
piecewise continuous. Width of each pulse
data from one device to
b. The function is of decreases.
another? Layers 1 to 3
exponential order.
(Physical, Data Link, Network)
c. The function is Which among the following
piecewise discrete. utilizes the transmission
A receiver designed for
d. The function is of line up to 85 - 95 %?
SSB reception must have
differential order. a. Voice traffic
a BFO (beat frequency
b. Data traffic
oscillator) because:
a. it reduces the passband of the
IF stages
b. the suppressed carrier must
be replaced for detection
 If the length of the coaxial only two or three times How can intermodulation
transmission line is stronger than the other be reduced?
increased from 20 meters signals, will be the only a. By adjusting the passband
(66 ft) to 40 meters (132 transmission demodulated. tuning.
ft), how would this affect This is called: b. By increasing the receiver
the line loss? Capture effect RF gain while decreasing
It would be increased by the AF gain.
100% BPSK signal can be c. By installing a suitable filter
demodulated by using: at the receiver.
The typical value of a. high pass filters d. By using a better antenna.
attenuation in a coaxial cable b. low pass filters
is: 3 dB/km. In a fiber optic c. band pass filters The characteristics of
cable, it is 0.2 dB/km. How compressor in μ-law
many times greater is the Which block recreates companding is:
attenuation per km in coaxial incoming binary a. Logarithmic in nature
cable than that in fiber optic sequence? b. Linear in nature
cable? c. Discrete in nature
15 times greater d. Continuous in nature
(3 dB/km)/(0.2 dB/km)
In circuit switching, which
Which of the following of the following can be
Source decoder
transmission lines will give adopted as a dedicated
Channel decoder
the best match to the base path between the source
of a quarter-wave and destination?
In coherent demodulation
ground-plane antenna? Physical Wire
technique of FSK, signal
a. 50 ohms coaxial cable Coaxial Cable
can be affected using:
b. 300 ohms balanced Radio Link
a. Bandpass filters and
transmission line
envelope detector
c. 75 ohms balanced If the maximum
b. Discriminator detection
transmission line instantaneous phase
c. Correlation receiver
d. 300 ohms coaxial cable transition of a digital
d. Matched filter
modulation techniques
What bits are utilized to kept at 90°, the modulation
Alternate Mark Inversion
allow synchronization of will be organized as:
(AMI) signaling is
the receivers between OQPSK DPSK
acknowledged as:
different slots and frames? QPSK BPSK
Polar signaling
Trail Guard
Manchester signaling
Data Preamble What bit is usually
Bipolar signaling
transmitted first in serial
FM receivers perform in an data transmission?
unusual manner when two Most Significant Bit (MSB)
or more stations are Least Significant Bit (LSB)
present. The strongest
signal, even though it is
 The main advantage of In digital communications, What happens to the feed
broadband communication which of the following point impedance of a
system over narrow band multiplexing schemes is ground-plane antenna
communications is: based on orthogonality? when its radials are
a. Reduced interference TDM WDM FDM changed from horizontal to
b. Increased noise immunity downward-sloping?
c. Increased bandwidth In Protocol Data Units It increases.
d. Reduced cross talk (PDUs), where does the
data get interchanged? On an IEEE 802.11b/g/n
What layer divides the bit a. Between N and N+1 layers wireless network running
stream received from the b. Between peer entities at 2.4 GHz with multiple
network layer into manageable c. Between entities of access points, the
data units called frames and neighboring layers traditional best practice is
transforms the physical layer to use channels 1, 6, and
to a reliable link by adding a Frequency division 11, with no two adjacent
mechanism to detect and multiple access (FDMA) access points configured
retransmit damaged frames? assigns ____ channels to to use the same channel.
Layer 2 - data link ____ users. Which of the following is
individual, individual the real reason why this is
What does a very high a good plan?
SWR reading mean? Time division multiple Channels 1, 6, and 11 are
a. The signals coming from the access (TDMA) assigns the only three channels
antenna are unusually strong, ____ channels to ____ with frequencies that do
which means very good radio users. not overlap.
condition individual, many
b. The antenna is the wrong The preamble in time
length for the operating In a single-mode fiber cable, division multiple access
frequency, or the transmission determine the maximum (TDMA) frame contains:
line may be open or short allowable diameter of the Data Address
circuited core for light frequency of
c. The transmitter is putting out 300 THz and numerical Why is FM voice best for
more power than normal, aperture of 0.35. local VHF/UHF radio
showing that it is about to go rmax = 0.383(λ/NA) = 1.094 μm communications?
bad dmax = 2(1.094 μm) = 2.2 μm a. It is more resistant to
distortion caused by
What is the result of over What kind of filter would reflected signals
deviation in an FM you use to attenuate an b. The carrier is not
transmitter? interfering carrier signal detectable
a. Out-of-channel emissions while receiving an SSB c. Its RF carrier stays on
b. Increased transmitter power transmission? frequency better than the
c. Poor carrier suppression A notch filter AM modes
d. Increased transmitter range A band pass filter d. It provides good signal
An all pass filter plus noise to noise ratio at
A pi-network filter low RF signal levels
Which type of data The basic principle of What is the primary rate
transmission whereby the differential coding for an ISDN system?
Least Significant Bit (LSB) techniques like Differential A+C
is usually transmitted first PCM (DPCM) and 4B + 3C
and the Most Significant Adaptive Differential PCM 23B + D
Bit (MSB) the last? (ADPCM) is to transmit 2B + D
Serial transmission information:
a. Approximation to the Which of the following is
In a transmitter, excessive input signal based on Asynchronous
harmonics are produced b. Using artificial signal Transfer Mode (ATM)
by: c. About the changes in technology?
a. overdriven stages sample value SS7 B-ISDN
b. resonant circuits d. Of the actual sample CCS ARDIS
c. a linear amplifier values themselves
Determine the sideband
What is/are the Which type of framing power percentage of the
advantages of IIR filters? technique reduces the
AM system assuming
a. Low implementation cost problem of synchronization
100% modulation and with
b. Low latency of the receiver?
c. Analog equivalent a. Bit Stuffing carrier and total power of
b. Character Stuffing 100 W and 150 W
The characteristic impedance respectively.
of a coaxial line: On a 10 Mbps Ethernet
Psb = Pt - PC = 50 W or
a. is greater for larger packet format, how fast 2 2
𝑚 1
diameter line can a 1500-byte block of Psb = PC( 2
) = 100W( 2
) = 50 W
b. is correct for only one data be transmitted?
size of line Total Ethernet frame size %Psb = Psb/Pt = 50/150
c. can be the same for = 8 (preamble) + 6 %Psb = ⅓ = 33.33%
different diameter line (destination MAC) + 6 (source
MAC) + 2 (Type/Length) + If the occupied baseband
What layer in the Open 1500 (data payload) + 4 (CRC) of white noise test signal is
Systems Interconnection = 1526 bytes 60 – 4028 kHz, determine
(OSI) model handles the the bandwidth ratio.
management and 1526 𝑏𝑦𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑥 8 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠
= 1.2208 ms 31.07 dB
10 𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠
synchronization of the data
transmission? Session
Which is the most
In TCP/IP, the ____layer is commonly used line
responsible for creating a coding format with best
connection between the overall desirable
source computer and the properties?
destination computer. P-RZ P-NRZ
Network UP-RZ BP-AMI-RZ
 Which of the following Which address is used on
conditions holds good in a the internet for employing Flicker noise is otherwise
distortionless transmission the TCP/IP protocols? ALL called: Pink noise
line? a. Port address
R/L = G/C b. Specific address When Time Division
c. Physical address Multiple Access (TDMA) is
Which one of the following and logical address used instead of Time
receivers receives the Division Multiplexing
broadcast of music or An active fiber detector: (TDM)?
speech from amplitude can be used to weigh When all the signals come
modulation transmitters objects from different sources.
that operate on short, a. is used to prevent
medium or long wave accidental exposure to Which of the following is
bands? invisible light the reason for signal
a. FM Receivers b. is a communication system distortion?
b. PM Receivers used during installation a. Absence of a channel
c. AM Receivers c. detects movement of fiber b. Wearing down of the
d. All of the choices in security systems essential elements
c. Channel imperfection
In the Smith chart, what is R3E modulation is
the radius of the point sometimes used to: If the conversion technique
having a normalized a. reduce the power that must is to be effective, then the
resistance of 1 ohm? be transmitted LHP of s-plane should be
0.5 b. reduce the bandwidth mapped into:
r=
1 required for transmission Inside unit circle
𝑅+1
c. simply the frequency
stability problem reception That portion of the
The circles in the Smith d. allow the receiver to have radiation which is directly
chart pass through which frequency synthesizer affected by the surface of
point? (1,0) the Earth is called:
Which of the following is ground wave
Which of these values of μ true in the case of
would correspond to the Butterworth filters? In a broadband ISDN,
linear amplification? = 0 a. Wide transition band which of the following is a
b. Smooth pass band correct statement?
What is the ROC of the c. Not so smooth stop a. BRI is not available.
z-transform of finite duration band b. The bit rate is 64 kbps.
anti-causal sequence? c. The channels are
Entire z-plane, except at z = ∞ The G.E. Phoenix radio is coded and modulated.
an example of:
What are MNP2, MNP3, A VHF commercial transceiver When can a shot noise be
MNP4 and MNP10? using the FM modulation avoidable?
a. Data-compression schemes mode and a channel guard When current is zero
b. Error-correction protocols function
 What is/are the basic Which of the following is a
requirement/s of a representation of system
transmitting antenna? function?
a. Large signal to noise ratio a. Laplace transform
b. High efficiency and large b. Normal system function
signal to noise ratio c. Rational system function
c. High efficiency
Which of the following
Up-conversion offers the layers decides the
following advantage(s): transmission data rate?
a. Less expensive filters Physical layer
b. Minimized tuning range
for the LO In TCP/IP, a message at
c. Good image-frequency the application layer is
rejection and minimized encapsulated in a packet
tuning range for the LO at the: Transport layer
d. Good image-frequency
rejection How many basic
conditions are used by a
What is defined as the transducer operation? 4
largest distance between
the source and the If the plate supply voltage
destination up to which a for a plate modulated class
signal can be received with C amplifier is V, the
sufficient strength? maximum plate-cathode
Footprint Coverage voltage could be almost as
Range Primary area high as: 4V

Amplifiers following the The Smith chart is a polar

modulated stage must be chart which plots:
____ in a low-level AM R vs Znorm
system.
a. harmonic devices The Smith chart consists
b. class C amplifiers of the:
c. nonlinear devices Constant R and constant X
d. linear devices circles

M-ary digital technique The best stub selection for

transmits ____ number of the transmission line will
bits per time? be: Shunt short
0 1 >2 2
An antenna with a length Which among the following Why are the negative and
of 6 cm radiates a 12-cm operations is/are not positive phase shifts
wavelength signal. involved /associated with introduced for positive and
Calculate the near-field the computation process of negative frequencies
distance. linear convolution? respectively in amplitude
2d2/λ = 2(6)2/12 = 6 cm Folding Operation and phase spectra?
Shifting Operation A. To change the symmetry of
A transmitter must operate Multiplication Operation the phase spectrum
on a frequency of 3345 Integration Operation B. To maintain the symmetry
MHz. The exciter section of the phase spectrum
consists of an oscillator How can selectivity be
followed by three triplers achieved in the front-end What is the purpose of
and a doubler. Find the circuitry of a comms byte stuffing in
operating frequency of the receiver? character-oriented
master oscillator stage. By using a preselector. framing?
3345MHz/(3x3x3x2) A. To provide proper bit
= 61.9 MHz Which phenomenon synchronization
occurs due to an increase B. To reduce redundancy in
How does the gain of a in the channel bandwidth transmitting the message
parabolic dish antenna during the transmission of C. To differentiate delimiters
change when the narrow pulses in order to from data in the message
operating frequency is avoid any intervention of D. To provide efficient
doubled? signal distortion? transmission by inserting
Gain increases 6 dB. A. Compression in time flags in between bytes to
domain avoid mixing between
What is the change in the B. Expansion in time domain characters
value of transmitted power C. Compression in frequency
when the modulation index domain A nearly lossless
changes from 0 to 1? D. Expansion in frequency transmission line (R very
100% 50% domain small) has a unit length
inductance of 3.75 nH and
What is the term for the What multimode fiber a unit length capacitance
ratio between the largest properties help reduce of 1.5 pF. Find the
tolerable receiver input connection losses? characteristic impedance.
signal and the minimum Larger core size and 3.75 𝑛𝐻
= 50 ohms
discernible signal? higher NA 1.5 𝑝𝐹

Intermodulation distortion
Noise floor If you will connect offices What are some reasons to
Dynamic range with other offices what use a parallel conductor
transmission media will feed line?
you use? It will operate with a high
Switch Local Loop SWR, and has less loss
Node Trunk than coaxial cable
A coaxial transmission line For an Ethernet frame, a Under the OSI model,
with a characteristic preamble, which is used to which of the layers are
impedance of 50 ohms is alert the receiving system responsible for allowing
connected to the 50 ohms to the coming frame and interoperability among
output (Zo)of a signal enable it to synchronize its unrelated software
generator, and also to a clock if it’s out of systems? Layers 5 – 7
20-ohm load impedance synchronization, consists
(ZL). Calculate the of how many bytes of Broadband networks are:
mismatch loss. alternating 1’s and 0’s? Packet switched networks
Γ = (50-20)/(50+20) 7 bytes
Mismatch loss = These are levels of
-10 log(1-|Γ|2) = 0.89 A transmitter and receiver switching offices.
are used in a one-way end offices, tandem
Fibers are single mode at communications link. The offices, and regional
a particular wavelength transmitter produces an offices
only when V < 2.405. output power of 10 W at
Under what condition, if 1296 MHz, and drives an
any, will the fiber cease to antenna with a gain of 10
be single mode? dB. The receiver antenna, A radar transmits a 2-µs
When the wavelength of located 40 km away, has a pulse at a PRF of 10 kHz.
the light is greater than the gain of 30 dB. Calculate What is the unambiguous
cutoff wavelength the amount of power range?
presented to the receiver's
In Binary Phase Shift 50-ohm antenna input,
Keying system, the binary assuming no loss in the
symbols 1 and 0 are transmission line between
represented by carrier with the antenna and the
phase shift of: π receiver.

In a comparison of waves
of light and sound as they
travel from an air into 10/10 30/10
(10𝑊)(10 )(10 )
water, how is the speed of [(4π(40𝑘𝑚))/λ]
2

light waves and sound = 2.10 x 10-8

waves affected?
Decreased; increased
 An ungrounded antenna The gain of a dish antenna The impulse response of a
near the ground ________ is directly proportional to LTI system is h(n) = {
a. must be horizontally the area of the antenna 1,1,1}. What is the
polarized aperture, which is response of the signal to
b. acts as an antenna array determined by the square the input x(n) = {1,2,3}?
c. acts as a single antenna of of the diameter of the dish. {1,3,6,5,3} *convolution
twice the height
If a signal s(t), described at Which of the following
To save bandwidth and to t = t1 is sufficient for methods ensures
transmit more information determining the signal at error-free transmission by
over a single t = t2 at which the signal which each character
communication channel, also exists, then s(t) transmitted contains one
which multiplexing represent: additional bit? Parity bit
technique is used where A. Periodic
individual messages are B. Deterministic Indicate the false
transferred to a new statement, a gateway:
position in the frequency Which is considered as a A. is a passage to connect two
spectrum? FDM transparent switch? networks together that may
Circuit switching work upon different
Which property allows the networking models.
antenna to emit strong The impedance of a dipole B. basically works as the
radiation in one favored antenna element is messenger agents that take
direction? Beverage dependent on the data from one system,
wavelength. At resonance, interpret it, and transfer it to
How many I/O ports are what would be the value of another system
needed by each terminal the impedance at the C. also called protocol
to form a mesh topology of middle of its element? converter and can operate
20 workstations? Low at any application layer
n-1 = 19 D. is generally more complex
Which determines the than switch or router
The maximum gain of the amount of current that can
antenna is determined by flow when a given voltage While gateways are
the size of the dish and the is applied to an infinitely sometimes referred to as
frequency. What is the very long radio protocol converters, they
effect on the gain of the transmission line? typically operate at the
antenna if the diameter of Characteristic Impedance network layer (Layer 3) or
the dish is reduced by Inductance above in the OSI model, rather
half? Capacitance than at the application layer
A. Increase two times Frequency
B. Decrease two times
C. Increase four times
D. Decrease four times
In radio propagation, the A transmission line has Zin = What is the gain of an
variance of the signal level 30 + j20 Ω and Zo = 75Ω, antenna over a
received at the input of what is the normalized input half-wavelength dipole
receive and the radio's impedance? when it has 6 dB gain over
specified receiver's Zin’ = Zin/Zo = 30 + j20 /75 an isotropic radiator?
sensitivity is generally Zin’ = 0.4 + j0.2667 6 dB - 2.15 dB = 3.9 dB
described as _______.
fade margin (link margin) What is the input A star emits visible color at
impedance of the line if its 550 nm. If the star is
What do we call the open-circuited input moving away from a
difference in the voltage impedance is –j60Ω and stationary observer, which
levels between a driver its short-circuited input of the following cannot be
and a terminator? impedance is j75Ω? the wavelength observed?
noise margin Zo2 = Zopen*Zshort 568 nm 530 nm
Zo2 = (–j60)*(j75) 584 nm 552 nm
In an optical fiber Zo = 67.1 Ω λ(observed) > λ(emitted)
communication system,
which among the following A woofer should be fed Which of the following best
is not a typical transmitter from the input through a: describes the effect of the
function? low pass filter Doppler shift on the
a. Coding for error appearance of stars
protection An impulse signal consists moving towards Earth?
b. Decoding of input data of: entire frequency range They appear more blue
c. Electrical to optical with constant phase
conversion
d. Recoding to match Which type of fiber optic
output standard cable has/have its/their
core with the size of about
In a lossless transmission 480 μm to 980 μm and
line, the velocity of made up of
propagation is 2.5x108 m/s polymethylmethacrylate
and the nominal (PMMA)?
capacitance is 30 pF/m. A. Glass fiber optic cable
What is the characteristic B. Plastic fiber optic cable
impedance of the line? C. Plastic clad silica fiber
vP = 1/√LC optic cable
L = 1/vp2C
L = 1/(2.5x108 m/s)2(30pF/m) The IEEE.802 spec for
L = 0.533 uH/m wireless LANs uses the:
Zo = √L/C ISM Band
Zo = 133.3Ω *2.4 GHz ISM (Industrial,
Scientific, and Medical)
band)
If all the stages in a Mathematical operation
tandem circuit have used to express the
identical signal to noise relation between input and
ratio of 15 dB, then what is output of an LTI system.
the overall signal-to-noise Convolution Correlation
ratio in dB of the
connection when there are Unwanted signal, random or
5 stages? deterministic, which interferes
SNRtotal = 5 x 15 dB = 75 dB with the original message
signal and corrupts the
Ten telecommunication links parameters of the message
working in tandem each have signal. Noise
an S/N ratio of 60 dB. Their
overall S/N ratio is:
SNRtotal = SNR - Mdb
= 60 - 10log(10)
SNRtotal = 50 dB

Three telephone circuits,

each having an S/N ratio of
44 dB, are connected in
tandem. Their overall S/N
ratio is _____ dB.
SNRtotal = 44 - 10log(3)
SNRtotal = 39.2 dB

CIDR was introduced in 1993

to replace classful IP
addressing allowing the user
to use VLSM or Variable
Length Subnet Masks. What
does CIDR mean?
Classless Inter-Domain
Routing (CIDR)

If s(t) = s(t + T), for entire

range of t over which the
signal s(t) is defined and T
is a constant, s(t) is said to
be _______ signals
Periodic or Repetitive