ARC Journal of Public Health and Community Medicine

Volume 5, Issue 4, 2020, PP 8-17

ISSN No. (Online) 2456-0596
DOI: [Link]
[Link]

Epidemiological Study on the Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking

and Factors Associated with It among Nursing Students at Aliko
Dangote College of Nursing Sciences Bauchi State, Nigeria
Ahmad Salisu Aliyu1*, Nuru Yakubu Umar2, Funmilayo Abubakar Sani2, Usman Uba
Abubakar3, Musa Alhaji Umar4
1
Medical Laboratory Department Infectious Diseases Hospital (IDH) Kano, Nigeria
2
Aliko Dangote College of Nursing Sciences Bauchi State, Nigeria
3
College of Nursing Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital Bauchi, Bauchi State,
Nigeria
4
Primary Health Care Development Agency Darazo Local Government Bauchi State, Nigeria

*Corresponding Author: Ahmad Salisu Aliyu, Medical Laboratory Department Infectious Diseases
Hospital (IDH) Kano, Nigeria, Email: salisuahmadaliyu@[Link]

Abstract
Background: Smoking is currently considered one of the greatest problems in public health worldwide, and
it is one of the most avoidable causes of death. The World Health Organization (WHO) attributes more than
4 million deaths a year to tobacco, and it is expected that this figure will rise to 10 million deaths a year by
[Link] year 5,500 billion cigarettes are manufactured and 1.1 billion people smoke cigarette
worldwide. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Cigarette smoking and
factors associated with it among nursing students at Aliko Dangote College of Nursing Sciences Bauchi
State, Nigeria.
Methods: Cross-sectional study design was conducted among nursing students at Aliko Dangote College of
Nursing Sciences Bauchi State, Nigeria from February, 2020 to April, 2020. Data was collected using a
pretested structured questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was performed to obtain the frequency distribution
of the variables.
Results: The result shows that 300 participants responded to the questionnaire. The overall cigarette
smoking prevalence was 4.7%.
Conclusion: This study concluded that low proportion of nursing students at Aliko Dangote College of
Nursing Sciences Bauchi State, Nigeria smoked cigarettes. Sex, age and peer influence were identified as
important determinants of cigarette smoking. There is a need for early cost-effective interventions and
education campaigns that target health science students.
Keywords: Bauchi, Cigarettes, Nursing, Smoking, Students, Tobacco

1. INTRODUCTION and may well reach 1.5 billion by 2025 [3]. This
increase in the consumption of tobacco is
Smoking remains the leading cause of
largely due to the targeting of young people and
preventable deaths, causing almost 6 million
women by transnational tobacco companies.
deaths globally every year [1]. Tobacco use is
responsible for over 20 percent of all cancer In response, global public health organizations
deaths and 70 percent of all lung cancer deaths aim to provide consistent anti-smoking policies
worldwide. It is also a risk factor for respiratory across the world [4, 5]. However, to design
diseases (including asthma, bronchitis and appropriate scientifically-based policies to
emphysema) and cardiovascular diseases and
control the use of tobacco, there is a need to
stroke [2].
understand the patterns and social distribution of
Despite all these, the number of smokers smoking [6].
worldwide has now risen to about 1.3 billion
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Epidemiological Study on the Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking and Factors Associated with It among
Nursing Students at Aliko Dangote College of Nursing Sciences Bauchi State, Nigeria

Smoking is currently considered one of the countries [19], and so surveillance of smoking
greatest problems in public health worldwide, prevalence can aid in developing locally
and it is one of the most preventable causes of grounded actions for tobacco control [1, 20].
death. Globally, the use and sale of substances This will prevent an escalation of tobacco use in
such as alcohol and tobacco is causing these countries and therefore forestall the
substantial levels of health problems [7]. The probable public health burden of smoking in the
World Health Organization (WHO) attributes incoming years.
more than 4 million deaths a year to tobacco and
In Nigeria, not much is known about the socio-
this figure is expected to increase to 10 million
demographic dimensions of smoking from a
deaths a year by 2020. Moreover, it is now a
national perspective, even though there are
growing public health challenge in the
existing studies on tobacco use among various
developing world [8]. According to WHO
sub-population groups. Desalu et al. [21] carried
estimates, approximately 47% of men and 12%
out a study to determine the epidemiology of
of women smoke cigarettes worldwide in 2010
tobacco smoking in the adult population of
[9]. Citing the death of 5 million individuals
northeastern Nigeria using a cross-sectional
worldwide every year due to smoking-related
survey of 1793 adults in Yola. The prevalence
diseases, the WHO states that smoking should
of current smoking was 45.3% among males and
be considered a pandemic [9]. In the United
18.4% females, respectively. They conclude that
States, each year, approximately 440,000
the prevalence of tobacco smoking was very
persons die of diseases attributable to cigarette
high in the study population.
smoking leading to 5.6 million years of potential
life lost, $82 billion in lost productivity, and $75 Currently the prevalence of smoking is
billion in direct medical costs [10]. Cigarette increasing at the global level and highly
smoking has been described as a “gate way” associated with increased rate of mortality and
substance towards illicit drug use among morbidity. It also results in reduction of quality
adolescents [11]. of life, life expectance, low academic
performance and increased costs on the
The onset of tobacco use occurs primarily in
smokers, increased risk of acquiring HIV/AIDS,
early adolescence, a developmental stage that is
mental problems, behavioral changes [ 22-24].
far removed by several decades from the death
and disability that are associated with smoking According to the study conducted in Jordan
in adulthood [12]. Therefore, the fact that many most of the smokers started smoking after the
adult smokers initiated their smoking habit as age of fifteen. Peer pressure was found to be the
adolescents makes adolescence smoking a leading reason to be involved in smoking
significant public health problem [13]. It is also followed by seeking pleasure [25]. During the
important as it is associated with respiratory transition to higher learning institutions young
health effects such as the incidence and adults face many new sources of stress including
exacerbation of asthma [14]. Studies showed separation from family, sharing close living
that national smoking prevalence among men in quarters with strangers, the formation of new
sub-Sahara Africa varies from 20% to 60% and social groups, intense academic pressures and
the annual cigarette consumption rates are on the balancing of social engagements with
the rise for both men and women [13]. academic and other life responsibilities which
According to a report from Kenya, 7.2% of can lead them to get starting smoking [26].
schools going adolescents smoke cigarettes [13]. Cigarette smoking gradually increased in the
Accurate information on the prevalence, World because of its easy access at any place
patterns and predictors of smoking in the [27] and by the year 2025 there will be about 1.7
world’s poorest nations remains sparse [15]. For billion smokers across the globe [28]. According
sub-Saharan Africa, in particular, a weak to study conducted at Haramaya University 225
knowledge base limits the targeting of strategies (22%) of the respondents smoked cigarettes at
to combat the potential growth of tobacco use least once in their life time [29], at Aksum
and its harmful effect on future mortality. The university 9.5% [30], at Calabar university
strategies to combat the globalization of tobacco Nigeria 55.8% of them smoke daily [31], in
should be focused on better describing the India 72.84% [32], in Rajasthan India 12.94%
extent and social distribution of the problem were current smokers [33], at Hawassa
[16-18]. There is evidence that suggests that university 14.8% have ever cigarette used in
tobacco use is increasing in developing their life time [34].
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Epidemiological Study on the Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking and Factors Associated with It among
Nursing Students at Aliko Dangote College of Nursing Sciences Bauchi State, Nigeria

Globally, tobacco use is a major cause of least once weekly was found to reduce the risk
avoidable and premature mortality and of smoking [44].
morbidity, accounting for about 6 million deaths
Another study found that prevalence amongst
[35, 36]. One person dies every six seconds due
men was significantly higher than in women for
to tobacco related disease. Of these deaths, 75%
any type of tobacco use (56.5% and 19.6%,
occur in low and middle income countries where
respectively), older adult, men, lesser education,
more than 80% of the world’s smokers,
and lower wealth quintile were more likely to
including Nigeria’s, live [35]. The death toll
use all forms of tobacco [43].
from tobacco is estimated to reach over 8
million deaths per year by 2030, and if Similarly studies also reported that poor people
unchecked, tobacco could kill over 1 billion are more likely to smoke more, less willing to
people in the 21st century [37, 38]. It is quit smoking and more likely to die from
estimated that 100 million premature deaths smoking than people in the highest socio-
occurred globally in the 20th century, due to economic groups [35, 37, 38]. The same trend is
tobacco smoking. Equally, tobacco smokers are observed in initiation, as the likelihood that a
believed to lose one decade of their life young person will start smoking is higher in less
expectancy, when compared to people who have privileged groups [43]. The identified rising
never smoked [35]. social inequality of smoking and the associated
health impacts were attributable to the age of
The Global Adult Tobacco Survey report for
initiation of smoking [37, 38, 45].
Nigeria shows that 4.5 million (5.6%) adults
aged 15 years or older currently smoke (10.0% Cigarette smoking is a very wide spread activity
men and 1.1% women), while 6.4 million and consumption of cigarette has today reached
(29.3%) of adults were exposed to second-hand the level of a global epidemic [46]. Every year
smoke during visits to public places [39]. 5,500 billion cigarettes are manufactured and
1.1 billion people smoke cigarette worldwide
The Global Youth Tobacco Survey of Nigeria
[46, 4].
2008 showed that one in five students aged 13-
15 years had ever experimented with cigarette In Nigeria, about 93 million sticks of cigarette
smoking, and about one in ten students currently are produced annually, with every one of these
smoked cigarettes [40]. In a study among cigarette sticks being consumed [47]. Cigarette
Pharmacy students in Lagos, Nigeria, the smoking has been found to be associated with
current smoking prevalence was low at 5.5% heart and chronic obstructive lung diseases.
[41]. In Nigeria, 7 in 10 current smokers Lung and other cancers (bladder, pancreas,
planned to or were thinking about quitting; and upper respiratory tract, esophagus, stomach and
6 in 10 male smokers who visited a health care leukemia) are increasingly being associated with
provider in the previous 12 months were advised cigarette smoking [46]. Millions of people suffer
to quit [39]. illness and disability due to cigarette smoking
Several studies have documented that tobacco [4]. Cigarette smoking is associated with
use and smoking are associated with some reduced life expectancy not only for active
socio-demographic factors including; age, smokers but for passive smokers as well.
gender, marital status, education, employment, Individuals 15-24 ages which are critical groups
occupation, religion, ethnicity and place of are mostly found in schools where they can be at
residence (urban/rural) [42, 43]. the risk of developing smoking behaviors
intentionally or unintentionally. Since they are
A study in Nepal documented that the use of any going to be a productive age group major
form of tobacco was significantly associated emphasize should be given to address this
with respondents’ age, marital status, group.
educational status, occupation, environment and
watching television. The study found that; those However, the prevalence of cigarette smoking,
aged 36-49 years were about 2 times more likely especially among nursing students at Aliko
to use any form of tobacco than the younger age Dangote College of Nursing Sciences Bauchi
group 15-24 years; men married or in a State, Nigeria is largely unknown and to the best
relationship were about 2 times more likely to of our knowledge, no student-based survey has
use tobacco. Men with no education (laborers) been conducted on the prevalence of Cigarette
were about 4 times more likely than those that smoking and its associated factors in Aliko
had education. However, watching television at Dangote College of Nursing Sciences Bauchi
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Epidemiological Study on the Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking and Factors Associated with It among
Nursing Students at Aliko Dangote College of Nursing Sciences Bauchi State, Nigeria

State, Nigeria. Therefore, the aim of this study Students who were on training at least for 6
was to determine the prevalence of Cigarette month in the study area were included and
smoking and factors associated with it among Students who were on training, critically sick
nursing students at Aliko Dangote College of during data collection were excluded from the
Nursing Sciences Bauchi State, Nigeria. study.
2. METHODOLOGY 2.4. Data Collection
2.1. Study Area and Study Design Data was collected from eligible and willing
participants using a pre-tested, structured
The study was conducted at Aliko Dangote
questionnaire. Socio-demographic information
College of Nursing Sciences Bauchi State,
including age, gender, and marital status, year of
Nigeria. A cross- sectional study was conducted
study and socio economic status was collected.
using interviewer-administered questionnaire
from February, 2020 to April, 2020. 2.5. Data Analysis
2.2. Sample Size Determination Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for
Social Science (SPSS) software version 16.0 at
In this study, manual calculation of the sample
that time with the help of the Statistician. The
size using Morgan and Krejcie (1970) formula
descriptive statistical method was used to
was used for sample size determination as stated
analyze frequencies and percentages.
below:
2.6. Ethical Considerations
S= X2NP (1-P) ÷d2 (N-1) +X2P (1-P)
This study was conducted only After getting
Where:
Approval from Ministry of Health Bauchi State,
S = Required sample size data collectors was informed about the study,
X2 = The table value of the chi-square at desired then after Verbal and written Informed consent
confidence (3.841) obtained from study subjects, Confidentiality
was assured for all the information provided, no
N = Study Population size (1367) personal identifiers (anonymity) was used on the
P = Population proportion assumed to be 0.50 questionnaires.
since this would provide maximum sample size 3. RESULTS
2
d = Degree of accuracy of the result expressed 3.1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics
as proportion 0.050
A total of 300 respondents were interviewed,
3.841×1367×0.5×0.5 giving 100% response rate. Majority of
0.0025×1366+3.841×0.5×0.5 respondents 255, (85%) were males. Among all,
125(41.7%) of respondents were 20-25 years of
age. Of the study subjects, 140 (46.7%), were
1312.66175 = 300 single, 105 (35%), were married. The vast
4.37525 majority 125 (41.7%) of respondents were in
first year of study, 118(39.3%) were in second
Hence 300 respondents year of study and 57 (19%) were in third year of
2.3. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria study (Table 1).
Table1: Socio demographic characteristics of respondents (n=300)
Characteristics Frequencies Percentages %
Gender
Males 255 85
Females 45 15
Ages
20-25 125 41.7
26-30 100 33.3
31-35 55 18.3
36+ 20 6.7
Marital status
Married 105 35
Single 140 46.7

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Epidemiological Study on the Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking and Factors Associated with It among
Nursing Students at Aliko Dangote College of Nursing Sciences Bauchi State, Nigeria

Divorced 15 5
Widowed 40 13.3
Year of Study
First year 125 41.7
Second year 118 39.3
Third year 57 19
From 300 study participants 115 (38.3%) had respondents wish to stop smoking. 228 (76%) of
ever smoked cigarette, fourteen respondents the respondents live with peoples who smokes
(4.7%) were current cigarette smokers; however, cigarette. Majority of the respondents 282(94%)
19 (6.3%) of the respondents bought cigarette in spent >20 Naira on cigarette smoking. Only 14
the past 30 days. 18 (6%) would allow cigarette (4.7%) agree with smoking behaviour, 26
smokers to smoke in their homes and majority (8.7%) would allow smoking in household and
of the respondents 279 (93%) have a friends majority 295 (98.3%) agree with banning
who smokes cigarette. Eighty seven (29%) of smoking in public areas. All the respondents
the respondents smoked in the presence of non- 300 (100%) would not allow children to smoke
smokers, although 245 (81.7%) of them had in the future
ever tried stopping to smoke. 248 (82.7%)
Table2: Prevalence and Practices of Cigarette smoking among respondents (n=300)
Characteristics Frequencies Percentages %
Have you ever smoked cigarette
Yes 115 38.3
No 185 61.7
Have you ever tried smoking?
Yes 125 41.7
No 175 58.3
Do you currently smoke?
Yes 14 4.7
No 286 95.3
Do you allow cigarette smokers to smoke in your home?
Yes 18 6
No 282 94
Have you smoked cigarette in the past 30 days?
Yes 25 8.3
No 275 91.7
Have you bought cigarette in the past 30 days?
Yes 19 6.3
No 281 93.7
Do you smoke in the presences of none smokers?
Yes 87 29
No 213 71
Have you ever tried to stop smoking?
Yes 245 81.7
No 55 18.3
Do you want to stop smoking now?
Yes 248 82.7
No 52 17.3
Do you have a friend who smokes cigarette?
Yes 279 93
No 21 7
Do you live with peoples who smokes cigarette?
Yes 228 76
No 72 24
How much you spent on cigarette?
10-20 Naira 18 6
>20 Naira 282 94
Do you agree with smoking behaviour?
Yes 14 4.7
No 286 95.3

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Epidemiological Study on the Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking and Factors Associated with It among
Nursing Students at Aliko Dangote College of Nursing Sciences Bauchi State, Nigeria

Would you allow smoking in your household?

Yes 26 8.7
No 274 91.3
Would you allow your children to Smoke in the future?
Yes 0 0
No 300 100
Do you agree with banning smoking in public areas?
Yes 295 98.3
No 5 1.7
Majority of the respondents 120 (40%), 110 school buildings and all the respondents 300
(36.7%) mention that recreation and peer (100%) were taught about the dangers of
pressure as a reason why students smoke. smoking. 266 (88.7%) of the respondents were
Majority of the respondents knew that cigarette taught about the reasons why people smoke.
smoking could lead to lung cancer 298 (99.3%) Majority 292 (97.3%), 286 (95.3%) of the
and heart diseases 289 (96.3%). Majority of the respondents learned the importance to record
respondents knew that cigarette smoking could tobacco use history and important to provide
lead to peptic ulcer disease (PUD) 278 (92.7%). educational quitting materials.
However, majority of the respondents 269
However, 273 (91%), 259 (86.3%) of the
(89.7%) knew that inhaling smoke from another
respondents heard of nicotine replacement
person’s cigarette could lead to lung disease.
therapies and antidepressant use in cessation
298 (99.3%) of the respondents answer that they
programmed (Table 3).
have an official policy banning smoking in
Table3: Knowledge of Respondents towards Cigarette Smoking (n=300)
Characteristics Frequencies Percentages %
Why do students smoke?
Recreation 120 40
Proving manhood 55 18.3
Peer pressure 110 36.7
Other reasons 15 5
cigarette smoking lead to lung disease
Yes 298 99.3
No 2 0.7
cigarette smoking lead to heart disease
Yes 289 96.3
No 11 3.7
cigarette smoking lead to peptic ulcer disease
Yes 278 92.7
No 22 7.3
inhaling smoke from another person's cigarette lead to lung disease
Yes 269 89.7
No 31 10.3
Does your school have an official policy banning smoking in school
buildings?
Yes 298 99.3
No 2 0.7
During classes, were you taught about the dangers of smoking?
Yes 300 100
No 0 0
During classes, were you taught about the reasons why people
smoke?
Yes 266 88.7
No 34 11.3
Did you learn that it is important to record tobacco use history?
Yes 292 97.3
No 8 2.7
Did you learn that it is important to provide educational quitting
materials?
Yes 286 95.3

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Epidemiological Study on the Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking and Factors Associated with It among
Nursing Students at Aliko Dangote College of Nursing Sciences Bauchi State, Nigeria

No 14 4.7
Have you ever heard of nicotine replacement therapies?
Yes 273 91
No 27 9
Have you heard of antidepressant use in cessation programmed?
Yes 259 86.3
No 41 13.7
4. DISCUSSION respondents in this study have ever smoked
cigarette. This is higher than 20.5% reported by
In this study, the percentage of the prevalence of
Adebiyi in Oyo state, Southwestern Nigeria and
smoking among nursing students in Aliko lower than 46% reported by Odukoya in Lagos
Dangote College of Nursing Sciences state in the same region [55, 56].
Bauchi State, Nigeria was found to be 4.7%.
The prevalence rate was lower compared with In this study, one of the predictors of cigarette
the results from similar studies in Arab countries smoking was sex whereby more percentage of
conducted among health-related students, males smoked cigarettes than females.
including 46% in Kuwait [48], 17.2% in Jordan According to a study in Jakarta (Indonesia),
[49], 46.7% in Egypt [50] and 26.3% in Guangdong (China) and Nepal, male
Lebanon [51]. However On the other hand, this predominance was reported in the habit of
prevalence was also lower than the prevalence smoking, while in Zambia [57], in the Indian
rate in some equivalent studies conducted on cities of Delhi and Goa, and in the Czech
ages ranging from 18 to 28 years in Iran (9.8%) Republic, no gender differences have been
[52]. Even though smoking prevalence might be observed [58]. Smoking is found to be strongly
fairly low which is good from public health’s associated with male sex in almost all
perspective, the number of smokers and tobacco populations in studies conducted in Africa [59-
use may actually be large considering the entire 64]. This may be because females are more
population of the country. According to socially restricted than male counter parts and
Pampel, 2008 Nigeria had the largest number of mostly young people imitate and exercise what
smokers and yet among the countries with the they observe from their elders, parents and
lowest smoking prevalence of the 14 countries friends. Furthermore, familial relationships
included in his study. At the other extreme, including care and family related activities may
Namibia had the largest smoking prevalence protect females from involving in tobacco use
among these studied countries which only [65].
amounted to 114,000 smokers. Smoking Many of the respondents were knowledgeable
prevalence increases with age up to a point and about some aspects of the health risks associated
then it falls. with tobacco use. Student’s cigarette smoking
In the current study, the prevalence rate of was significantly associated to year of study.
smoking was significantly affected by family Accordingly, as the year the students spent
income, that is, the percentage of smokers within the college increases, for instance from
among students from low income families was second year to third year according to our study,
higher than those from average and high income the prevalence of cigarette smoking is
ones, this finding was found to be in conformity increasing. For this peer pressure, need to get
with the world health survey, which stated that relaxed from tension and aim to improve results
the poorest men were over 2.5 times more likely than the previous semesters were the possible
to smoke than the richest men in numerous reasons for the increment. Most students also
countries [53]. A possible reason also could be imitate what their seniors doing as if it is an
that students with a lower socio-economic status indication of modernization.
had more physical, psychosocial and emotional 5. CONCLUSION
problems.
This study concluded that low proportion of
Peer pressure and recreation were found to be nursing students at Aliko Dangote College of
the main reasons for students becoming
Nursing Sciences Bauchi State, Nigeria
involved in smoking, while ‘proving manhood’
smoked cigarettes. Sex, age and peer influence
was a major reason for non-smokers’ attitudes,
were identified as important determinants of
according to this study; similar findings were
cigarette smoking. There is a need for early
reported by previous studies [54]. 38.3%
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Epidemiological Study on the Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking and Factors Associated with It among
Nursing Students at Aliko Dangote College of Nursing Sciences Bauchi State, Nigeria

cost-effective interventions and education preventing tobacco use among young people.
campaigns that target health science students. Am J Public Health 1994, 84(4):543–547.
[13] Warren CW, Jones NR, Peruga A, Chauvin J,
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Baptiste J-P, de Silva VC, el Awa F, Tsouros
I am grateful to thank the study participants and A, Rahman K, Fishburn B, et al: (2008) Global
acknowledge the team of research assistants. Youth Tobacco Surveillance, (2000–2007) .
MMWR 57(SS01):1–21.
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Citation: Ahmad Salisu Aliyu, [Link], Epidemiological Study on the Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking and
Factors Associated with It among Nursing Students at Aliko Dangote College of Nursing Sciences Bauchi
State, [Link] Journal of Public Health and Community Medicine. 2020; 5(4):8-17. Doi:[Link]/10.2043
1/2456-0596.0504002.
Copyright: © 2020 Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original author and source are credited.

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