Non-Metallic

Materials
(Wood and Fabric)
 Wood
01. Types and Quality

Fabrics
Plastics 04. Types and Processes
02. Types and Applications

Rubber
05. Types and Applications
 01
Wood
Types and Quality
 WOOD

During World War 1 (WW1)

and the early 1930s, wood
was the chosen material for
aircraft construction.
 Types of Wood

Plywood

Laminated
Wood made from
three (3) or
Solid Wood more thin
made by sheets of wood
gluing board glued
together two and pressed
made from (2) to three (3) together so
one solid log pieces of wood that its grain
cut by quarter with the same would be at an
sawing grain direction. angle to the
successive
layer.
Types of Wood
Types of Wood
Types of Wood
Species of Wood
 Species of Wood

Spruce Douglas Fir Noble Fir

Northern White
Pine Balsa
Mahogany

Birch
 Quality of Wood

Grain Deviation

Whatever species of wood

used for aircraft construction;
its grain orientation should
always be straight. A limit of
variation 1:15 is permitted,
indicating that the grain must
not have an angle of more
than an inch per 15 inches.
 Quality of Wood

Knots

Knots are the part where the

tree branch sprouted from
the trunk. There are different
types of shapes of knots
depending on the cut from
the wood e.g. round, oval, or
spiked.
 Quality of Wood

Pitch Pockets

It is a type of wood
imperfection caused by small
holes in the annual rings of a
tree. Woods with pitch
pockets are only allowed to
be used if they are 14 inches
apart and with a volume of
11/2-inches x 1/8-inch x 1/8-
inch deep.
 Quality of Wood

Compression Wood

NEVER a good wood for

aircraft construction and
repair.

Wood taken from a tilted

tree as it grows that lead to
its wood having a denser and
weaker wood structure than
a normal grown tree.
 Quality of Wood

Compression Failure

Usually can be identified by

its irregular and thread-like
line on the grains

Also, NEVER a good wood for

aircraft construction and
repair.
 Quality of Wood

Checks, Shakes and Splits

A check is a crack running

through or across the annual
grain

A shake is a crack or
separation in which it can be
seen from a detached two
annual rings along its
boundaries
 Quality of Wood

Stains and Decay

Stains are caused by a decay

on the wood usually
appearing as streaks in the
grains.

An evidence of a decay is the

stain that uniformly
discolored the annual rings.
 Quality of Wood

Stains and Decay

Decay on woods no matter

what its stage will lessen the
toughness of the wood until it
gets brittle with little to no
strength at all.

Decay on wood is caused by

fungi growing in damp woods
that eats its fiber.
 description of acceptable defects listed
NON-ACCEPTABLE previously.
 Mineral streaks. Not acceptable if any decay
DEFECTS 
is found.
Checks, shakes, and splits. Reject wood
 Cross grain. Not acceptable if the grain
exceeds longitudinal axis. containing these defects.
 Wavy, curly, and interlocked grain. Not  Compression wood. Reject 'wood that
acceptable unless they are within the indicates compression wood.
limitations specified in the description of  Compression failures. Reject wood that
acceptable defects listed previously. contains an obvious compression failure. If
 Hard knots. Not acceptable unless they there is a question as to whether wood
are within the limitations specified in the indicates compression
description of acceptable defects listed failure, perform a microscopic inspection
previously. or toughness test.
 Pin knot clusters. Not acceptable if they  Decay. Reject wood that indicates any form of
produce a large effect on the direction of the decay or rot including indications of red heart
grain. or purple heart.
 Spike knots. Reject wood that contains this
type of defect.
 Pitch pockets. Not acceptable unless they
are within the limitations specified in the
Identify the defects
WOOD:
INSPECTION
METHODS
 MOISTURE METERING
Use moisture meters to determine the moisture
content of the wood structure. The moisture
content of any wooden member is an important
factor in its structural integrity.

 TAPPING
The wood structure may be inspected for
structural integrity by tapping the suspect area
with a light plastic hammer or screwdriver handle.

 PROBING
If soft, hollow wood is found during the tap test,
probe the suspect area with a sharp metal tool to
determine whether the wood is solid.
 structure.
 PRYING (a) External Visual Inspection
Use prying to determine whether a bonded joint Split or tear on the fabric covering, bulging on the
shows signs of separation. When prying a joint, surface of the wood caused by de-laminating.
be cautious not to use too much force, otherwise (b) Internal Visual Inspection
you may forcibly separate it. Light prying is Open and examine the internal structure if there is
sufficient to check the integrity of a joint. any reason to suspect glue failure or wood rot. This
may entail creating inspection openings or even
 SMELLING removing part of the skin.
Smell is a good indicator of musty or moldy
areas. When removing the inspection panels, be
aware of any odors that may indicate damage to
the wood structure.

 VISUAL INSPECTION
Visual inspection techniques are used to
determine any visible signs of damage. Both
internal and external visual examinations are
imperative to a complete inspection of the wood
 02
Plastics
Types
Plastics
 Types of Plastics

Thermoplastics Thermoset
can be mold to its desired shape can also be molded and shaped but when
and by cooling it down will help it cooled down, it cannot be reheated to be
reshaped as it is fully cured (by heat or
maintain its shape.
catalyst).
 Thermoplastics

Cellulose acetate Acrylic

• Transparent, Light • Also known as Lucite,
weight, Tendency to Plexiglass, or Perspex,
shrink Stiffer than cellulose,
Clear transparent
appearance
 Thermoset Plastics

Polyester Phenolic Resin

Gráfico

Resin
Low-Cost, Fast low smoke and
Treating flammability anet

Epoxy
Vinyl Ester Resin

Higher corrosion variety of viscosity,

resistance and structural
mechanical properties adhesives, High
strength and
modulus
 Thermoset Plastics

Polymides Bismaleimides
Gráfico

(BMI)
Excellent high Higher
thermal resistance, temperature and
Oxidative stability toughness
characteristic than
epoxy resin

Polybenzimidaz
oles (PBI)
used in
environments where
dangerously high
heat-resistant resin
is needed
 03
Fabrics
Types and Processes
Fabrics

In the early times, finely

woven organic fabrics like
cotton and linen have been
the initial choice for covering
airframes.
 Our Company

Mercury is only a bit larger

than the Moon. The planet’s
name has nothing to do with
the liquid metal
 Fabric Terms

Warp Fill or Weave Count

direction along the direction across the No. of threads per
length of fabric width of the fabric. inch in warp or
filling.

Ply Bias Pinked Edge

No. of yarns making a cut, fold, or seam edge which has been cut by
up a thread. made diagonally to machine or special pinking
shears in a continuous series
the warp or fill
of Vs to prevent raveling.
threads.
 Fabric Terms

Selvage Edge Greige Cross Coat

the edge of cloth, condition of brushing or spraying
tape, or webbing polyester fabric where the second
woven to prevent upon completion of coat is applied 90° to
raveling. the production the first coat’s
process before direction. The two
being heat shrunk. coats together make
a single cross coat.
 Fabric Covering Processes

Blanket Method Envelope Method

Fabrics are attached to uses precut and pre-
the airframe by sewn envelope fabrics
trimming multiple flat made-to-fit the
sections airframe where it is
needed to be placed.
 4 Types of Fibers

Glass Fiber Ceramic Fiber

can be in the form of woven a type of glass fiber designed to be used
cloth (higher cost) or loosen in high-temperature components
mat(cheaper).
 4 Types of Fibers

Kevlar Fiber Graphite/Carbon Fiber

obtained from Rayon fibers where the cellulose
frequently used type of fiber is heated and stretched to change the
where high impact resistance is molecular structure of the fiber into an
extremely lightweight, strong, and tough
needed.
material.
04
Rubber
Types
 2 Types of Rubber

Natural Rubber
has better ease of Synthetic Rubber
processing and properties
is available in different
including tensile strength,
composition that gives
tear strength, elasticity,
it different properties
flexibility, and accumulated
depending on where it
heat buildup than synthetic
will be used.
rubber
Butyl
Butyl
Liquid Polysulfide Polymer
Silicone
Silastic
 Thanks!
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Aero-AT Department

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