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MARY HELP OF CHRISTIANS SCHOOL (PAMPANGA), INC.

Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco

EFFECTIVENESS OF MATCH HEADS AS AN ALTERNATIVE FERTILIZER

FOR TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum)

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of

Mary Help of Christians School (Pampanga), Inc.
Senior High School Department
Mabalacat City, Pampanga

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Subject:

Capstone/Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersions

by

BAGAAN, IRISH PEARL M.

DAVID, FELISSA S.
DE LEON, ERICA JIRAH C.
PARAS, KHRIZ KALEEHANAH LEILAN S.
YOUNG, ELAINE JOY P.

APRIL 2021

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APPROVAL SHEET

This research entitled EFFECTIVENESS OF MATCH HEADS AS AN

ALTERNATIVE FERTILIZER FOR TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum) prepared
and submitted by Irish Pearl M. Bagaan, Felissa S. David, Erica Jirah C. De Leon, Khriz
Kaleehanah Leilan S. Paras, and Elaine Joy P. Young has been examined and
recommended for Oral Examination.

ROCHELLE D. NUGUID, LPT

Adviser
SR. ERNIELYN F. DEYPALAN, FMA
Chairperson

BASILLE HAIM DANAE C. JOAQUIN, LPT ARLINE B. OSWA, LPT

Member Member

MA. KATHLEEN C. PARAGUYA, LPT NINA MARIE L. POJAS, LPT

Member Member

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subjects

CAPSTONE/INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, & IMMERSIONS.

Date: _______________________________ SR. ERNIELYN F. DEYPALAN, FMA

Principal

Date: _______________________________ JERAMY M. AUSTRIA, LPT

Subject Teacher

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Acknowledgement

We, the researchers of this study, would like to extend and express our sincerest

gratitude to all the people who helped us and made this research study possible.

First and foremost, we would like to thank our research adviser, Ms. Rochelle D.

Nuguid, LPT, our statistician, Mr. Marvin M. Supan, LPT, and our grammarian, Mrs.

Annalynn P. Galang, LPT, for continuously imparting us their significant knowledge and

broader perspectives needed in our research study. Their never-ending support, guidance,

and understanding made the research study not just accurate and detailed, but meaningful

and worthwhile. The time, effort, attention, and motivation given for this research were

obtained by the researchers and helped them improve themselves for their college journey.

We would also like to express our utmost gratitude to our research teacher, Mr.

Jeramy Austria, LPT, for the guidance and unbounded considerations to us, the

researchers, throughout our entire journey in making the research study that will soon come

to an end. His patience and dedication in presenting our research outline, the perseverance

and attentiveness to all our questions and recommendations, and all the understanding and

appreciation given to us every after each presentation. We are very grateful for all those

moments that you recognized our struggles and constantly make some adjustments for each

one of us. We will never forget the sincerity and knowledge you imparted with us that we

can use in our future endeavors.

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To our parents, thank you for the genuine support, advice, and guidance you

imparted to us in our journey to accomplish the research study. You have given us enough

determination and inspiration to accomplish our given requirements. Also, thank you for

letting us wander and discover our own abilities and skills needed to acquire for our

research study by constantly reminding us of our little successes every now and then.

To our batchmates and co-researchers, Yanallah Rei G. Aben and Alexandra Marie

S. Batul, thank you for extending your genuine approach in helping us in whatever we

need. Thank you for all those sleepless nights filled with questions and curiosity about our

research, yet we never heard any complaints from you. You did not just provide answers

to us, but you helped us in carrying our loads and struggles that have been weighing us

down, making it a little easier.

To our team and group mates, thank you for keeping up with the changes,

revisions, and unexpected twists and turns in our research study. Also, thank you for

staying through the endless banters, brainstorming, sleepless nights, and hasty deadlines.

This research would not be completed nor successful without each of us. To all of us who

gave their best to provide quality research study for the next generations to come, our

hardships will certainly turn into accomplishments.

A message of appreciation and gratitude is also extended to our Directress, Sr.

Irene P. Mangabat, FMA, to our Principal, Sr. Ernielyn S. Deypalan, FMA, and to the

chairpersons and panelists of our research study for the suggestions, recommendations, and

advice provided to the researchers, in order for them to improve their materials and outputs.

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Lastly, all praises and glory to our Lord who continuously blessed us with

knowledge, wisdom, patience, and protection despite our battle against the pandemic. Due

to the sudden shift in paradigm, it became a difficult challenge for the students to cope up

and make this whole research study in an online environment, but with God, nothing is

really impossible.

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Dedication

The researchers dedicate this research study to the grade 11 and 12 students, teacher

administration, and the school library of Mary Help of Christians School (Pampanga),

Inc. to be used as additional material for references and compilations of research

documents. This is also dedicated for future researchers — to administer additional

information and knowledge that may aid in doing more research investigations that could

help the community.

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Table of Contents

Approval Sheet ………………………………………………………….…….…..……ii

Acknowledgement ………………………………….……………………………....….iii

Dedication ………………………………………….…………………………...…….. vi

Table of Contents …………….……………..……………………………......……….. vii

Tables...............................................................................................................................ix

Figures ………………………………………………………….……………….….......x

Abstract …………………………………………….…………………....……….……..xi

Chapter 1. The Problem and the Review of Related Literature

Introduction...........................................................................................................1

Review of Related Literature ……………………………………………..…….5

Synthesis …………………………………………………………………..……15

Conceptual Framework ………………………………………………………...16

Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………………....18

Statement of Hypothesis ………………………………………………………..19

Significant of the Study ………………………………………………………...19

Scope and the Delimitations …………………………………………………....21

Definition of Terms …………………………………………………………….22

Chapter 2. Methodology

Research Design ………………………………………………………………..25

Samples ………………………………………………………………………....25

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Instrument ……………………………………………………………………..26

Research Phases ……………………………………………………………….27

Data Analysis ………………………………………………………………….30

Chapter 3. Results and Discussions ……………………………………………........32

Chapter 4. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

Summary……………………………………………………………………….41

Conclusion …………………………………………………………………….43

Recommendation………………………………………………………………44

References ……………………………………………………………………………..45

Appendices ………………...…………………………………………………………..51

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Tables

Table 1a. No. of Pots in the Period of Plant Growth…………………………...……….32

Table 1b. Variations of Colors Based on the Leaves’ Structure………….…………….35

Table 2a. Length of the Final Height Measurements …………….…………………….36

Table 2b. Mean of the Caudex Diameters ……………………………………..……….37

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Figures

Figure 1. The paradigm of the study………………………………………..….……….17

Figure 2. Research Phase………………………………………………………….…….27

Figure 3. Period of Plant Growth per Week…………………………………………….33

Figure 4. Mean on the Final Height Measurements …………………......……………..36

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Abstract

This research study evaluated the effectiveness of match heads which are known to possess

elements that can support plant growth as an alternative fertilizer for tomato (Solanum

lycopersicum) plants by comparing the differences of each treatment. This study is

experimental and tallied through the use of independent samples t-test.

The results shown that there are significant differences between the three treatments

involved. The Positive Treatment and Control Group were recorded as the first and second

most effective variant treatments. This proves that the Match Head Treatment is the least

effective.

Furthermore, this study proving the effectiveness level of Match Heads as an alternative

fertilizer can give benefit to the community by preventing the inappropriate usage of match

heads to sustain plant growth.

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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND RELATED LITERATURE

Introduction

The inflationary pressures of increasing food prices are bound to affect the

Philippine economy. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, in the year 2021 an

increase in the prices of the basic goods from 2.5% a year ago up to 3.5% will be

encountered. Inflation tracks market volatility for commonly used goods such as crops. As

for the tomatoes, this still led to the 19.7% surge in vegetable costs. On the other hand,

Maps stated that ruined crops in Luzon were caused by climate change, particularly strong

typhoons, and perhaps even the demand for these common cooking ingredients triggered

heavier markups. (Lopez, CNN Philippines, (2021).

The Department of Agriculture (DA) continues to implement major interventions

for the Philippines’ agricultural productivity and food security. 73% of the remaining

budget has been utilized and allocated for key initiatives that will assist with the farmers’

common expenses such as fertilizers and pesticides. (DA Communications Group, 2020).

Based on the data released by the Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority (FPA), the

national average price of urea fertilizer was 1,051 pesos per bag. The prices vary with each

type of fertilizer and a lot of farmers are still struggling to maximize the allocated budget

that is meant to provide assistance for their expenses. (Ison, 2020).

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Moreover, fertilizers are important to the farmers for it helps in the faster growth

of various crops that will soon alleviate the shortage of supply due to different phenomena

such as climate change and inadequate budget for the farmers’ expenses. This will lessen

the expensive selling price and increase the availability of the product that will be acquired

in any form.

Plant growth and development are highly adaptive to environmental conditions.

Some of these occurrences include light, nutrient or water availability, temperature,

humidity, ventilation, and fertilization which can either have a negative or positive effect

on the growth and improvement of various plant species. (Umeda, 2011).

Different plant types are more than influenced by these factors and they tend to

grow slower than others. There are various reasons why plants are growing slower. First,

the seeds are old and this will be inclined to lower germination rates that could result in a

slower growth pace. Second, some seeds are sensitive to overwatering. Lastly, the pH level

is off. It can be either too high or too low that can cause growth deficiencies among plants

even if it is set in a good environment. (Haze, 2021).

Healthy and vibrant plants don't happen by accident. To grow strong and verdant,

plants need sun, water, and soil that has sufficient nutrients. That's where different fertilizer

such as commercial and organic fertilizer comes in. Fertilizer puts badly needed nutrients

back into the soil but its availability can be very costly. (Hill, 2020).

Fertilizers, no matter what kind, are significant to the plants’ growth and

development and this is the reason behind the farmers’ woes and concerns regarding its

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price. Plants need to be fertilized because most soil does not provide the essential nutrients

required for optimum growth. (Laliberta, 2020).

Though fertilizers have their benefits, fertilizers’ availability can be very expensive

and there are also downsides to their use in terms of plant growth and development.

Phosphorus from fertilizer can cause algae to accumulate in lakes and ponds. Fertilizers

can also contaminate water with an overabundance of phosphates and nitrates, making it

unsafe for consumption. Oxidized nitrogen, a byproduct of synthetic fertilizers, increases

smog which may be related to a higher incidence of respiratory illness and asthma. (Engel,

2018).

On the other hand, household fertilizers or also known as the “do it yourself”

fertilizers, became known as an innovative way to grow plants. It became a unique solution

for those who have indoor plants. These household items that can be used as organic

fertilizers were banana peels, coffee grounds, eggshells, and many more. However, one of

the most unknown household fertilizers are considered to be match heads.

Match heads were used as a good pest deterrent, helped in boosting the plant’s

growth, and worked as a fertilizer that can nourish the plants. Two types of matches can be

used, the strike anywhere and safety matches. These match heads contain potassium

chlorate (KClO3), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), a small amount of magnesium (Mg), and

ferric oxide (Fe2O3). (Balcony Garden Web, 2020).

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Potassium (K) is involved in the production and transport of sugars in the plant,

synthesis of proteins, and enzyme activation. It maintains the water status and ionic balance

within the plant. (Yara United States, 2021).

Ferric oxide (Fe2O3) or iron oxide is involved in many important compounds and

physiological processes in plants. Iron is involved in the manufacturing process of

chlorophyll and is required for certain enzyme functions. Iron in the soil solution can be

moved to the plant root as a component solution or used in growth processes. (Hochmuth,

2018).

In chlorophyll production, magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S) benefit the plants to gain

greener foliage. Phosphorus (P) in the match head helps in building a strong root system

for the plant and is applicable to vegetables, fruits, and herbs. (Balcony Garden Web,

2020).

Out of all the vegetable plants, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is definitely the

most popular vegetable fruit that can grow in a household. This plant needs a lot of nutrients

and should be planted in a soil rich in nutrients to produce a plentiful and nutritious harvest.

As for tomatoes to grow and produce fruit, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium

(K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg), and several micronutrients are the nutrient

necessity of the plant. The three primary nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and

potassium (K) are the nutrients that distribute a variety of functions that are required for

photosynthesis. (Malone, 2020).

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This experimental research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of match head as an

alternative fertilizer for tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum). In addition, this study will

provide a new household fertilizer that is affordable and accessible in nurturing various

plant classifications.

Review of Related Literature

Local Literature

The Philippine agricultural sector’s continuously growing demand for fertilizers

was highlighted in Briones' (2014) research. Through the past evidence, the researcher

stated that fertilizers were in-demand both at home and at farms. Furthermore, it was

known that farmers and plant cultivators apply only limited fertilizers to crops. This will

result in insufficient main nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium needed

for plants’ growth which will surely affect the crop production. Therefore, the researcher

stated that the application of modern alternative fertilizers, specifically household

fertilizers such as match heads will perform more advantageous effect compared to

traditional fertilizers.

Sebilo M. et al. (2013), contaminated drinking water as well as eutrophication of

freshwaters and coastal marine ecosystems were caused by the increasing diffuse nitrate

which emerged as a major problem in numerous agricultural areas of the world. And so,

the researchers conducted a three-decade-long situ tracer experiment, involving the use of

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some chemical tracer that can be detected within the reservoir fluids in very small

concentrations. Results implies that current trends of nitrate concentration increases and is

observed in hydrological systems and 61 - 65% of the applied fertilizers N were taken up

by plants, while 12 -15% of the labeled fertilizer N resides in soil organic matter more than

a quarter century after the application of situ tracer experiment, whereas percentage

between 8 - 12% of the applied fertilizer had leaked towards the hydrosphere during the

30-y observation period. Therefore, the long-term legacy of agricultural systems and the

nitrogen retention capacity of agricultural soils must be considered to future attempts in

reducing agricultural nitrate contamination of aquatic systems.

As stated by Ellamar et al. (2015), in their research entitled “Off-Season Tomato

Production: A New Technology in Tarlac Province of Philippines”, growing tomato plants

and fruit production are seasonal in most places. In the province of Tarlac, plentiful

tomatoes were evident in dry seasons and limited during the wet season. This will result to

insufficient supply of tomatoes in the marketplaces, causing the prices to go higher than

usual. Using grafted tomato plantlet as its alternative solution, off-season tomatoes became

possible. The “Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center” (AVRDC) progressed

this grafting technology on tomatoes which also included the use of protective structures.

This technology developed a comprehensive off-season tomato production in the province

of Tarlac. Moreover, this technology perceived a longer period of harvesting compared to

non-grafted tomatoes. During the wet season in the Philippines, tomato production became

profitable because of the off-season tomato planting.

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Also, Gonzaga et al. (2014), stated that the production of tomatoes can be linked to

harmful environmental factors, such as heavy precipitation which favors the spread of soil

pathogens. In managing soil-borne diseases on vegetable crops, hydroponics represent a

valuable solution. Where tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) have grown

conventionally or hydroponically by means of utilizing a “Re-circulating Aggregate

Hydroponic System” (ReCAHS) method. This method was constructed with Peter

hydrosol from Allied Botanicals or a (SNAP2) solution from the Institute of Plant Breeding

in University of the Philippines Los Baños on a simple nutrient enhancement software

(SNAP1) solution. Additionally, the system was developed by vigorous plants and

regulated bacterial wilt infections. It was proven in this study that the promising technology

for the off-season production of tomatoes is the ReCAHS. It was discovered in the analysis

that ReCAHS is more efficient in growing off-season tomatoes than the traditional way,

regardless of the SNAP solutions. Lastly, grown tomatoes in traditional production systems

were controlled and monitored and the very serious bacterial wilt infection had zero yields.

The study conducted by Pepito et al. (2017), indicates that tomato production in the

Philippines is ruled by traditional farmers who do not implement pruning. This research

seeks the evaluation of different fresh market tomato genotypes and their performance,

influenced by pruning. Studies proved that pruning provides healthier and vibrant plants.

In addition, pruning also improves the stem diameter and fruit production of the crops.

With this, it is concluded that pruning has various advantages and benefits for plants,

specifically tomato crops. It can be very significant in increasing the tomato plants’ quality,

productivity, and nutrient content.

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Furthermore, Nisnisan (2014) conducted a research study to determine the

performance of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants as influenced by organic mulching

and to provide methods that can enhance the soil productivity in the most safest,

inexpensive, practical, and effective way. In order to perform the given study, dried papaya

and banana leaves as organic mulches for the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants were

assessed and compared for further outcomes. Based on the result of the given study, the

plants’ initial caudex diameter was measured ten days after it was planted and it was found

out that there was no noticeable property of differences among the plants’ growth. After

adding the mulch solution, the researchers measured again the initial and final caudex of

the tomato plants. It was then recorded upon investigation that the papaya mulch enhanced

the tomato plants’ height and final caudex diameter, making it the most suitable mulch.

Foreign Literature

According to Suzanne DeJohn (2020), it is important to purchase tomato plants as

your indoor plants because it is a long-season plant species. Tomato plants are quick to

germinate and even grow plants from seeds indoors. This includes two or three seeds to be

planted on the pot to have exactly grown, vibrant tomatoes.

Furthermore, G. Hochmund et al. (2018) mentioned that the classifications of leaf

colors or the vibrancy of the plants’ chlorophyll varies from the nutrient intake needed for

plant growth and development. In the study, the roles of different essential elements for

plant growth are listed and organized with their corresponding functions and definitions. It

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was then stated that elements such as nitrogen (N), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P),

sulfur (S), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), and many other

elements can provide several advantages and benefits to the plants as long as the nutrient

performance is not excessive or insufficient in any way. These elements absorbed by the

plants supplies different approach in necessities and deficiencies of the plants’ color and

vibrancy. As an example, magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) deficiencies

lead to interveinal chlorosis that can result in necrosis in the affected area of the plants,

causing it to have mild purpling colors in the tomato leaves. Moreover, nitrogen (N) and

sulfur (S) deficiencies can also produce general yellowing (chlorosis) of the leaves with

some red coloration in the leaf veins and petioles. Pale green color or light green color of

leaves can also be observed in some plants with insufficient amount of nitrogen (N). An

excessive amount of nitrogen, on the other hand, can create lush and tender with darker-

green leaves. The element phosphorus (P) creates reddish coloration resulting from the

enhanced display of anthocyanin color pigments if the nutrient intake is not sufficient for

the plants. Some other elements can generally affect the color of the plants depending on

their use. In conclusion, healthy plants commonly have mid to dark green color of leaves.

Bona et al. (2017), stated the evaluation of the plant-beneficial microorganisms’

effect using the two pseudomonas strains with mixed mycorrhizal inoculum or the

combination towards the quality of tomato fruits. The crops and fruit production were

positively affected by the microorganisms, along with concentrations for sugar and the

vitamins in tomatoes. In addition, the most substantial effect caused by arbuscular

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mycorrhizal (AM) fungi was an increase in citric acid concentration, whereas the bacteria

positively modulated sugar production and tomato sweetness.

Zannatul F. et al. (2018) concluded that using a biogas slurry or a by-product of

anaerobic digestion of animal waste and crop residues doesn’t only grant financial benefits

but also improves the plants’ soil fertility, and yields quality and quantity. In terms of

tomatoes’ (Solanum lycopersicum) yield and profitability, field experiments were

conducted to assess the application effects of biogas slurry in combination with synthetic

fertilizer. Treatment includes the soil test-based fertilizers and synthetic fertilizers mixed

with cow dung manure, cow dung bioslurry, poultry manure, poultry bioslurry, and farmer

practice. After the evaluation was conducted from the experiment, the results lead to a

conclusion that fruit yield was higher for plants that have grown in synthetic fertilizer with

cow dung bioslurry compared to other treatments and agricultural practices. The

application of synthetic fertilizer with poultry bioslurry, resulted in the highest fruit

production. On the other hand, plants maintained with farmer practices yielded the least.

Therefore, the application of synthetic fertilizer in combination with bioslurry has the

potential in increasing the farmers’ economic income and the tomatoes’ productivity.

On the other hand, Kalbani et al. (2016) stated that the fertilization system is one

of the main aspects of food production, directly changing the crop quality of a certain

product. Moreover, soil fertility is one of the main problems that limit crop yields. The

development and production of vegetable crops are commonly determined by the quality

and quantity of the utilized fertilizers. To provide a solution, inorganic and chemical

fertilizers are often used in the field. However, using inorganic and chemical fertilizers to

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improve the nutrient quality of the soil is considered harmful for the environment due to

different accounts of environmental pollution, alteration in soil textures and physical

property of the soil. The frequent use of synthetic fertilizer can massively affect the

nutritional value of the vegetable crops and increase the cost of crop yields. This is where

the recommendation of using organic fertilizers as an alternative substitute for these

harmful substances came from. The application of organic fertilizers made of animal

excreta or other agricultural wastes ameliorates the risk of unstable and unstructured soil

quality while enhancing crop productivity. In the research study, tomato (Solanum

lycopersicum) is used because it is deemed to be one of the most significant vegetables

worldwide. Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) provide several advantages in areas such as

the convenient short duration of harvest with high quality of production. It is also

economically attractive and the factors under cultivation are upgrading daily.

Also, fertilizers are essential for the growth of developing plants. Medizadeh et al.

(2013) utilized the tomato plant in the research study as an experimental plant. The

researchers primarily focused on the advantageous effects of organic fertilizers in terms of

the vegetative yield and growth of a tomato plant. The researchers, through utilizing

different types of organic fertilizers, have found that organic fertilizers have positive effects

on plant growth. They also identified the most efficient type of organic fertilizer for

growing tomato plants which are municipal waste compost.

Corresponding to the aforementioned study, Zucco et al. (2015) have identified

another component essential in plant growth, mainly the type of soil or the utilized soil

structure. The researchers have focused on the benefits and interaction of different soil

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types and the tomato plants’ crop productivity. Through assessing three different types of

soil, specifically the loamy sand, silt loam, and silt clay, the researchers have figured out

the most suitable soil structure for tomato cultivation. The academic paper suggests that

the loamy sand type of soil increased the tomato plants’ growth compared to the silt loam

and silt clay. It is also noted that silt loam is the least efficient soil structure for growing

plant classifications.

Moreover, Vasilyev et al. (2020) asserts that the insufficient production of organic

fertilizers into the soil during cultivation alleviates humus reserves in the arable soil layer.

Over the course of two to three decades, the Chuvash Republic and nearby regions

encounter difficulties due to the constant deteriorating capacity of humus content in the

soil by 0.2 to 0.3%. The research study particularly mentioned the reason for the decrease

in humus and it was identified as the deficiency of utilizing organic fertilizers in the soil

content and the frequent mechanical treatment. The availability of fertilizers can be

expensive but the insufficient application of it to vegetable crops can cause gradual soil

degradation that leads to failing crop productivity and economic scarcity. Possible usage

of alternative organic substances or household fertilizers such as match heads that can

improve the restoration of soil fertility is needed to avoid further accounts of utilizing the

money for disposal.

Similarly, Panuccio M. R. et al. (2018) affirm that soil and crop quality with socio-

economic and environmental benefits were improved and represented by the process of

recycled organic wastes. The production of digestate which is the by-product of anaerobic

digestion or biodegradable feedstock increased the need for sustainability. Utilizing

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digestate as alternative fertilizer is studied widely but only a few research studies have

evaluated its effect on crop quality. Due to the evaluation of digestate, it is later then proven

that it helps to increase the soil fertility. The application of alternative organic fertilizers or

household substances such as match heads that contains phosphorus which is essential for

the general health and vigor of all plants, leads the researchers to a conclusion that may

increase the crop quality like how the organic fertilizers do. The hypothesis was verified

by analyzing the effects of two digestates on cucumber (Cucumis sativus) quality.

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) was chosen because it is one of the important old crops used

worldwide in different sectors such as food, cosmetics, and even in pharmaceutical

industries. Findings showed that phenols and flavonoids with antioxidant activity content

of digestate are increased. Compounds such as neohesperidin and hesperidin have

antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic. Also, naringin and narirutin have

the effect of reducing risks in atherosclerosis or simply the narrowing of arteries caused by

a buildup of plaque, and cardiovascular complications that were only manifested in

digestate amended cucumbers (Cucumis sativus). These results highlighted the potentiality

of using digestate as phytochemical inducers that represents a good option for the

production of high-quality food with reduced mineral fertilizer inputs other than its benefit

as a crop growth promoter.

In addition, William et al. (2019) asserts that heavy chemicals and applications of

bio-fertilizer are being used to fertilize the plants which affect the natural biotic

environment and soil. Eggshells were usually found from commonly used household items

that became a good source of calcium. This bio-fertilizer is applied to produce calcium to

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plants for normal cell processes, root growth, and fruiting on the growth of tomatoes. This

research study concluded that the application of the eggshells is efficient to the growth of

tomatoes and might as well to other plants. An economical and simple adaptation of

eggshells as fertilizers are suitable for the growth of tomatoes and other plants with good

conditions.

Furthermore, April K. (2019) stated that some indoor pot vegetable plants don’t

bloom. For others, the plants don’t gain enough sunlight or even nutrients from the soil.

Other causes are also from pests that result in the plants’ lack of nutrients to flourish.

Placing match heads acts as a pest deterrent to the plant without threatening it with any

dangerous chemicals. It can also contribute enough nutrients to the soil. These matches

contain phosphorus sesquisulfide, potassium chlorate, and small quantities of magnesium

and ferric oxide that add nutrients to the soil in a safer way while planted on pots that serve

as an indoor plant. Moreover, plants need balanced fertilizer because not enough fertilizer

can cause the plants insufficient nutrients, while too much fertilizer can damage the roots.

Using ten to twenty matches as fertilizer can avoid this kind of difficulty because the

elements of the matches can moisturize and nourish your plants enough with balance.

Saia et al. (2020) concluded that the morphology and release of roots exudates are

relying on the plants’ potential to lay hold the phosphorus (P) in the soil. Beneficial soil

microbes may even be controlled. These microbes can solubilize phosphorus (P), control

root elongation, branching, higher uptake of phosphorus (P), and other nutrients that may

come up. It also stated the means of bacterial effect to the total root length that were

understandably explained by the variations of the microbial system and not on the mean

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diameter of the root and the ability of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to increase the

content of mineral nutrients. The effects were less dependent on plant growth-promoting

bacteria (PGPB) in the plant species and the phosphorus (P) form as opposed to the

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) effect. Such findings have implications for improving

the early growth of plants through the management of beneficial microbes. Hence, the

ability of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants to absorbed the phosphorus present in

the substances and is considered as one of the major elements of a match head will be very

beneficial for the release of root exudates in making a substance. In particular, the

phosphorus contained in the match head may also benefit the elongation of the root that

can be determined by measuring its diameter.

Synthesis

The distinction between this research and other studies that have been conducted is

that this focuses more on the evaluation of match head as an alternative fertilizer for tomato

(Solanum lycopersicum) plant as a consequence to undemanding conduction. This method

only requires materials readily prepared in most households which is a great way to grow

plants with the use of less capital. Organic types of fertilizers were frequently applied to

plants especially to increase the soil's bacterial and fungal activity. Despite the fact that

organic fertilizers are normally used to maintain the vibrance of the plants, it may cause

some disadvantages too. Organic fertilizers may not contain the exact amount of needed

nutrients in a plant such as the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), also known

as the NPK.

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The researchers will be conducting an experiment with the use of match heads,

which is known as a common household material, utilized as an alternative fertilizer for

tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum). The elements found in match heads as an alternative

fertilizer bring various benefits to the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant. One of these

components is the phosphorus, which can enrich the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)

plant's growth and the opaqueness of its foliage.

Conceptual Framework

Due to the lack of fertilizer production, the price might be expensive to the extent

that people will look for a solution or an alternative product that is much more affordable

and accessible. It is important to come up with a response to this issue to yield the

maintenance it needs. The researchers have thought of a possible solution in this research

study that will concentrate on the physical aspects of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum),

wherein the match head will serve as an alternative fertilizer. The match head containing

the elements such as phosphorus (P) that enriches the soil's quality, sulfur (S) as an essential

in forming proteins, enzymes, vitamins, and chlorophyll in plants, and lastly, potassium

(K) which affects the protein, starch, and increases the ATP production.

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Figure 1: The paradigm of the study

In this study, the seeds of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) will be planted in three

different pots, each pot containing tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seed with different

treatments. Afterwards, the applied treatments for the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) will

be characterized by its nutrient production provided between the match heads and organic

fertilizer in terms of its period of growth and color. The first treatment that will be tested

is the alternative fertilizer or the match heads and it will be on the first pot. The second pot,

as the positive control, will contain the composite organic fertilizer. Lastly, the third pot

will have no possible treatment so it will be considered as the negative control. These will

be obtained for the execution of the method and differences will be determined.

On the other hand, the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seeds will be planted,

watered, and observed by measuring their height according to initial caudex diameter (cm)

prior to the final caudex diameter height (cm) and will be classified accordingly in each

pot containing three different treatments. The key participants in this study will be the

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match heads, used to evaluate its effectiveness as an alternative fertilizer for tomatoes

(Solanum lycopersicum).

Achieving the substantial difference between the match head as an alternative

fertilizer, composite organic fertilizer for positive control, and no treatment for the negative

control, the data obtained from the observation will be analyzed based on the nine pots

with tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seeds planted as a reference for the effectiveness of

match head as an alternative fertilizer for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum).

Statement of the Problem

This research study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of match head as an

alternative fertilizer for tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum).

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. How can you describe the nutrient production between the match head and organic

fertilizer in terms of:

1.1 Period of Growth

1.2 Color

2. What are the observable differences of the tomato plants in terms of:

2.1 Height (cm)

2.2 Initial caudex diameter (cm)

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2.3 Final caudex diameter (cm)

3. Is there a significant difference between the control group and the experimental

group?

3.1 Is there any noticeable difference between the tomato plants without

fertilizer and the tomato plants with match heads?

3.2 Is there a significant difference between tomato plants without

fertilizer and tomato plants with compost organic fertilizer?

3.3 Is there a significant difference between tomato plants with match

heads and tomato plants with organic fertilizer?

Statement of the Hypothesis

Match head is an effective alternative fertilizer for Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum).

Match head is not an effective alternative fertilizer for Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum).

Significance of the Study

This research study that will be conducted by the researchers can be very beneficial

to many people, institutions, and society. The findings of this research will be advantageous

to the following:

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To the students and future researchers, this research study will administer

additional information and knowledge that may aid in doing more research materials

related to the effectiveness of various household fertilizers. Also, this can serve as a future

reference and guide to accomplish research investigations that could help the community.

To the Biological Science experts, this study will help them acquire information

and develop a more sensible or formal research study for household materials used as an

alternative fertilizer for plants that could maintain their growth and development.

To the school, this could be used as additional material for references and

compilations of research documents.

To the teachers, the result of this research study can establish and improve new

approaches, strategies, and methods of implementing project-based and K to 12 research

materials, especially to students who are currently taking STEM (Science and Technology,

Engineering, and Mathematics) strand in Senior High School.

To the parents, this research will raise awareness and provide effective and

economic methods to parents inclined in gardening. In addition, it will engage these parents

to participate in nurturing various plant species and educate the future generation.

To the community, this will give them an understanding of household fertilizers

that are affordable and easy to find without sacrificing the growth and efficiency of the

plants. Also, it will give various information regarding the benefits of plants and the

reasons why some are growing slower or faster than others.

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Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This experimental study will be conducted in one of the researcher’s house,

specifically in the garden located in Rivera, Balaba Dau, Mabalacat City, Pampanga. To

adhere in the current situation of the pandemic’s security and safety protocols for the school

year 2020-2021. It primarily focuses on the evaluation of the effectiveness of match heads

as an alternative fertilizer. Its main goal is to evaluate the match head’s efficiency,

concentrating on the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant’s physical growth, mainly its

height (cm), initial and final caudex diameter (cm).

To clarify the aforementioned statements, this research will utilize thirty (30) 18-

inch sized pots. Included in each set-up are fifteen (15) gallons of loam or sandy loam type

of soil and two (2) to three (3) tomato seeds. Moreover, the researchers will utilize ten (10)

to twenty (20) match heads to further obtain accurate efficacy results. Alongside are the

three different treatments, particularly match head as an alternative fertilizer, composite

organic fertilizer for positive control, and no treatment for negative control. With the three

treatments applied, the substantial difference will also be assessed.

Supporting the aforementioned scope, this study limits its coverage by

experimenting using the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant only. Furthermore, the only

alternative fertilizer that will be evaluated in this research is the match head.

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Definition of Terms

Caudex - (Conceptual) A stem or a rootstock of a plant from which growth arises.

(Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary, n.d

- (Operational) Utilized as a measurable indicator of plant growth and development.

Through the measured initial and final caudex diameter, the efficacy of the

alternative fertilizer will be thoroughly evaluated.

Elements - (Conceptual) A pure substance made from a single type of atom. (Merriam-

Webster’s Dictionary, n.d)

- (Operational) Elements comprising the match head are considered in this research

as efficacious factors contributing to plant growth.

Fertilizer - (Conceptual) Material applied to a soil to supply plant nutrients. (Merriam-

Webster’s Dictionary, 2021)

- (Operational) Considered in this study as the most in-demand for household plants,

therefore it is essential to find alternative fertilizers effective for indoor plants’

growth.

Foliage - (Conceptual) A collection of plant leaves. (Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, n.d)

- (Operational) Used as an indicator of positive or negative plant growth. Through

the opaqueness and vibrance of its color, the plant’s growth and development will

be assessed.

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Household - (Conceptual) A house where occupants dwell. (Merriam-Webster’s

Dictionary, 2021)

- (Operational) Considered as the study’s primary environment for the conductkari

of the experiment.

Match Head - (Conceptual) A tool used to start a fire. (Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary,

n.d)

- (Operational) Utilized in this study as an alternative fertilizer for plants. Its

effectiveness will be evaluated through the Solanum Lycopersicum (Tomato)

plant’s growth.

Organic Fertilizer - (Conceptual) Naturally-occurring fertilizers from animal manure.

(Davis, 2015)

- (Operational) Used in comparison with the alternative fertilizer in terms of their

efficacy and significant differences.

Physical Aspect - (Conceptual) The defining characteristics and features of a body.

(Handel, n.d)

- (Operational) Considered as the detail of plant growth observed and evaluated. The

study was focused on the development of the physical aspects of the plant to

measure how effective the alternative fertilizer was.

Solanum Lycopersicum - (Conceptual) A plant bearing an edible berry called Tomato.

(Leite and Fialho, 2018)

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- (Operational) Used in this experimental study as the variable to determine whether

the alternative fertilizer is effective or not.

Treatments - (Conceptual) The use of an agent to give particular properties to something.

(Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, n.d)

- (Operational) Utilized in this study as a constructive component identifying any

substantial difference among the three pots containing three various treatments.

Period of Growth - (Conceptual) The time in which a cell, organ, or organism is

developing or the period of development characterized by a rapid increase in size.

- (Operational) Used as the foundation or base of transition to identify and classify

the differences of the data and variables collected in the study.

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Chapter 2

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study is an experimental research that will be conducted in one of the

researcher’s house, specifically in the garden located in Rivera, Balaba Dau, Mabalacat

City, Pampanga to determine the effectiveness of match heads as an alternative fertilizer

for tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum). The effectiveness of the variable will depend on the

plants’ physical growth, mainly its height (cm), initial and final caudex diameter (cm), and

even its change of pigment or color. To gather the data needed and to identify the efficacy

of match heads as an alternative household fertilizer, the researchers will compare the

growth and development of the tomato plants as influenced by each treatment used.

Samples

The researchers will utilize a total of thirty (30) tomato plants (Solanum

lycopersicum), where ten (10) of each group will be receiving three (3) different treatments

for the assessment of the effectiveness of match heads as an alternative fertilizer. Three (3)

treatments will be used to measure the observable differences between the growth of the

tomato plants. Treated with the alternative fertilizer, composite organic fertilizer for

positive control, and no possible treatment for negative control. To summarize, the three

(3) treatments will be applied to thirty (30) different pots where each treatment has ten (10)

replicates containing 2 - 3 tomato seeds in each pot. In this way, the efficacy of match

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heads as an alternative fertilizer will be assessed and the results will be more accurate and

valid.

The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant was chosen out of the variety of plants

offered in the Philippine setting because of its undemanding growth necessities, making it

grow and develop even in a limited and short period of time. Moreover, tomato plants are

identified to be more accessible and commonly prevalent in tropical countries since these

plants are tropical plants growing with the right amount of sunlight. Given this, tomato

plants are efficient and relevant in experimental set-ups for the effectiveness of the

alternative fertilizer which is the match head, as well as the effects of the positive and

negative control set-ups.

Instruments

The instruments that the researchers will use in identifying the effectiveness of the

match heads in planting and growing tomato seeds are the following:

Loam soil, this will serve as an additional nutrient for the seed to grow, as well as

to help stabilize the roots of the plant. (See Appendix A)

Planting pots, these will serve as the container of the soil where tomato (Solanum

lycopersicum) seeds will be planted and these will help the plants’ roots to be in place. (See

Appendix A)

Match heads, these will be used as an alternative fertilizer for growing tomato

(Solanum lycopersicum) plants. (See Appendix A)

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Organic Fertilizer, this will serve as the positive control fertilizer that will be used

on different pots in comparing the match heads’ effectiveness on growing plants. (See

Appendix A)

Ruler, this will be used to measure the plants’ height in cm. Specifically, the initial

caudex diameter and final caudex diameter in cm. (See Appendix A)

Weighing scale, this will serve as a tool that will identify the right amount of

organic fertilizer that must be applied to the tomato plants in a positive control treatment.

(See Appendix A)

Pruning shears, this will be used as a tool to cut the stem of the tomato plants when
measuring its height and caudex diameter. (See Appendix A)

Shovel, this will be used to transfer enough soil to the pot, as well as to dig holes

for the seeds to be planted properly. (See Appendix A)

Research Phases

Preparation Planting Application

of Materials Seed Phase Phase

Analysis of Data
Conclusion
Data gathering

Figure 2. Research Phase

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In order for the researchers to accomplish the assessment of using match heads as

an alternative fertilizer for the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant, the researchers will

follow a chronological sequence of procedures to conduct the experiment and attain the

necessary data needed.

Match heads collection phase, a process wherein the researchers are designated to

plant two inches from the base of the plant about 10 - 15 matchsticks (head first in the soil)

per pot.

Planting seeds phase, a process whereas DeJohn S. (2021) stated that the tomato

seeds will be planted in the pot together with the soil. (See Appendix B, C, and D)

1. Prepare 10 pots for each treatment, a total of 30 planting pots.

2. Put the loamy sand type of soil in each pot.

3. Gather and plant 2 - 3 tomato seeds for each pot.

4. Put the pots in a conducive area for plant growth, where a sufficient amount

of sunlight is present. (SF Gate Contributor, 2020)

5. Spray 1 to 1 ½ inches of water each week for each pot with planted tomato

seeds. (Downey L., 2018)

Application phase, a procedure where the researchers will take action in applying

three different treatments on the experimental plants. According to April K. (2019), the

application of the variables vary in each treatment for the experimental plants.

1. Prepare all 30 plants and group them accordingly by their treatment.

2. Label the plant pots with the different treatments: 10 pots for match head,

10 pots for organic fertilizer, and 10 pots for no treatment.

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3. Prepare the different treatments:

a. For experimental group:

I. Gather 10 - 20 match heads for each pot.

II. Insert the match heads in the experimental plants by burying half of the

matchsticks on the soil.

III. Place the match heads between the plant stem and the pot rim.

b. For positive control:

I. Prepare 2 - 3 pounds of compost organic fertilizer for each pot.

II. Apply the organic fertilizer by putting them above the soil.

1. Water the experimental plants before leaving them under the sun for

sunlight.

2. Let the soil absorb the different fertilizers for 14 - 21 days. (Sarah, 2020)

3. Change the match heads after 7 days for it has already been dissolved.

Cutting phase, is a step-by-step process on how to neatly cut the stem using a clean

pruning shears, knife, or scissors. (Chrysal, 2018)

1. Prepare a clean tool such as pruning shears.

4. Disinfect and sharpen the tools.

5. For a smooth and clean stem wound, the stem should be cut at an angle of

45°. According to VanZile (2020), the stem can already be cut if it reaches

25 - 30 days.

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6. To completely remove all of the contamination that can be present in the

plant, it is recommended to remove 5 - 10 cm of the plants ’stem from the

roots.

Observing and data gathering phase, where the researchers will observe the changes

that will occur on the pots after applying three (3) different kinds of treatments. At the same

time, the researchers will measure the height in cm or the initial and final caudex diameter

of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant. (See Appendix F)

Data analyzing phase, the process where results are evaluated and will help the

researchers to determine which of the hypothesis is accepted for the development of the

tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant.

Data Analysis

In evaluating the effectiveness of match head as an alternative fertilizer, the

researchers will conduct an experiment producing three (3) treatments with ten (10)

replicates each. These replicates will be used to evaluate the consistency of the match head

as an alternative fertilizer on the growth of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants.

Formula:

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x̄ 1 = mean of group
1x̄ 2 = mean of group
2sp2 = pooled variance - the standard error of the difference depends on the concept of
n1 = sample size of the group
1n2 = sample size of the group 2

The researchers will be using the two-sample t-test, also known as the independent

samples t-test, which is the hypothesis testing procedure used when comparing the mean

of two separate groups. This formula will help the researchers to determine the

effectiveness of match heads as an alternative fertilizer. Also, the formula will be useful

for the researchers because it will help them distinguish the differences between the given

variables. Variables such as the experimental, positive control, and no treatment process

with each designated classifications will be identified using the given formula. (See

Appendix G)

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Chapter 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter represents the gathered results and evidence followed by the

discussion and interpretation of the specified data. The two-sample t-test, also known as

the independent samples t-test, which is the hypothesis testing procedure used when

comparing the mean of two separate groups is utilized by the researchers for the

comparisons and further validation of the results.

TREATMENTS PERIOD OF GROWTH

WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4

No Control 10 10 10 10

Organic Fertilizer 10 10 10 10

Match head 10 2 4 3

Table 1a. No. of Pots in the Period of Plant Growth

This table 1a shows the number of pots that specifically consist of continuously

growing tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants per week in a span of 4-week

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experimentation. In the first week, all of the treatments sustained a number of 10 pots with

continuously growing plants each. In the second week, both the control group and organic

fertilizer treatment had a constant growth of plants in their corresponding pots, while the

experimental group with growing plants are left from their original number of 10 to just 2

pot plants. In the third week, the two mentioned treatments are still consistent with their

number of 10 pot plants. Also, the experimental group with match heads increased its

number from 2 pot plants to 4 pot plants. Lastly, in the fourth week, changes just occurred

in the experimental group and decreased its number from 4 pots to 3 pots. On the other

hand, both the control group and organic fertilizer treatment remained with 10 pots with

their continuously growing plants. This concludes that the control group of tomato

(Solanum lycopersicum) plants with no control treatment and organic fertilizer group

consistently grew plants in all of the 10 replicate pot plants, while the match heads as an

alternative fertilizer in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant failed to consistently sustain

the growth of all the 10 replicate pots and were only left with 3 pot of plants in the total

data.

Figure 3. Period of Plant Growth per Week

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Figure 3 shows the period of growth in cm per week of the tomato (Solanum

lycopersicum) plant. The mean was calculated from the 10 replicates of each treatment in

a span of 4 weeks. In the first week, the positive control with organic fertilizer had a length

of 3.94 cm, the highest and fastest growth of tomato plants stated in the data. It was then

followed by the control group with a length of 2.97 cm. The lowest and slowest period of

growth is the experimental group or the alternative fertilizer treatment called match heads

with a length of 2.84 cm. In the second week, organic fertilizer has increased and shown

most of its growth with a 7.95 cm measurement, followed by the no control group of 4.52

cm. However, the experimental group was the only treatment with a plant that was

decreased by 0.76 cm in measure. In the third week, all of the treatments increased their

length and organic fertilizer remained the highest with 8.99 cm length, followed by the

6.10 cm length of the no control group and the experimental group as the lowest with a

data of 1.04 cm in length. On the fourth and last week of observation, the tomato (Solanum

lycopersicum) plants with organic fertilizer has continuously increased in height with a

final measurement of 10.24 cm, followed by the no control group with its final height of

7.19 cm. The experimental group of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant, on the other

hand, decreased in size with only a height of 0.81 cm, marking it the lowest of all the 3

treatments.

In terms on the period of growth, the positive control with a 3.94 cm to 7.95 cm

measurement represents the fastest growth difference in a week. The tomato (Solanum

lycopersicum) plants treated with organic fertilizer have the fastest growth and the longest

length within 4-weeks. The experimental group, however, has the slowest progress in

growth and the lowest length measurement in plants. In this case, match head is not an

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effective alternative fertilizer that can achieve faster growth in tomato (Solanum

lycopersicum) plants.

WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4

Control Group Color Light Light Light Light
Green/Pale Green/Pale Green/Pale Green/Pale
Green Green Green Green
Organic Color Light Light Mid-Green/ Mid-Green/
Fertilizer Green/Pale Green/Pale Dark Green Dark Green
Green Green
Match Heads Color Light Yellow Yellow Yellow
Green/Pale Green Green Green
Green

Table 1b. Variations of Colors Based on the Leaves’ Structure

The table 1b shows the classification of the leaves’ colors observed in the tomato

(Solanum lycopersicum) plants through the given period of time and phases. In the study

conducted by G. Hochmuth et al. (2018), plants’ leaves with the color of pale green or light

green can indicate insufficient amounts of nitrogen. The control group or no treatment

group shows a variety of light green or pale green color on its leaves since the first week

of the experiment proper and remained consistent up until the last week of the study. On

the other hand, the yellow-green color of the leaves’ structure is considered to have

interveinal chlorosis, it is the yellowing tissue between the veins of a leaf due to the decline

of chlorophyll production and activity. It is commonly experienced by plants that have

insufficient amounts of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), or magnesium (Mg). This coloration is

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observed in the alternative fertilizer or match heads from the second week of the conduction

up until the fourth week of the experiment. Lastly, the mid-green to dark green color

observed in the tomato plants with organic fertilizer represents good soil fertility and the

most suitable color to determine the nutrient performance of a plant species. The dark green

pigment of the plants’ leaves is observed in the third week up until the fourth week of the

positive control group after the experimental study. (See Appendix I)

TREATMENT HEIGHT(CM)

Control Group 7.19cm

Organic Fertilizer 10.24cm

Match Head 3.52cm

Table 2a. Length of the Final Height Measurements

Figure 4. Mean on the Final Height Measurements

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This chart indicates the increasing changes of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)

plants in terms of height. The different measurements presented are the mean that is

adapted from the length of the plant’s stem on each of the specified treatments. Tomato

plants with positive control were recorded to have the tallest height with a length of 10.24

cm. Tomato plants with negative control treatment had the second-highest measurement

with its height of 7.19 cm. Plants with match heads that represent the experimental group

had the shortest length measurement of the stem. In conclusion, positive control plants and

no control group were recorded and observed to be more effective than match heads. (See

Appendix G)

The factors that were tested in the research study are the effectiveness of using

match heads as an alternative fertilizer for the growth and development of tomato plants.

Three treatments were utilized with each of their corresponding number of pots: a.) ten

pots with no treatments serving as the control group, b.) ten pots with organic fertilizer as

the positive control, and c.) ten pots with match heads that represent the experimental

group. The effectiveness of the match heads as an alternative fertilizer was compared based

on the plants’ initial and final caudex diameter after the experiment proper and specific

observation.

TREATMENT INITIAL CAUDEX FINAL CAUDEX

DIAMETER (in cm) DIAMETER (in cm)

Control Group 0.14 cm 0.16 cm

Organic Fertilizer 0.16 cm 0.23 cm

Match Heads 0.13 cm 0.14 cm

Table 2b. Mean of the Caudex Diameters

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Table 2b shows the summary of tomato plants' initial and final caudex diameter

(mean). The application of match heads as an alternative fertilizer does not significantly

influence the stem diameter. The widest diameter of the final caudex was obtained from

plants with organic fertilizer and an initial caudex mean of 0.16 cm to a final caudex mean

of 0.23 cm are both measured and stated in the previous data. It was then followed by the

plants from the control group with a final caudex mean of 0.16 cm from an initial caudex

mean of 0.14 cm. The least caudex diameter was observed in the experimental group

wherein it is treated with an alternative fertilizer called match heads. It has a direct result

of 0.14 cm as the final caudex mean, coming from the initial caudex mean of 0.13 cm. This

data clearly suggests that the positive control and the control group treatment grew more

significantly in width than the experimental group. (See Appendix H)

A series of procedures were followed and conducted in ascertaining the hypothesis

between tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants with the experimental group, tomato

(Solanum lycopersicum) plants with no treatment or the control group, and tomato

(Solanum lycopersicum) plants with a positive control treatment. To begin with, the mean

of the group was calculated by adding all the data collected in the final measurements of

the plants and dividing it into its population that has 10 replicates for each treatment.

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The Degree of Freedom was solved using the formula df = (n1 - 1) + (n2 - 1)

followed by df = (10 - 1) + (10 - 1) which resulted in df = 9 + 9 and the total is df = 18.

Together with the chosen alpha level of 5% as the level of significance, the critical value

2.101 was identified. The critical value will serve as the basis for whether the result in the

independent t-test was accepted or rejected; if t < -2.101 or t > 2.101, the null hypothesis

is rejected.

As the data needed is identified, the pooled variance was solved using this formula:

sp2 = (df1) (SD1) 2 + (df2) (SD2) 2df1 + df2. After the collected data from the pooled

variance using the formula given, an independent t-test will be followed using the formula

t = x̄ 1-x̄ 2sp2n1 + sp2n2. To know the significant differences of each variable, the data is

shown on the following:

In comparison for the Control Group and Experimental Group of the tomato

(Solanum lycopersicum) plants, the computed Mean of the control group is 7.176 and its

Standard Deviation is 0.6754, while the experimental group’s computed Mean is 3.518 and

with a Standard Deviation of 1.9694. The calculated pool variance of the gathered data is

s_p² = 2.1674 and the independent t-value = 5.56. Since t = 5.56 > 2.101, the null

hypothesis was rejected. (See Appendix J)

In comparison for the Control group and Organic fertilizer group of tomato

(Solanum lycopersicum) plants, the computed Mean of the control group is 7.176 and its

Standard Deviation is 0.6754, while the organic fertilizer group’s computed Mean is 10.236

with a Standard Deviation of 0.7464. The calculated pool variance of the gathered data is

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s_p² = 0.5066 and the independent t-value = -9.6106. Since t = -9.6106 < -2.101, the null

hypothesis was rejected. (See Appendix J)

In comparison for the Experimental Group and Organic Fertilizer treatment in the

tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants, the computed Mean of the experimental group is

3.518 and its Standard Deviation is 1.9694, while the organic fertilizer treatment’s

computed Mean is 10.236 with a Standard Deviation of 0.7464. The calculated pool

variance of the gathered data is s_p² = 2.2178 and the independent t-value = -10.0871.

Since t = -10.0871 < -2.101, the null hypothesis was rejected. (See Appendix J)

In terms of the effectiveness of using match heads as an alternative fertilizer, it was

considered to be rejected due to the findings observed and evidence obtained that served

as an evaluation for its effectiveness level as an alternative household fertilizer. The final

results are t = 6.1968 > 2.101, t = -9.1606 < -2.101, and t = -10.0871 < -2.101.

The significant difference between the 3 treatments is that the tomato (Solanum

lycopersicum) plants with a positive control treatment showed standard results based on

their growth, color, and measurements specifically in height and final caudex diameter.

Plants treated with organic fertilizer exhibit the most effective plant growth, greener

foliage, and the highest measurement of height and final caudex diameter. As for the

experimental group of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants with match heads as an

alternative fertilizer, it manifested a poor performance in terms of its growth, color, and the

measurement of its initial and final caudex diameter.

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Chapter 4

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

The match heads were evaluated and assessed as a potential alternative household

fertilizer for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) through comparisons and validations of the

results and discussion, comparing three different treatments or methods used in the research

study. The researchers used ten replicates per treatment to have an accurate and detailed

observation regarding its effectiveness to the specific plant type, analyzing the tomato

plants’ period of growth, color, height, initial and caudex diameters, and the data of the

classified treatments used. To evaluate the effectiveness of match heads as an alternative

household fertilizer for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), the researchers collected the data

through the observable differences of nutrient production, stem length and diameters, and

the contrasting level of growth among the plants, depending on the treatments used other

than the experimental group and this includes the control group and the positive control

treatment. Through the application of the methods for the match heads’ evaluation of

effectiveness level up to the assessment phase, the results show:

1. Description of the Nutrient Production between the Match Head and Organic

Fertilizer in terms of the Plants’ Period of Growth and Color

There were significant differences between the match head and organic fertilizer in

terms of the period of growth and color. As observed in the results and data gathered, the

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positive control treatment or the organic fertilizer group represents the fastest growth

difference in its tomato plants compared to the experimental group or match head

treatment. The potential alternative fertilizer showed the slowest progress in growth and

the lowest length measurement in plants. Based on the leaves’ variations of colors, the

experimental group performed the least suitable color pigment for the specific plant type,

while the positive control treatment marked the healthiest greener foliage for the tomato

(Solanum lycopersicum) plants.

2. Differences of the Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants in terms of Height, Initial

Caudex Diameter, and Final Caudex Diameter

There were observable contrasting levels of differences in the tomato (Solanum

lycopersicum) plants in terms of height, initial caudex diameter, and final caudex diameter

based on the three treatments utilized in the study. The positive control plants and no

control group were recorded and observed to have the first and second highest

measurement in height (cm), while the experimental group had the shortest length

measurement of the stem. On the other hand, the initial and final caudex diameters of the

plants showed results that the positive control and the control group treatment grew more

significantly in width than the experimental group.

3. Comparison of the Experimental Group, Control Group, and the Positive Control

Treatment based on their Observable Differences

There were significant differences stated in the results and data classified with the

three treatments used. The comparison between the Control Group and Experimental

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Group, comparison of the Control group and Organic fertilizer, and the comparison of the

Experimental Group and Organic Fertilizer treatment showed that the computed mean and

standard deviation of the null hypothesis were all rejected. Based on the data provided, the

effectiveness of using match heads as an alternative household fertilizer was considered to

be ineffective and incapable of sustaining plant growth, specifically in the tomato (Solanum

lycopersicum) plant type.

Conclusions

The effectiveness of the match heads as potential alternative household fertilizer

was noted through the following conclusions:

1. There were significant differences between the experimental group and the

positive control group in terms of the plants’ growth period and color pigment, proving

that the experimental group showed the slowest length growth and the least suitable color

pigment in the variations of colors based on the leaves’ structure.

2. There were evident differences between tomato plants in terms of their height,

initial caudex diameter, and final caudex diameter, deducing that the experimental group

had the shortest length of growth and the least caudex diameter or least width growth.

3. There were significant differences observed between the tomato plants’ growth

in the three treatments given, showing that the null hypothesis were all rejected. With this,

it is concluded that the use of match heads as alternative household fertilizer is inefficient

in sustaining the growth of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants.

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Recommendations

1. The Future Researchers and Students

1.1 May use other classification of plants to test the effectiveness of match

heads as an alternative household fertilizer.

1.2 May use other household materials as potential alternative fertilizers for

the growth and development of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants.

2. The Chemists and Biologists may use this material as a reference to create and

develop a more sensible or formal research study that identifies other possible causes that

resulted in the match heads’ ineffectiveness as an alternative household fertilizer for tomato

(Solanum lycopersicum) plants.

3. The Parents and Community may prevent the risk of putting match heads as an

alternative household fertilizer to their crops and lessen the harm it may cause to the plants’

growth and development especially the specific plant type used in the research study, the

tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. It can also prevent the unnecessary and

inappropriate usage of match heads to provide and sustain plant growth.

4. The School and Teachers may use this material as a basis or reference that can

establish and improve new approaches and methods for the other incoming research

studies.

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Chrysal, (2018). What is The Best Way on How to Cut the Stem Info. Retrieved from:

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Forney, J.M. (2021). How to Grow Tomatoes in Pots. Bonnie Plants. Retrieved from:

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G. Hochmuth, et al. (2018). Plant Tissue Analysis and Interpretation for Vegetable Crops

in Florida. University of Florida. Retrieved from:

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Ison, (2020). Data Shows High Price of Fertilizer Prior to Centralized Bidding. Retrieved

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Yara United States, (2021). Role of Potassium in Tomato Production. Retrieved from:

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APPENDICES

Appendix A

Preparation of the Materials for the Conduction of the Experiment

Boxes of Matchsticks (Guitar)

Prepared Plant Grow Bags

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Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Seeds

Loam Soil

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Shovel for Placing and Transferring Soil

Centimeter Ruler for Measurement

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Tablespoon for the Basis of Measurements in Placing Organic Fertilizer

Weighing Scale for Accurately Measuring the Amount of Loam Soil Needed

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Pruning Shears Used in Trimming Plant Stems or Branches

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Appendix B

Planting of the Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Seeds with the Control Group
Treatment

Placing Loam Soil in a Plant Grow Bag

Planting Five Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Seeds

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Sprinkling Water on the Control Group Treatment’ Pots

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Appendix C

Planting of the Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Seeds with Organic Fertilizer

(Positive Control Group)

Placing Loam Soil in a Plant Grow Bag

Adding Two Tablespoon of Organic Fertilizer in the Loam Soil

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Planting Five Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Seeds

Sprinkling Water on the Positive Control Group’s Pots

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Appendix D

Planting of the Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Seeds with Match Heads as an

Alternative Household Fertilizer (Experimental Group)

Placing Loam Soil in a Plant Grow Bag

Planting Five Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Seeds

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Placing Ten Match Heads as Alternative Fertilizer on the Loam Soil

Sprinkling Water on the Experimental Group’s Pots

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Appendix E

Replacing of Match Heads for the Experimental Group

Match Heads Must be Replaced Every After Seven (7) Days

New Set of Match Heads to be Used Every After Seven (7) Days

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Appendix F

Weekly Updates on the Experiment Conduction

Week 1: Presentation of the Ten (10) Newly Planted Replicates per Treatment Group

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Week 2: Observation of the Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Plants Growth Per

Treatment Group

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Week 3: Observable Growth of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Plants for the Three
Treatments

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MARY HELP OF CHRISTIANS SCHOOL (PAMPANGA), INC.
Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco

Week 4: Observable Success of the Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Plants’ Growth for
the Three Treatment Groups

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MARY HELP OF CHRISTIANS SCHOOL (PAMPANGA), INC.
Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco

Appendix G

Mean and Standard Deviation of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Plants’ Height

Observation in Three Different Treatments

Control Group
Before x-x̅ (x-x̅)^2
1.27 -0.485 0.235225
1.27 -0.485 0.235225
2.79 1.035 1.071225
2.92 1.165 1.357225
2.29 0.535 0.286225
2.03 0.275 0.075625
2.29 0.535 0.286225
0.3 -1.455 2.117025
2.03 0.275 0.075625
0.36 -1.395 1.946025
1.755 7.68565

Mean = 1.755
SD = 0.8767

After x-x̅ (x-x̅)^2

7.37 0.194 0.037636
8.13 0.954 0.910116
7.37 0.194 0.037636
7.11 -0.066 0.004356
7.11 -0.066 0.004356
5.46 -1.716 2.944656
6.86 -0.316 0.099856
7.11 -0.066 0.004356
7.37 0.194 0.037636
7.87 0.694 0.481636
7.176 4.56224

Mean = 7.176
SD = 0.6754

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Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco

Organic Fertilizer
Before x-x̅ (x-x̅)^2
2.54 -0.013 0.000169
1.78 -0.773 0.597529
0.38 -2.173 4.721929
2.54 -0.013 0.000169
2.54 -0.013 0.000169
2.54 -0.013 0.000169
3.05 0.497 0.247009
3.05 0.497 0.247009
4.06 1.507 2.271049
3.05 0.497 0.247009
2.553 8.33221

Mean = 2.553
SD = 0.9128

After x-x̅ (x-x̅)^2

10.16 -0.076 0.005776
9.65 -0.586 0.343396
9.4 -0.836 0.698896
11.18 0.944 0.891136
9.14 -1.096 1.201216
9.65 -0.586 0.343396
10.67 0.434 0.188356
10.92 0.684 0.467856
10.16 -0.076 0.005776
11.43 1.194 1.425636
10.236 5.57144

Mean = 10.236
SD = 0.7464

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Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco

Match Head
Before x-x̅ (x-x̅)^2
1.78 0.127 0.016129
0.25 -1.403 1.968409
0.33 -1.323 1.750329
1.78 0.127 0.016129
0.36 -1.293 1.671849
0.3 -1.353 1.830609
0.3 -1.353 1.830609
4.57 2.917 8.508889
4.57 2.917 8.508889
2.29 0.637 0.405769
1.653 26.50761

Mean = 1.653
SD = 1.628

After x-x̅ (x-x̅)^2

2.9 -0.618 0.381924
4.06 0.542 0.293764
4.57 1.052 1.106704
4.32 0.802 0.643204
4.32 0.802 0.643204
4.06 0.542 0.293764
0.38 -3.138 9.847044
0.3 -3.218 10.35552
2.9 -0.618 0.381924
7.37 3.852 14.8379
3.518 38.78496

Mean = 3.518
SD = 1.9694

Total Measurements of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Plants’ Height Before and After
Observation

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MARY HELP OF CHRISTIANS SCHOOL (PAMPANGA), INC.
Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco

Appendix H

Mean of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Plants’ Initial and Final Caudex Diameters
in Three Different Treatments

With No Control Initial Caudex Diameter Final Caudex Diameter

(in cm) (in cm)

1 0.1 cm 0.1 cm

2 0.1 cm 0.2 cm

3 0.1 cm 0.1 cm

4 0.2 cm 0.1 cm

5 0.2 cm 0.3 cm

6 0.1 cm 0.2 cm

7 0.1 cm 0.1 cm

8 0.1 cm 0.1 cm

9 0.2 cm 0.2 cm

10 0.2 cm 0.2 cm

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MARY HELP OF CHRISTIANS SCHOOL (PAMPANGA), INC.
Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco

With Organic Initial Caudex Diameter Final Caudex Diameter

Fertilizer (in cm) (in cm)

11 0.1 cm 0.2 cm

12 0.1 cm 0.2 cm

13 0.2 cm 0.2 cm

14 0.1 cm 0.1 cm

15 0.2 cm 0.3 cm

16 0.3 cm 0.3 cm

17 0.2 cm 0.4 cm

18 0.1 cm 0.2 cm

19 0.1 cm 0.2 cm

20 0.2 cm 0.2 cm

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MARY HELP OF CHRISTIANS SCHOOL (PAMPANGA), INC.
Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco

With Match Head Initial Caudex Diameter Final Caudex Diameter

(Alternative (in cm) (in cm)
Fertilizer)

21 0.1 cm 0.2 cm

22 0.1 cm 0.1 cm

23 0.2 cm 0.2 cm

24 0.2 cm 0.2 cm

25 0.1 cm 0.1 cm

26 0.1 cm 0.1 cm

27 0.1 cm 0.1 cm

28 0.1 cm 0.1 cm

29 0.1 cm 0.1 cm

30 0.2 cm 0.2 cm

Total Measurements of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Plants’ Initial and Final Caudex
Diameters

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MARY HELP OF CHRISTIANS SCHOOL (PAMPANGA), INC.
Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco

APPENDIX I

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Plants’ Leaf Color Classification

Mid-green leave

Yellow-green leaves

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MARY HELP OF CHRISTIANS SCHOOL (PAMPANGA), INC.
Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco

Light green leaves

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Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco

APPENDIX J

Independent Sample T-Test Results of the Three Variant Treatments

Control Group and Experimental Group

Alpha level: 0.05 – two tail

Degree of freedom:
df = (𝑛1 - 1)+ (𝑛2 - 1)
df = (10 - 1)+ (10 - 1)
df = 9 + 9
df = 18

Critical Value = 2.101

If t < -2.101 or t > 2.101 -- REJECT Null Hypothesis (𝐻0 )

Calculate t: formulas to be used

x̄ 1 −x̄ 2 (𝑑𝑓1 )(𝑆𝐷1 )2+(𝑑𝑓2 )(𝑆𝐷2 )2

𝑡= 𝑠𝑝2 =
𝑠 2𝑠 2 𝑑𝑓1 +𝑑𝑓2
√ 𝑝+ 𝑝
𝑛1 𝑛2

〖"x̄ " 〗_1=𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 1

〖"x̄ " 〗_2=𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 2
𝑠_𝑝^2=𝑝𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 −𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑜𝑓
𝑛_1=𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 1
𝑛_2=𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 2

(9)(0.6754)2 + (9)(1.9694)2
𝑠𝑝2 =
9+9
4.1055 + 34.9068
𝑠𝑝2 =
18
39.0123
𝑠𝑝2 =
18
𝑠𝑝2 = 2.1674

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MARY HELP OF CHRISTIANS SCHOOL (PAMPANGA), INC.
Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco

x̄ 1 − x̄ 2
𝑡=
𝑠𝑝2 𝑠𝑝2
√
𝑛1 + 𝑛2

7.176 − 3.518
𝑡=
√2.1674 + 2.1674
10 10

3.658
𝑡=
√0.2167 + 0.2167
3.658
𝑡=
0.6583
𝑡 = 5.56

Decision: Since t > 2.101, the researchers will reject the null hypothesis.

Independent Sample T-Test Results of the Control Group and Experimental Group

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Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco

Control Group and Organic Fertilizer

Alpha level: 0.05 – two tail

Degree of freedom:
df = (𝑛1 - 1)+ (𝑛2 - 1)
df = (10 - 1)+ (10 - 1)
df = 9 + 9
df = 18
Critical Value = 2.101
If t < -2.101 or t > 2.101 -- REJECT Null Hypothesis (𝐻0 )

Calculate t: formulas to be used

x̄ 1 −x̄ 2 (𝑑𝑓1 )(𝑆𝐷1 )2+(𝑑𝑓2 )(𝑆𝐷2 )2

𝑡= 𝑠𝑝2 =
𝑠 2𝑠 2 𝑑𝑓1 +𝑑𝑓2
√ 𝑝+ 𝑝
𝑛1 𝑛2

〖"x̄ " 〗_1=𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 1

〖"x̄ " 〗_2=𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 2
𝑠_𝑝^2=𝑝𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 −𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑜𝑓
𝑛_1=𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 1
𝑛_2=𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 2

(9)(0.6754)2 + (9)(0.7464)2
𝑠𝑝2 =
9+9
4.1055 + 5.0140
𝑠𝑝2 =
18
9.1195
𝑠𝑝2 =
18
𝑠𝑝2 = 0.5066

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MARY HELP OF CHRISTIANS SCHOOL (PAMPANGA), INC.
Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco

x̄ 1 − x̄ 2
𝑡=
𝑠𝑝2 𝑠𝑝2
√ +
𝑛1 𝑛2

7.176 − 10.236
𝑡=
√0.5066 + 0.5066
10 10
-3.06
𝑡=
√0.0507 + 0.0507
-3.06
𝑡=
0.3184
𝑡 = -9.6106

Decision: Since -9.6106 < -2.101, the researchers will reject the null hypothesis.

Independent Sample T-Test Results of the Control Group and Organic Fertilizer

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Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco

Experimental Group and Organic Fertilizer

Alpha level: 0.05 – two tail

Degree of freedom:
df = (𝑛1 - 1)+ (𝑛2 - 1)
df = (10 - 1)+ (10 - 1)
df = 9 + 9
df = 18

Critical Value = 2.101

If t < -2.101 or t > 2.101 -- REJECT Null Hypothesis (𝐻0 )

Calculate t: formulas to be used

x̄ 1 −x̄ 2 (𝑑𝑓1 )(𝑆𝐷1 )2+(𝑑𝑓2 )(𝑆𝐷2 )2

𝑡= 𝑠𝑝2 =
𝑠 2𝑠 2 𝑑𝑓1 +𝑑𝑓2
√ 𝑝+ 𝑝
𝑛1 𝑛2

〖"x̄ " 〗_1=𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 1

〖"x̄ " 〗_2=𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 2
𝑠_𝑝^2=𝑝𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 −𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑜𝑓
𝑛_1=𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 1
𝑛_2=𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 2

(9)( 1.9694)2 + (9)(0.7464)2

𝑠𝑝2 =
9+9
34.9068 + 5.0140
𝑠𝑝2 =
18
39.9208
𝑠𝑝2 =
18
𝑠𝑝2 = 2.2178

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MARY HELP OF CHRISTIANS SCHOOL (PAMPANGA), INC.
Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco

x̄ 1 − x̄ 2
𝑡=
𝑠𝑝2 𝑠𝑝2
√ +
𝑛1 𝑛2

3.518 − 10.236
𝑡=
√2.2178 + 2.2178
10 10
-6.718
𝑡=
√0.2218 + 0.2218
-6.718
𝑡=
0.6660
𝑡 = -10.0871

Decision: Since -10.0871 < -2.101, the researchers will reject the null hypothesis.

Independent Sample T-Test Results of the Experimental Group and Organic Fertilizer

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MARY HELP OF CHRISTIANS SCHOOL (PAMPANGA), INC.
Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco

BAGAAN, IRISH PEARL y MAMALIAS

N8806 Ammu Dump Area Clarkfield Pampanga
rshprlbgn2003@[Link]
(+63) 912-4074-729

PERSONAL DATA:
Place of Birth: Occidental Mindoro
Date of Birth: January 16, 2003
Age: 18 years old
Height: 5’
Weight: 76 kg
Religion: Roman Catholic
Citizenship: Filipino
Mother’s name: Rosalina Mamalias Bagaan
Occupation: Office Administrator, Dizon Agro Industrial Inc.
Clarkfield, Pampanga
Father’s name: Ricky Pasion Bagaan
Occupation: Head Operator, Dizon Farms Produce Inc.
FTI Complex ,Taguig City.

EDUCATION PROFILE
Primary: Macapagal Village Elementary School
Macapagal Village, Mabalacat City, Pampanga
Batch of 2015

Junior High School: Mabalacat Technical Vocational High School

Macapagal Village, Mabalacat City, Pampanga
Batch of 2019

Senior High School: Mary Help of Christians School Pampanga, Inc.

Mabiga, Mabalacat City, Pampanga
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
July 2019 – Present

AWARDS
 Academic Excellence Awardee With Honors S.Y 2020-2021 First Semester
Mary Help of Christians School Pampanga, Inc.

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MARY HELP OF CHRISTIANS SCHOOL (PAMPANGA), INC.
Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco

Mabiga, Mabalacat City,

February 27, 2021
 Academic Excellence Awardee With Honors S.Y 2019-2020
Mary Help of Christians School Pampanga, Inc.
Mabiga, Mabalacat City, Pampanga

SEMINARS/WORKSHOPS ATTENDED
 SHS Work Immersion:Lecture Series
March 12, 2021
Zoom Meetings, Mary Help of Christians School Pampanga, Inc.
 Microsoft Packages and Adobe Photoshop
August 22, 2018
AMA Campus Angeles City

CHARACTER REFERENCE:

Roel Baron, LPT

Filipino Teacher
Mary Help of Christians School Pampanga, Inc.
roelbaron1025@[Link]

Sr. Ria Versario, FMA

CLE Teacher
Mary Help of Christians School Pampanga, Inc.
srriavfma@[Link]

Michelle Garcia, LPT

Science Teacher
Mabalacat Technical Vocational High School
michelleyusigarcia@[Link]

I hereby certify that the above information given are true and correct to the best of my
knowledge.

Irish Pearl M. Bagaan

Signature over printed name

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MARY HELP OF CHRISTIANS SCHOOL (PAMPANGA), INC.
Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco

DAVID, FELISSA y SANDIEGO

Rivera, Balaba Phase 1 Dau, Mabalacat City Pampanga
Felissadavid1529@[Link]
(+63) 950-1693-013)

PERSONAL DATA:
Place of Birth: Angeles City, Pampanga
Date of Birth: July 29, 2003
Age: 17 years old
Height: 5 flat
Weight: 55 kg
Religion: Roman Catholic
Citizenship: Filipino
Mother’s name: Luisa David
Occupation: House Wife
Father’s name: Felix Berto David
Occupation: Senior Instrumental Technician
Biomarine, Canyon USA

EDUCATION PROFILE
Primary: Amazing Grace Christian Academy
Tarlac, Tarlac City
Batch of 2015

Junior High School: St. Matthew Christian Academy

Tarlac, Tarlac City
Batch of 2018

Mary Help of Christians School Pampanga, Inc

Mabiga, Mabalacat City, Pampanga
Batch of 2019

Senior High School: Mary Help of Christians School Pampanga, Inc.

Mabiga, Mabalacat City, Pampanga
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
July 2019 – Present

AWARDS
 Diligence Awardee
Mary Help of Christians School Pampanga, Inc

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MARY HELP OF CHRISTIANS SCHOOL (PAMPANGA), INC.
Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco

June 08, 2020

 Honor Student – 2015-2018
St. Matthew Christian Academy, Tarlac, Tarlac City
March 28, 2016 and March 30, 2018
 1st Placer in Isahang Tinig 2017
2nd Placer in Dalawahang Tinig 2017
St. Matthew Christian Academy, Tarlac, Tarlac City
August 26, 2017
 Leadership Award (Senator, Student Council) A.Y. 2014-2015
Cultural Award (Music/Performing Arts)
Deserving Pupil
Amazing Grace Christian Academy, Tarlac, Tarlac City
March 26, 2015
 (A.C.E.T.S. Competition 2014) 2nd Place in Filipino
Amazing Grace Christian Academy, Tarlac, Tarlac City
September 25, 2014

SEMINARS/WORKSHOPS ATTENDED
 Work Immersion “Lecture Series”
Zoom Meeting, Mary Help of Christians School Pampanga, Inc
March 15, 2021

CHARACTER REFERENCE:

Ms. Reneleen Grace Torres

Work Immersion/Entrepreneur Instructor
Mary Help of Christian School Pampanga, Inc

Ms. Princess Ann Mandani

Biology Teacher
Mary Help of Christian School Pampanga, Inc

I hereby certify that the above information given are true and correct to the best of my
knowledge.

Felissa S. David
Signature over printed name

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MARY HELP OF CHRISTIANS SCHOOL (PAMPANGA), INC.
Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco

DE LEON, ERICA JIRAH y CACAL

Brgy. Camachiles Phase 2, Mabalacat City, Pampanga
deleonerica0510@[Link]
(+63) 929-7443-864

PERSONAL DATA:
Place of Birth: Camachiles, Mabalacat City
Date of Birth: October 08, 2002
Age: 18 years old
Height: 5’0”
Weight: 55 kg
Religion: Roman Catholic
Citizenship: Filipino
Mother’s name: Rachelle Cacal de Leon
Occupation: Housewife
Father’s name: Edwin Gueco de Leon
Occupation: Police Officer

EDUCATION PROFILE
Primary: Dau Central Elementary School
Dau, Mabalacat City, Pampanga
Batch of 2015

Junior High School: Camachiles National High School

Camachiles, Mabalacat City, Pampanga
Batch of 2019

Senior High School: Mary Help of Christians School Pampanga, Inc.

Mabiga, Mabalacat City, Pampanga
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
July 2019 – Present

AWARDS
● Honor Student, S.Y. 2020-2021 First Semester
Mary Help of Christians School (Pampanga) Inc. Mabiga,Mabalacat City,
Mabalacat City, Pampanga
February 27, 2021
● Honor Student, S.Y. 2019-2020 Second Semester

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MARY HELP OF CHRISTIANS SCHOOL (PAMPANGA), INC.
Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco

Mary Help of Christians School (Pampanga) Inc. Mabiga, Mabalacat City,

Pampanga
June 8, 2020
● Honor Student, S.Y. 2019-2020 First Semester
Mary Help of Christians School (Pampanga) Inc. Mabiga, Mabalacat City,
Pampanga
January 15, 2020

SEMINARS/WORKSHOPS ATTENDED
● Senior High School Work Immersion: Lecture Series School Year 2020-2021
March 15-24, 2021
Through online zoom meeting.

CHARACTER REFERENCE:

Ms. Jemicah S. Ocampo, RPm, LPT

Psychometrician
Mary Help of Christians School (Pampanga), Inc.
+639163138346

Ms. Joan Irish B. Apostol, LPT

Guidance Counselor
Mary Help of Christians School (Pampanga), Inc.
+639069554548

I hereby certify that the above information given are true and correct to the best of my
knowledge.

Erica Jirah C. de Leon

Signature over printed name

Effectiveness of Match Heads as an Alternative 86

Fertilizer for Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
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MARY HELP OF CHRISTIANS SCHOOL (PAMPANGA), INC.
Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco

PARAS, KHRIZ KALEEHANAH LEILAN y SICAT

Brgy. Sapang Biabas Resttlement, Mabalacat City, Pampanga
paraskhriz@[Link]
(+63) 953-0488-118

PERSONAL DATA:
Place of Birth: Angeles City
Date of Birth: July 15, 2003
Age: 17 years old
Height: 5’4”
Weight: 55 kg
Religion: Roman Catholic
Citizenship: Filipino
Mother’s name: Onalee Sicat Paras
Occupation: Sanitation Inspector Clark Development Corporation,
Angeles City, Pampanga
Father’s name: Edwin Baluyut Paras
Occupation: Banquet Supervisor, Clark Marriott Hotel, Angeles City,
Pampanga

EDUCATION PROFILE
Primary: Mary Help of Christians School, Inc.
Mabiga, Mabalacat City, Pampanga
Batch of 2015

Junior High School: Camachiles National High School

Mabiga, Mabalacat City, Pampanga
Batch of 2019

Senior High School: Mary Help of Christians School Pampanga, Inc.

Mabiga, Mabalacat City, Pampanga
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
July 2019 – Present

AWARDS
 Academic Excellence Awardee with High Honors A.Y. 2020-2021 First Semester

Effectiveness of Match Heads as an Alternative 87

Fertilizer for Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
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MARY HELP OF CHRISTIANS SCHOOL (PAMPANGA), INC.
Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco

Mary Help of Christians School, Inc., Mabalacat City, Pampanga

Diligence Awardee
Excellence in Conduct Awardee
February 27, 2021
 Academic Excellence Awardee with High Honors A.Y. 2019-2020
Constant in Attendance Awardee
Diligence Awardee
Excellence in Conduct Awardee
Mary Help of Christians School, Inc., Mabalacat City, Pampanga
May 29, 2020

SEMINARS/WORKSHOPS ATTENDED
 Mental Health Webinar
April 30, 2021
Webinar, Mary Help of Christians School, Inc., Mabalacat City, Pampanga
 Senior High School Work Immersion Series
March 12-26, 2021
Webinar, Mary Help of Christians School, Inc., Mabalacat City, Pampanga

CHARACTER REFERENCE:

Rochelle D. Nuguid, LPT

General Physics Teacher
Mary Help of Christians School, Inc.
rochelledizonnuguid@[Link]

Princess Ann Mandani, LPT

General Biology Teacher
Mary Help of Christians School, Inc.
[Link]@[Link]

I hereby certify that the above information given are true and correct to the best of my
knowledge.

Khriz Kaleehanah Leilan S. Paras

Signature over printed name

Effectiveness of Match Heads as an Alternative 88

Fertilizer for Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
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MARY HELP OF CHRISTIANS SCHOOL (PAMPANGA), INC.
Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco

YOUNG, ELAINE y PASAMONTE

Goldenland Subd., Mabiga, Mabalacat City, Pampanga
youngelainejoy@[Link]
(+63) 916-3070-842

PERSONAL DATA:
Place of Birth: Mabiga, Mabalacat City
Date of Birth: September 28, 2002
Age: 18 years old
Height: 5’2”
Weight: 50 kg
Religion: Roman Catholic
Citizenship: Filipino
Mother’s name: Amelita Pasamonte Young
Occupation: Housewife
Father’s name: Edward Tongol Young
Occupation: Government Employee, Mabalacat City

EDUCATION PROFILE
Primary: Mabalacat Christian Academy
Mabiga, Mabalacat City, Pampanga
Batch of 2015

Junior High School: Mary Help of Christians School Pampanga, Inc.

Mabiga, Mabalacat City, Pampanga
Batch of 2019

Senior High School: Mary Help of Christians School Pampanga, Inc.

Mabiga, Mabalacat City, Pampanga
Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics
July 2019 – Present

AWARDS
 Academic Excellence Award With High Honors First Semester
Mary Help of Christians School, Inc., Mabalacat City, Pampanga
February 27, 2021
 Conduct Award for SY. 2019-2021
Mary Help of Christians School, Inc., Mabalacat City, Pampanga
Effectiveness of Match Heads as an Alternative 89
Fertilizer for Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
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MARY HELP OF CHRISTIANS SCHOOL (PAMPANGA), INC.
Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco

 Diligence Award for SY. 2019-2021

Mary Help of Christians School, Inc., Mabalacat City, Pampanga
 Academic Excellence Award With Honors for SY. 2019-2020
Mary Help of Christians School, Inc., Mabalacat City, Pampanga
May 29, 2020

SEMINARS/WORKSHOPS ATTENDED
 Mental Health Webinar: Taking Care of Mental Health in the Face of Uncertainty
April 30, 2021
Zoom Meeting, Mary Help of Christians School, Inc., Mabalacat City, Pampanga
 SHS Work Immersion: Lecture Series
March 12, 2021
Zoom Meeting, Mary Help of Christians School, Inc., Mabalacat City, Pampanga

CHARACTER REFERENCE:

Analynn P. Galang, LPT

English Teacher
Dominican College of Tarlac, Capas, Tarlac City
+639569741922

Aleli T. Rona, LPT

Administrative Officer II, Department of Education
+639456180404

I hereby certify that the above information given are true and correct to the best of my
knowledge.

Elaine Joy P. Young

Signature over printed name

Effectiveness of Match Heads as an Alternative 90

Fertilizer for Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)